LTC2484 24-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Input Current Cancellation Features n n n n n n n n n n n n Description Easy Drive Technology Enables Rail-to-Rail Inputs with Zero Differential Input Current Directly Digitizes High Impedance Sensors with Full Accuracy 600nVRMS Noise GND to VCC Input/Reference Common Mode Range Programmable 50Hz, 60Hz or Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection Mode 2ppm INL, No Missing Codes 1ppm Offset and 15ppm Total Unadjusted Error Selectable 2x Speed Mode (15Hz Using Internal Oscillator) No Latency: Digital Filter Settles in a Single Cycle Single Supply 2.7V to 5.5V Operation Internal Oscillator Available in a Tiny (3mm x 3mm) 10-Lead DFN Package Applications n n n n n n n Direct Sensor Digitizer Weight Scales Direct Temperature Measurement Strain Gauge Transducers Instrumentation Industrial Process Control DVMs and Meters The LTC(R)2484 combines a 24-bit No Latency TM analogto-digital converter with patented Easy DriveTM technology. The patented sampling scheme eliminates dynamic input current errors and the shortcomings of on-chip buffering through automatic cancellation of differential input current. This allows large external source impedances and input signals with rail-to-rail input range to be directly digitized while maintaining exceptional DC accuracy. The LTC2484 includes an on-chip oscillator. The LTC2484 can be configured to reject line frequencies. 50Hz, 60Hz or simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz line frequency rejection can be selected as well as a 2x speed-up mode. The LTC2484 allows a wide common mode input range (0V to VCC) independent of the reference voltage. The reference can be as low as 100mV or can be tied directly to VCC. The LTC2484 includes an on-chip trimmed oscillator, eliminating the need for external crystals or oscillators. Absolute accuracy and low drift are automatically maintained through continuous, transparent, offset and full-scale calibration. L, LT, LTC and LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and No Latency and Easy Drive are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Patents pending. Typical Application +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ and IN- 80 VCC 10k IDIFF = 0 VIN+ SENSE VREF VCC LTC2484 10k VIN- 0.1F GND SDI SDO 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE SCK fO CS +FS ERROR (ppm) 1F 0.1F VCC = 5V = 5V 60 VREF VIN+ = 3.75V - = 1.25V 40 VIN fO = GND 20 TA = 25C CIN = 1F 0 -20 -40 2484 TA01 -60 -80 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 2484 TA02 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 1 LTC2484 Absolute Maximum Ratings Pin Configuration (Note 1) TOP VIEW Supply Voltage (VCC) to GND....................... -0.3V to 6V Analog Input Voltage to GND........ -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Reference Input Voltage to GND... -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Input Voltage to GND......... -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Output Voltage to GND....... -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range LTC2484C................................................ 0C to 70C LTC2484I ............................................-40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range.................. -65C to 125C SDI 1 VCC 2 VREF 3 IN+ 4 IN- 5 10 fO 9 SCK 11 GND 8 GND 7 SDO 6 CS DD PACKAGE 10-LEAD (3mm x 3mm) PLASTIC DFN TJMAX = 125C, JA = 43C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB Order Information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC2484CDD#PBF LTC2484CDD#TRPBF LBSS 10-Lead (3mm x 3mm) Plastic DFN 0C to 70C LTC2484IDD#PBF LTC2484IDD#TRPBF LBSS 10-Lead (3mm x 3mm) Plastic DFN -40C to 85C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ Electrical Characteristics (Normal Speed) The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Resolution (No Missing Codes) 0.1 VREF VCC, -FS VIN +FS (Note 5) l Integral Nonlinearity 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V (Note 6) 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V (Note 6) l 2 1 10 Offset Error 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 14) l 0.5 2.5 Offset Error Drift 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC Positive Full-Scale Error 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF , IN- = 0.25VREF Positive Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF , IN- = 0.25VREF Negative Full-Scale Error 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF , IN- = 0.25VREF Negative Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF , IN- = 0.25VREF 0.1 ppm of VREF/C Total Unadjusted Error 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V 15 ppm of VREF ppm of VREF ppm of VREF Output Noise 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 13) 0.6 VRMS Internal PTAT Signal TA = 27C 2 MIN TYP MAX 24 Bits 10 0.1 V ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/C 25 l ppm of VREF ppm of VREF nV/C 25 l 390 UNITS 450 ppm of VREF mV 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Electrical Characteristics (2x Speed) The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS Resolution (No Missing Codes) 0.1 VREF VCC, -FS VIN +FS (Note 5) l Integral Nonlinearity 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V (Note 6) 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V (Note 6) l 2 1 10 ppm of VREF ppm of VREF Offset Error 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 14) l 0.5 2 mV Offset Error Drift l 25 ppm of VREF Positive Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF Negative Full-Scale Error 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF l Positive Full-Scale Error , IN+ = 0.75V 24 Bits 100 nV/C 0.1 25 - REF, IN = 0.25VREF Negative Full-Scale Error Drift 2.5V VREF VCC Output Noise 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 13) ppm of VREF/C ppm of VREF 0.1 ppm of VREF/C 0.84 VRMS Converter Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER CONDITIONS Input Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 5) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 5) l 140 dB l 140 dB Input Common Mode Rejection 60Hz 2% 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 5) l 140 dB Input Normal Mode Rejection 50Hz 2% 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Notes 5, 7) l 110 120 dB Input Normal Mode Rejection 60Hz 2% 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Notes 5, 8) l 110 120 dB Input Normal Mode Rejection 50Hz/60Hz 2% 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Notes 5, 9) l 87 Reference Common Mode Rejection DC 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN- = IN+ VCC (Note 5) l 120 Power Supply Rejection DC VREF = 2.5V, IN- = IN+ = GND Input Common Mode Rejection 50Hz 2% MIN TYP MAX UNITS dB 140 dB 120 dB Power Supply Rejection, 50Hz 2% VREF = 2.5V, IN- = IN+ = GND (Note 7) 120 dB Power Supply Rejection, 60Hz 2% VREF = 2.5V, IN- = IN+ = GND (Note 8) 120 dB Analog Input and Reference The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER IN+ Absolute/Common Mode IN+ Voltage CONDITIONS IN- Absolute/Common Mode IN- Voltage FS Full-Scale of the Differential Input (IN+ - IN-) MIN TYP MAX UNITS GND - 0.3V VCC + 0.3V V GND - 0.3V VCC + 0.3V V l 0.5VREF V LSB Least Significant Bit of the Output Code l FS/224 VIN Input Differential Voltage Range (IN+ - IN-) l -FS +FS V VREF Reference Voltage Range l 0.1 VCC V 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 3 LTC2484 ANALOG INPUT AND REFERENCE The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CS (IN+) IN+ Sampling Capacitance 11 pF (IN-) IN- Sampling Capacitance 11 pF CS CONDITIONS MIN CS (VREF) VREF Sampling Capacitance IDC_LEAK (IN+) IN+ DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, IN+ = GND l IDC_LEAK (IN-) IN- DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, IN- = GND IDC_LEAK (VREF) VREF DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, VREF = VCC TYP MAX UNITS 11 -10 1 l -10 l -100 pF 10 nA 1 10 nA 1 100 nA Digital Inputs and Digital Outputs The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIH High Level Input Voltage CS, fO, SDI 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 16) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage CS, fO, SDI 2.7V VCC 5.5V l VIH High Level Input Voltage SCK 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 10) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage SCK 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 10) l IIN Digital Input Current CS, fO, SDI 0V VIN VCC l IIN Digital Input Current SCK 0V VIN VCC (Note 10) l CIN Digital Input Capacitance CS, fO, SDI 10 pF CIN Digital Input Capacitance SCK 10 pF VOH High Level Output Voltage SDO IO = -800A l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SDO IO = 1.6mA l VOH High Level Output Voltage SCK IO = -800A l VOL Low Level Output Voltage SCK IO = 1.6mA l IOZ Hi-Z Output Leakage SDO l TYP MAX UNITS VCC - 0.5 V 0.5 V VCC - 0.5 V 0.5 V -10 10 A -10 10 A VCC - 0.5 V 0.4 V VCC - 0.5 V -10 0.4 V 10 A Power Requirements The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current 4 CONDITIONS MIN l Conversion Mode (Note 12) Sleep Mode (Note 12) l l TYP 2.7 160 1 MAX UNITS 5.5 V 250 2 A A 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Timing Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL fEOSC tHEO tLEO tCONV_1 PARAMETER External Oscillator Frequency Range External Oscillator High Period External Oscillator Low Period Conversion Time for 1x Speed Mode tCONV_2 Conversion Time for 2x Speed Mode fISCK Internal SCK Frequency DISCK fESCK tLESCK tHESCK tDOUT_ISCK Internal SCK Duty Cycle External SCK Frequency Range External SCK Low Period External SCK High Period Internal SCK 32-Bit Data Output Time tDOUT_ESCK t1 External SCK 32-Bit Data Output Time CS to SDO Low t2 CS to SDO Hi-Z t3 CS to SCK t4 CS to SCK tKQMAX SCK to SDO Valid CONDITIONS (Note 15) l l l 50Hz Mode 60Hz Mode Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Mode External Oscillator 50Hz Mode 60Hz Mode Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Mode External Oscillator Internal Oscillator (Note 10) External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11) (Note 10) (Note 10) (Note 10) (Note 10) Internal Oscillator (Notes 10, 12) l l l External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11) (Note 10) l l l l l l l l l l l MIN 10 0.125 0.125 157.2 131.0 144.1 TYP MAX 1000 100 100 163.5 136.3 149.9 160.3 133.6 146.9 41036/fEOSC (in kHz) 78.7 80.3 81.9 65.6 66.9 68.2 72.2 73.6 75.1 20556/fEOSC (in kHz) 38.4 fEOSC/8 45 55 4000 125 125 0.81 0.83 0.85 256/fEOSC (in kHz) 32/fESCK (in kHz) UNITS kHz s s ms ms ms ms ms ms ms ms kHz kHz % kHz ns ns ms l 0 200 ms ms ns l 0 200 ns (Note 10) l 0 200 ns (Note 10) l 50 l (Note 5) ns 200 l ns tKQMIN SDO Hold After SCK t5 SCK Set-Up Before CS l t6 SCK Hold After CS l t7 SDI Setup Before SCK (Note 5) l 100 ns t8 SDI Hold After SCK (Note 5) l 100 ns Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime Note 2: All voltage values are with respect to GND. Note 3: VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V unless otherwise specified. VREFCM = VREF/2, FS = 0.5VREF VIN = IN+ - IN-, VIN(CM) = (IN+ + IN-)/2 Note 4: Use internal conversion clock or external conversion clock source with fEOSC = 307.2kHz unless otherwise specified. Note 5: Guaranteed by design, not subject to test. Note 6: Integral nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of a code from a straight line passing through the actual endpoints of the transfer curve. The deviation is measured from the center of the quantization band. Note 7: 50Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 256kHz 2% (external oscillator). l 15 ns 50 ns 50 ns Note 8: 60Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 307.2kHz 2% (external oscillator). Note 9: Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 280kHz 2% (external oscillator). Note 10: The SCK can be configured in external SCK mode or internal SCK mode. In external SCK mode, the SCK pin is used as digital input and the driving clock is fESCK. In internal SCK mode, the SCK pin is used as digital output and the output clock signal during the data output is fISCK. Note 11: The external oscillator is connected to the fO pin. The external oscillator frequency, fEOSC, is expressed in kHz. Note 12: The converter uses the internal oscillator. Note 13: The output noise includes the contribution of the internal calibration operations. Note 14: Guaranteed by design and test correlation. Note 15: Refer to Applications Information section for performance vs data rate graphs. Note 16: For VCC < 3V, VIH is 2.5V for pin fO. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 5 LTC2484 Typical Performance Characteristics Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) -45C 1 25C 0 85C -1 -2 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 2 INL (ppm OF VREF) 2 1 -45C, 25C, 90C 0 -1 -2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2 -0.75 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 0 25C VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 8 85C -45C -4 85C 2 4 -45C 0 -4 -0.75 12 12 4 6 -45C -4 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2484 G06 3 4 0 -3 -2.4 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0 0.6 OUTPUT READING (V) 1.25 VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V, VIN = 0V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V 4 TA = 25C, RMS NOISE = 0.60V 6 0 2484 G07 85C Long-Term ADC Readings 8 2 1.8 1.25 2484 G03 5 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS RMS = 0.59V VCC = 2.7V AVERAGE = -0.19V VREF = 2.5V 10 VIN = 0V TA = 25C 2 1.2 25C 0 Noise Histogram (7.5sps) 14 NUMBER OF READINGS (%) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) Noise Histogram (6.8sps) -3 -2.4 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0 0.6 OUTPUT READING (V) 4 2484 G05 14 6 VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND -12 -1.25 1.25 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2484 G04 8 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) -8 -12 -1.25 2.5 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS RMS = 0.60V VCC = 5V AVERAGE = -0.69V VREF = 5V 10 VIN = 0V TA = 25C -0.75 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) 8 25C -8 -8 -12 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) -1 12 TUE (ppm OF VREF) 4 12 TUE (ppm OF VREF) TUE (ppm OF VREF) 8 0 2484 G02 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND -45C, 25C, 90C -3 -1.25 1.25 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2484 G01 12 1 -2 -3 -1.25 2.5 VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 2 ADC READING (V) INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1.2 1.8 2484 G08 -5 0 10 30 40 20 TIME (HOURS) 50 60 2484 G09 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Typical Performance Characteristics RMS Noise vs Input Differential Voltage VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V TA = 25C 0.8 0.7 0.6 RMS Noise vs Temperature (TA) 1.0 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0.9 0.8 RMS NOISE (V) RMS NOISE (ppm OF VREF) 0.9 RMS Noise vs VIN(CM) 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 INPUT DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE (V) 0.4 2.5 -1 0 2 1 3 5 4 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 0.4 5.5 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 75 90 2484 G16 -1 0 1 3 2 VIN(CM) (V) 5 4 0.2 0.1 Offset Error vs VREF 0.3 REF+ = 2.5V - = GND REF VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0 VCC = 5V REF- = GND VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 2.7 6 2484 G15 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0.1 0 Offset Error vs VCC 0.3 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0.2 5 0.1 2484 G14 2484 G13 Offset Error vs Temperature 90 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V TA = 25C 0.2 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) RMS NOISE (V) RMS NOISE (V) 0.6 75 Offset Error vs VIN(CM) 0.3 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0.9 0.7 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 2484 G12 RMS Noise vs VREF VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0.4 2.7 0.4 -45 -30 -15 6 2484 G11 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.6 VIN(CM) (V) RMS Noise vs VCC 0.9 0.7 0.5 2484 G10 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND 0.9 RMS NOISE (V) 1.0 -0.2 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 5.5 2484 G17 -0.3 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 5 2484 G18 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 7 LTC2484 Typical Performance Characteristics On-Chip Oscillator Frequency vs VCC On-Chip Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 310 310 304 VCC = 4.1V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 306 304 75 300 90 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 VCC (V) 4.5 5.0 -60 -80 200 -80 -120 -120 -140 30600 30650 30700 500 VCC = 5V 1.0 0.8 0.6 VCC = 2.7V 0.4 0 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 90 2484 G27 8 400 350 300 250 120 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 2 VCC = 5V 100 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2484 G28 90 Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND 1 0 25C, 90C -1 -2 VCC = 3V 75 2484 G26 200 150 0.2 VCC = 5V VCC = 2.7V 140 3 VREF = VCC IN+ = GND IN- = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC SDI = GND CS GND fO = EXT OSC TA = 25C 450 1M 160 Conversion Current vs Output Data Rate SUPPLY CURRENT (A) SLEEP MODE CURRENT (A) 1.2 180 fO = GND CS = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC SDI = GND 2484 G25 Sleep Mode Current vs Temperature fO = GND 1.8 CS = V CC 1.6 SCK = NC SDO = NC 1.4 SDI = GND 10k 100k 1k 100 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 100 -45 -30 -15 30800 30750 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 2484 G24 2.0 10 Conversion Current vs Temperature -60 -100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 1 2484 G23 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC VCC = 4.1V DC 0.7V = 2.5V V -20 INREF + = GND - = GND IN -40 fO = GND TA = 25C -100 -140 -140 CONVERSION CURRENT (A) REJECTION (dB) -40 0 REJECTION (dB) -20 5.5 2484 G22 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC VCC = 4.1V DC 1.4V VREF = 2.5V IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -80 -120 2484 G21 0 -60 -100 302 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) VCC = 4.1V DC VREF = 2.5V IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -40 INL (ppm OF VREF) 300 -45 -30 -15 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC -20 REJECTION (dB) 306 302 VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 308 FREQUENCY (kHz) FREQUENCY (kHz) 308 0 -45C -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2 2.5 2484 G29 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Typical Performance Characteristics 1 0 -45C, 25C -3 -1.25 1 90C 0 -45C, 25C -1 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) -3 -1.25 1.25 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 1 0 240 194 192 190 188 186 180 5 -1 1 0 3 VIN(CM) (V) 2 4 OFFSET ERROR (V) 220 4 3.5 VCC (V) 4.5 5 5.5 2484 G36 90 VCC = 4.1V DC REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -20 -40 210 200 190 160 75 2484 G35 0 -60 -80 -100 -120 170 3 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) 180 50 2.5 160 -45 -30 -15 6 5 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 230 100 2 190 2484 G34 240 150 0 200 Offset Error vs VREF (2x Speed Mode) VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 200 210 170 REJECTION (dB) 250 220 180 2484 G33 Offset Error vs VCC (2x Speed Mode) 188.6 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 230 182 4 183.8 186.2 OUTPUT READING (V) 2484 G32 184 3 2 VREF (V) 181.4 Offset Error vs Temperature (2x Speed Mode) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = GND TA = 25C 196 OFFSET ERROR (V) RMS NOISE (V) 0.8 0.2 4 Offset Error vs VIN(CM) (2x Speed Mode) 198 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 6 0 179 1.25 OFFSET ERROR (V) 200 1.0 0.4 8 2484 G31 RMS Noise vs VREF (2x Speed Mode) 0.6 RMS = 0.86V 10,000 CONSECUTIVE AVERAGE = 0.184mV 14 READINGS VCC = 5V 12 VREF = 5V VIN = 0V GAIN = 256 10 TA = 25C 2 2484 G30 OFFSET ERROR (V) 16 -2 -2 0 Noise Histogram (2x Speed Mode) VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 2 90C -1 Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) 2 INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 5 2484 G37 -140 1 10 10k 100k 1k 100 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 1M 2484 G38 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 9 LTC2484 Typical Performance Characteristics PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) -20 REJECTION (dB) -40 -60 0 VCC = 4.1V DC 1.4V REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C VCC = 4.1V DC 0.7V REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND -40 IN- = GND fO = GND -60 TA = 25C -20 REJECTION (dB) 0 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) -80 -80 -100 -100 -120 -120 -140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) -140 30600 30650 30700 30750 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 30800 2484 G40 2484 G39 Pin Functions SDI (Pin 1): Serial Data Input. This pin is used to select the line frequency rejection, input, temperature sensor and 2x speed mode. Data is shifted into the SDI pin on the rising edge of serial clock (SCK). VCC (Pin 2): Positive Supply Voltage. Bypass to GND (Pin 8) with a 1F tantalum capacitor in parallel with 0.1F ceramic capacitor as close to the part as possible. VREF (Pin 3): Positive Reference Input. The voltage on this pin can have any value between 0.1V and VCC. The negative reference input is GND (Pin 8). IN+ (Pin 4), IN- (Pin 5): Differential Analog Inputs. The voltage on these pins can have any value between GND - 0.3V and VCC + 0.3V. Within these limits the converter bipolar input range (VIN = IN+ - IN-) extends from -0.5 * VREF to 0.5 * VREF . Outside this input range the converter produces unique overrange and underrange output codes. 10 CS (Pin 6): Active LOW Chip Select. A LOW on this pin enables the digital input/output and wakes up the ADC. Following each conversion the ADC automatically enters the sleep mode and remains in this low power state as long as CS is HIGH. A LOW-to-HIGH transition on CS during the Data Output transfer aborts the data transfer and starts a new conversion. SDO (Pin 7): Three-State Digital Output. During the data output period, this pin is used as the serial data output. When the chip select, CS, is HIGH (CS = VCC), the SDO pin is in a high impedance state. During the conversion and sleep periods, this pin is used as the conversion status output. The conversion status can be observed by pulling CS LOW. GND (Pin 8): Ground. Shared pin for analog ground, digital ground and reference ground. Should be connected directly to a ground plane through a minimum impedance. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Pin Functions fO (Pin 10): Frequency Control Pin. Digital input that controls the conversion clock. When fO is connected to GND the converter uses its internal oscillator running at 307.2kHz. The conversion clock may also be overridden by driving the fO pin with an external clock in order to change the output rate or the digital filter rejection null. SCK (Pin 9): Bidirectional Digital Clock Pin. In internal serial clock operation mode, SCK is used as the digital output for the internal serial interface clock during the data input/output period. In external serial clock operation mode, SCK is used as the digital input for the external serial interface clock during the data output period. A weak internal pull-up is automatically activated in Internal serial clock operation mode. The serial clock operation mode is determined by the logic level applied to the SCK pin at power up or during the most recent falling edge of CS. Exposed Pad (Pin 11): This pin is ground and should be soldered to the PCB, GND plane. For prototyping purposes this pin may remain floating. Functional Block Diagram VCC 2 3 4 5 VREF IN+ MUX IN- SDI REF+ IN+ IN- 3RD ORDER ADC SERIAL INTERFACE SD0 CS REF- TEMP SENSOR SCK 1 9 7 6 AUTOCALIBRATION AND CONTROL GND 8 INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 2484 FB 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 11 LTC2484 Test Circuits VCC SDO 1.69k 1.69k CLOAD = 20pF SDO CLOAD = 20pF Hi-Z TO VOH VOL TO VOH VOH TO Hi-Z 2484 TC01 Hi-Z TO VOL VOH TO VOL VOL TO Hi-Z 2484 TC02 Timing Diagrams Timing Diagram Using Internal SCK CS t1 t2 SDO tKQMIN t3 tKQMAX SCK t7 t8 SDI 2484 TD1 SLEEP DATA IN/OUT CONVERSION Timing Diagram Using External SCK CS t1 t2 SDO t5 SCK tKQMIN t6 t4 t7 tKQMAX t8 SDI 2484 TD2 SLEEP 12 DATA IN/OUT CONVERSION 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information Converter Operation Converter Operation Cycle The LTC2484 is a low power, delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter with an easy to use 4-wire serial interface and automatic differential input current cancellation. Its operation is made up of three states. The converter operating cycle begins with the conversion, followed by the low power sleep state and ends with the data output (see Figure 1). The 4-wire interface consists of serial data output (SDO), serial clock (SCK), chip select (CS) and serial data input (SDI). Initially, the LTC2484 performs a conversion. Once the conversion is complete, the device enters the sleep state. CONVERT SLEEP FALSE CS = LOW AND SCK TRUE DATA OUTPUT CONFIGURATION INPUT 2484 F01 While in this sleep state, power consumption is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The part remains in the sleep state as long as CS is HIGH. The conversion result is held indefinitely in a static shift register while the converter is in the sleep state. Once CS is pulled LOW, the device exits the low power mode and enters the data output state. If CS is pulled HIGH before the first rising edge of SCK, the device returns to the low power sleep mode and the conversion result is still held in the internal static shift register. If CS remains LOW after the first rising edge of SCK, the device begins outputting the conversion result. Taking CS HIGH at this point will terminate the data input and output state and start a new conversion. The conversion result is shifted out of the device through the serial data output pin (SDO) on the falling edge of the serial clock (SCK) (see Figure 2). The LTC2484 includes a serial data input pin (SDI) in which data is latched by the device on the rising edge of SCK (Figure 2). The bit stream applied to this pin can be used to select various features of the LTC2484, including an on-chip temperature sensor, line frequency rejection and output data rate. Alternatively, this pin may be tied to ground and the part will perform conversions in a default state. In the default state (SDI grounded) the device simply performs conversions on the user applied input with simultaneous rejection of 50Hz and 60Hz line frequencies. Figure 1. LTC2484 State Transition Diagram SUB LSBs CS SDO Hi-Z BIT 31 BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 EOC DMY SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 LSB24 CONVERSION RESULT SCK SDI EN SLEEP DON'T CARE IM FOA FOB SPD DATA INPUT/OUTPUT DON'T CARE CONVERSION 2484 F02 Figure 2. Input/Output Data Timing 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 13 LTC2484 Applications Information Through timing control of the CS and SCK pins, the LTC2484 offers several flexible modes of operation (internal or external SCK and free-running conversion modes). These various modes do not require programming configuration registers; moreover, they do not disturb the cyclic operation described above. These modes of operation are described in detail in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section. Easy Drive Input Current Cancellation The LTC2484 combines a high precision delta-sigma ADC with an automatic differential input current cancellation front end. A proprietary front-end passive sampling network transparently removes the differential input current. This enables external RC networks and high impedance sensors to directly interface to the LTC2484 without external amplifiers. The remaining common mode input current is eliminated by either balancing the differential input impedances or setting the common mode input equal to the common mode reference (see Automatic Input Current Cancellation section). This unique architecture does not require on-chip buffers enabling input signals to swing all the way to ground and up to VCC. Furthermore, the cancellation does not interfere with the transparent offset and full-scale auto-calibration and the absolute accuracy (full-scale + offset + linearity) is maintained with external RC networks. Accessing the Special Features of the LTC2484 The LTC2484 combines a high resolution, low noise analog-to-digital converter with an on-chip selectable temperature sensor, programmable digital filter and output rate control. These special features are selected through a single 8-bit serial input word during the data input/output cycle (see Figure 2). The LTC2484 powers up in a default mode commonly used for most measurements. The device will remain in this mode as long as the serial data input (SDI) is low. In this default mode, the measured input is external, the digital filter simultaneously rejects 50Hz and 60Hz line frequency noise, and the speed mode is 1x (offset automatically, continuously calibrated). A simple serial interface grants access to any or all special functions contained within the LTC2484. In order to change the mode of operation, an enable bit (EN) followed by up to 7 bits of data are shifted into the device (see Table 1). The first 3 bits, in order to remain pin-compatible with the LTC2480, are don't-cares and can be either HIGH or LOW. The 4th bit (IM) is used to select the internal temperature sensor as the conversion input, while the 5th and 6th bits (FA, FB) combine to determine the line frequency rejection mode. The 7th bit (SPD) is used to double the output rate by disabling the offset auto calibration. Temperature Sensor (IM) The LTC2484 includes an on-chip temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is selected by setting IM = 1 in the serial input data stream. Conversions are performed directly on the temperature sensor by the converter. While operating in this mode, the device behaves as a temperature to bits converter. The digital reading is proportional to the absolute temperature of the device. This feature allows the converter to linearize temperature sensors or continuously remove temperature effects from external Table 1. Selecting Special Modes EN IM FoA FoB 0 X X X 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X SPD X 0 0 0 1 1 1 X X X X Comments Keep Previous Mode External Input, 50Hz and 60Hz Rejection, Autocalibration External Input, 50Hz Rejection, Autocalibration External Input, 60Hz Rejection, Autocalibration External Input, 50Hz and 60Hz Rejection, 2x Speed External Input, 50Hz Rejection, 2x Speed External Input, 60Hz Rejection, 2x Speed Temperature Input, 50Hz and 60Hz Rejection, Autocalibration Temperature Input, 50Hz Rejection, Autocalibration Temperature Input, 60Hz Rejection, Autocalibration Reserved, Do Not Use 2484 TBL1 14 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information sensors. Several applications leveraging this feature are presented in more detail in the applications section. While operating in this mode, the speed is set to normal independent of control bit SPD. This bit is HIGH during the conversion and goes LOW when the conversion is complete. Rejection Mode (FA, FB) Bit 29 (third output bit) is the conversion result sign indicator (SIG). If VIN is >0, this bit is HIGH. If VIN is <0, this bit is LOW. The LTC2484 includes a high accuracy on-chip oscillator with no required external components. Coupled with a 4th order digital lowpass filter, the LTC2484 rejects line frequency noise. In the default mode, the LTC2484 simultaneously rejects 50Hz and 60Hz by at least 87dB. The LTC2484 can also be configured to selectively reject 50Hz or 60Hz to better than 110dB. Speed Mode (SPD) The LTC2484 continuously performs offset calibrations. Every conversion cycle, two conversions are automatically performed (default) and the results combined. This result is free from offset and drift. In applications where the offset is not critical, the auto-calibration feature can be disabled with the benefit of twice the output rate. Linearity, full-scale accuracy, full-scale drift are identical for both 2x and 1x speed modes. In both the 1x and 2x speed there is no latency. This enables input steps or multiplexer channel changes to settle in a single conversion cycle easing system overhead and increasing the effective conversion rate. Output Data Format The LTC2484 serial output data stream is 32 bits long. The first 3 bits represent status information indicating the sign and conversion state. The next 24 bits are the conversion result, MSB first. The remaining 5 bits are sub LSBs below the 24-bit level. The third and fourth bit together are also used to indicate an underrange condition (the differential input voltage is below -FS) or an overrange condition (the differential input voltage is above +FS). CS may be pulled HIGH prior to outputting all 32 bits, aborting the data out transfer and initiating a new conversion. Bit 31 (first output bit) is the end of conversion (EOC) indicator. This bit is available at the SDO pin during the conversion and sleep states whenever the CS pin is LOW. Bit 30 (second output bit) is a dummy bit (DMY) and is always LOW. Bit 28 (fourth output bit) is the most significant bit (MSB) of the result. This bit in conjunction with bit 29 also provides the underrange or overrange indication. If both bit 29 and bit 28 are HIGH, the differential input voltage is above +FS. If both bit 29 and bit 28 are LOW, the differential input voltage is below -FS. The function of these bits is summarized in Table 2. Table 2. LTC2484 Status Bits INPUT RANGE BIT 31 EOC BIT 30 DMY BIT 29 SIG BIT 28 MSB VIN 0.5 * VREF 0 0 1 1 0V VIN < 0.5 * VREF 0 0 1/0 0 -0.5 * VREF VIN < 0V 0 0 0 1 VIN < -0.5 * VREF 0 0 0 0 Bits 28-5 are the 24-bit conversion result MSB first. Bits 4-0 are sub LSBs below the 24-bit level. Bits 4-0 may be included in averaging or discarded without loss of resolution. Data is shifted out of the SDO pin under control of the serial clock (SCK) (see Figure 2). Whenever CS is HIGH, SDO remains high impedance and any externally generated SCK clock pulses are ignored by the internal data out shift register. In order to shift the conversion result out of the device, CS must first be driven LOW. EOC is seen at the SDO pin of the device once CS is pulled LOW. EOC changes in real time from HIGH to LOW at the completion of a conversion. This signal may be used as an interrupt for an external microcontroller. Bit 31 (EOC) can be captured on the first rising edge of SCK. Bit 30 is shifted out of the device on the first falling edge of SCK. The final data bit (bit 0) is shifted out on the falling edge of the 31st SCK and may be latched on the rising edge of the 32nd SCK pulse. On the falling edge of the 32nd SCK pulse, SDO goes HIGH For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 2484ff 15 LTC2484 Applications Information indicating the initiation of a new conversion cycle. This bit serves as EOC (bit 31) for the next conversion cycle. Table 3 summarizes the output data format. As long as the voltage on the IN+ and IN- pins is maintained within the -0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) absolute maximum operating range, a conversion result is generated for any differential input voltage VIN from -FS = -0.5 * VREF to +FS = 0.5 * VREF . For differential input voltages greater than +FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to the +FS + 1LSB. For differential input voltages below -FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to -FS - 1LSB. Conversion Clock A major advantage the delta-sigma converter offers over conventional type converters is an on-chip digital filter (commonly implemented as a SINC or Comb filter). For high resolution, low frequency applications, this filter is typically designed to reject line frequencies of 50Hz or 60Hz plus their harmonics. The filter rejection performance is directly related to the accuracy of the converter system clock. The LTC2484 incorporates a highly accurate on-chip oscillator. This eliminates the need for external frequency setting components such as crystals or oscillators. Frequency Rejection Selection (fO) The LTC2484 internal oscillator provides better than 110dB normal mode rejection at the line frequency and all its harmonics (up to the 255th) for 50Hz 2% or 60Hz 2%, or better than 87dB normal mode rejection from 48Hz to 62.4Hz. The rejection mode is selected by writing to the on-chip configuration register and the default mode at POR is simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection. When a fundamental rejection frequency different from 50Hz or 60Hz is required or when the converter must be synchronized with an outside source, the LTC2484 can operate with an external conversion clock. The converter automatically detects the presence of an external clock signal at the fO pin and turns off the internal oscillator. The frequency fEOSC of the external signal must be at least 10kHz to be detected. The external clock signal duty cycle is not significant as long as the minimum and maximum specifications for the high and low periods tHEO and tLEO are observed. While operating with an external conversion clock of a frequency fEOSC, the LTC2484 provides better than 110dB normal mode rejection in a frequency range of fEOSC/5120 4% and its harmonics. The normal mode rejection as a function of the input frequency deviation from fEOSC/5120 is shown in Figure 3. Table 3. LTC2484 Output Data Format DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE VIN* VIN* FS** FS** - 1LSB BIT 31 EOC 0 0 BIT 30 DMY 0 0 BIT 29 SIG 1 1 BIT 28 MSB 1 0 BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 25 ... BIT 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... ... 0 1 0.5 * FS** 0.5 * FS** - 1LSB 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ... ... 0 1 0 -1LSB 0 0 0 0 1/0*** 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ... ... 0 1 -0.5 * FS** -0.5 * FS** - 1LSB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 ... ... 0 1 ... ... 0 **** -FS** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 VIN* < -FS** * The differential input voltage VIN = IN+ - IN-. ** The full-scale voltage FS = 0.5 * VREF . *** The sign bit changes state during the 0 output code when the device is operating in the 2x speed mode . **** When operating in the 2x speed mode, the underrange output code is OxOFFFFxxx. 16 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information conversions will not be affected. If the change occurs during the data output state and the converter is in the Internal SCK mode, the serial clock duty cycle may be affected but the serial data stream will remain valid. -80 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) -85 -90 -95 -100 Table 4 summarizes the duration of each state and the achievable output data rate as a function of fO. -105 -110 -115 Ease of Use -120 -125 -130 -135 -140 -12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY DEVIATION FROM NOTCH FREQUENCY fEOSC/5120(%) 2484 F03 Figure 3. LTC2484 Normal Mode Rejection When Using an External Oscillator Whenever an external clock is not present at the fO pin, the converter automatically activates its internal oscillator and enters the internal conversion clock mode. The LTC2484 operation will not be disturbed if the change of conversion clock source occurs during the sleep state or during the data output state while the converter uses an external serial clock. If the change occurs during the conversion state, the result of the conversion in progress may be outside specifications but the following The LTC2484 data output has no latency, filter settling delay or redundant data associated with the conversion cycle. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the conversion and the output data. Therefore, multiplexing multiple analog voltages is easy. The LTC2484 performs offset and full-scale calibrations every conversion cycle. This calibration is transparent to the user and has no effect on the cyclic operation described above. The advantage of continuous calibration is extreme stability of offset and full-scale readings with respect to time, supply voltage change and temperature drift. Power-Up Sequence The LTC2484 automatically enters an internal reset state when the power supply voltage VCC drops below approximately 2V. This feature guarantees the integrity of the conversion result and of the serial interface mode selection. Table 4. LTC2484 State Duration STATE OPERATING MODE CONVERT Internal Oscillator External Oscillator DURATION 60Hz Rejection 133ms, Output Data Rate 7.5 Readings/s for 1x Speed Mode 67ms, Output Data Rate 15 Readings/s for 2x Speed Mode 50Hz Rejection 160ms, Output Data Rate 6.2 Readings/s for 1x Speed Mode 80ms, Output Data Rate 12.5 Readings/s for 2x Speed Mode 50Hz/60Hz Rejection 147ms, Output Data Rate 6.8 Readings/s for 1x Speed Mode 73.6ms, Output Data Rate 13.6 Readings/s for 2x Speed Mode fO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz (fEOSC/5120 Rejection) 41036/fEOSCs, Output Data Rate fEOSC/41036 Readings/s for 1x Speed Mode 20556/fEOSCs, Output Data Rate fEOSC/20556 Readings/s for 2x Speed Mode SLEEP DATA OUTPUT As Long As CS = HIGH, After a Conversion is Complete Internal Serial Clock External Serial Clock with Frequency fSCK kHz fO = LOW/HIGH (Internal Oscillator) As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 0.83ms (32 SCK Cycles) fO = External Oscillator with Frequency fEOSC kHz As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 256/fEOSCms (32 SCK Cycles) As Long As CS = LOW But Not Longer Than 32/fSCKms (32 SCK Cycles) 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 17 LTC2484 Applications Information When the VCC voltage rises above this critical threshold, the converter creates an internal power-on reset (POR) signal with a duration of approximately 4ms. The POR signal clears all internal registers. Following the POR signal, the LTC2484 starts a normal conversion cycle and follows the succession of states described in Figure 1. The first conversion result following POR is accurate within the specifications of the device if the power supply voltage is restored within the operating range (2.7V to 5.5V) before the end of the POR time interval. If the same VREF source is used during calibration and temperature measurement, the actual value of the VREF is not needed to measure the temperature as shown in the calculation below: TC = = RSDO * VREF - 273 SLOPE RSDO * ( T0 + 273) - 273 R0SDO On-Chip Temperature Sensor 600 When using the internal temperature sensor, if the output code is normalized to RSDO = VPTAT/VREF , the temperature is calculated using the following formula: TK = RSDO * VREF in Kelvin SLOPE and TC = RSDO * VREF - 273 in C SLOPE where SLOPE is nominally 1.4mV/C Since the PTAT signal can have an initial value variation which results in errors in SLOPE, to achieve better temperature measurements, a one-time calibration is needed to adjust the SLOPE value. The converter output of the PTAT signal, R0SDO, is measured at a known temperature T0 (in C) and the SLOPE is calculated as: SLOPE = R0SDO * VREF T0 + 273 This calibrated SLOPE can be used to calculate the temperature. 18 500 VPTAT (mV) The LTC2484 contains an on-chip PTAT (proportional to absolute temperature) signal that can be used as a temperature sensor. The internal PTAT has a typical value of 420mV at 27C and is proportional to the absolute temperature value with a temperature coefficient of 420/(27 + 273) = 1.40mV/C (SLOPE), as shown in Figure 4. The internal PTAT signal is used in a single-ended mode referenced to device ground internally. The 1x speed mode with automatic offset calibration is automatically selected for the internal PTAT signal measurement as well. VCC = 5V IM = 1 fO = GND SLOPE = 1.40mV/C 400 300 200 -60 -30 0 30 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 90 120 2484 F04 Figure 4. Internal PTAT Signal vs Temperature Reference Voltage Range The LTC2484 external reference voltage range is 0.1V to VCC. The converter output noise is determined by the thermal noise of the front-end circuits, and as such, its value in nanovolts is nearly constant with reference voltage. A reduced reference voltage will improve the converter performance when operated with an external conversion clock (external fO signal) at substantially higher output data rates (see the Output Data Rate section). VREF must be 1.1V to use the internal temperature sensor. The negative reference input to the converter is internally tied to GND. GND (Pin 8) should be connected to a ground plane through as short a trace as possible to minimize voltage drop. The LTC2484 has an average operational current of 160A and for 0.1 parasitic resistance, the voltage drop of 16V causes a gain error of 3.2ppm for VREF = 5V. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information Input Voltage Range The analog input is truly differential with an absolute/common mode range for the IN+ and IN- input pins extending from GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V. Outside these limits, the ESD protection devices begin to turn on and the errors due to input leakage current increase rapidly. Within these limits, the LTC2484 converts the bipolar differential input signal, VIN = IN+ - IN-, from -FS to +FS where FS = 0.5 * VREF . Outside this range, the converter indicates the overrange or the underrange condition using distinct output codes. Since the differential input current cancellation does not rely on an on-chip buffer, current cancellation as well as DC performance is maintained rail-to-rail. Input signals applied to IN+ and IN- pins may extend by 300mV below ground and above VCC. In order to limit any fault current, resistors of up to 5k may be added in series with the IN+ and IN- pins without affecting the performance of the devices. The effect of the series resistance on the converter accuracy can be evaluated from the curves presented in the Input Current/Reference Current sections. In addition, series resistors will introduce a temperature dependent offset error due to the input leakage current. A 1nA input leakage current will develop a 1ppm offset error on a 5k resistor if VREF = 5V. This error has a very strong temperature dependency. Serial Interface Timing Modes The LTC2484's 4-wire interface is SPI and MICROWIRE compatible. This interface offers several flexible modes of operation. These include internal/external serial clock, 3- or 4-wire I/O, single cycle or continuous conversion. The following sections describe each of these serial interface timing modes in detail. In all these cases, the converter can use the internal oscillator (fO = LOW or fO = HIGH) or an external oscillator connected to the fO pin. Refer to Table 5 for a summary. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation (SPI/MICROWIRE Compatible) This timing mode uses an external serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle (see Figure 5). The serial clock mode is selected on the falling edge of CS. To select the external serial clock mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be LOW during each CS falling edge. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. While CS is pulled LOW, EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the device is in the sleep state. Independent of CS, the device automatically enters the low power sleep state once the conversion is complete. When the device is in the sleep state, its conversion result is held in an internal static shift register. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK is seen while CS is LOW. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. This enables external circuitry to latch the output on the rising edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. On the 32nd falling edge of SCK, the device begins a new conversion. SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a conversion is in progress. Table 5. LTC2484 Interface Timing Modes CONFIGURATION SCK SOURCE CONVERSION CYCLE CONTROL DATA OUTPUT CONTROL CONNECTION and WAVEFORMS External SCK, Single Cycle Conversion External CS and SCK CS and SCK Figures 5, 6 External SCK, 3-Wire I/O External SCK SCK Figure 7 Internal SCK, Single Cycle Conversion Internal CS CS Figures 8, 9 Internal SCK, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion Internal Continuous Internal Figure 10 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 19 LTC2484 Applications Information 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUT TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) 3 VCC 10 fO LTC2484 VREF 1 SDI 9 SCK 4 5 CS - GND IN 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 SDO IN+ INT/EXT CLOCK 6 8 CS TEST EOC BIT 31 SDO BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB EOC Hi-Z BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 25 BIT 24 BIT 5 TEST EOC BIT 0 LSB Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE EN DON'T CARE IM FOA FOB DON'T CARE SPD DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION SLEEP CONVERSION 2484 F05 SLEEP Figure 5. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUT 3 VCC 10 fO LTC2484 VREF 1 SDI 9 SCK SDO 4 IN+ 5 CS IN- GND TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) INT/EXT CLOCK 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 6 8 CS BIT 0 SDO TEST EOC BIT 31 EOC EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 25 BIT 24 Hi-Z BIT 9 TEST EOC BIT 8 Hi-Z SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI SLEEP DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT EN CONVERSION DON'T CARE IM FOA FOB DATA OUTPUT SPD DON'T CARE CONVERSION 2484 F06 SLEEP SLEEP Figure 6. External Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length 20 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information At the conclusion of the data cycle, CS may remain LOW and EOC monitored as an end-of-conversion interrupt. Alternatively, CS may be driven HIGH setting SDO to Hi-Z. As described above, CS may be pulled LOW at any time in order to monitor the conversion status. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or transmission over an isolation barrier. The external serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded typically 4ms after VCC exceeds approximately 2V. The level applied to SCK at this time determines if SCK is internal or external. SCK must be driven LOW prior to the end of POR in order to enter the external serial clock timing mode. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first rising edge and the 32nd falling edge of SCK (see Figure 6). On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. If the device has not finished loading the last input bit SPD of SDI by the time CS is pulled HIGH, the SDI information is discarded and the previous configuration is kept. This is useful for systems not requiring all 32 bits of output data, aborting an invalid conversion cycle or synchronizing the start of a conversion. Since CS is tied LOW, the end-of-conversion (EOC) can be continuously monitored at the SDO pin during the convert and sleep states. EOC may be used as an interrupt to an external controller indicating the conversion result is ready. EOC = 1 while the conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 once the conversion ends. On the falling edge of EOC, the conversion result is loaded into an internal static shift register. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK. On the 32nd falling edge of SCK, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion has begun. External Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O This timing mode utilizes a 3-wire serial I/O interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an externally generated serial clock (SCK) signal (see Figure 7). 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUT 3 VCC 10 fO LTC2484 VREF 1 SDI 9 SCK SDO 4 IN+ 5 CS IN- GND INT/EXT CLOCK 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 6 8 CS BIT 23 SDO BIT 22 EOC BIT 21 BIT 20 SIG MSB BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 4 BIT 0 LSB IM SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI* DON'T CARE CONVERSION EN GS2 GS1 GS0 IM FA FB SPD DATA OUTPUT DON'T CARE CONVERSION 2484 F07 Figure 7. External Serial Clock, CS = 0 Operation 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 21 LTC2484 Applications Information Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation This timing mode uses an internal serial clock to shift out the conversion result and a CS signal to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle (see Figure 8). In order to select the internal serial clock timing mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be floating (Hi-Z) or pulled HIGH prior to the falling edge of CS. The device will not enter the internal serial clock mode if SCK is driven LOW on the falling edge of CS. An internal weak pull-up resistor is active on the SCK pin during the falling edge of CS; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. Once CS is pulled LOW, SCK goes LOW and EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the device is in the sleep state. When testing EOC, if the conversion is complete (EOC = 0), the device will exit the low power mode during the EOC test. In order to allow the device to return to the low power sleep state, CS must be pulled HIGH before the first rising edge of SCK. In the internal SCK timing mode, SCK goes HIGH and the device begins outputting data at time tEOCtest after the falling edge of CS (if EOC = 0) or tEOCtest after EOC goes LOW (if CS is LOW during the falling edge of EOC). The value of tEOCtest is 12s if the device is using its internal oscillator. If fO is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, then tEOCtest is 3.6/fEOSC in seconds. If CS is pulled HIGH before time tEOCtest, the device returns to the sleep state and the conversion result is held in the internal static shift register. If CS remains LOW longer than tEOCtest, the first rising edge of SCK will occur and the conversion result is serially shifted out of the SDO pin. The data I/O cycle concludes after the 32nd rising edge. The input data is shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and 22 the last bit of the conversion result on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. After the 32nd rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1), SCK stays HIGH and a new conversion starts. CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH anytime between the first and 32nd rising edge of SCK (see Figure 9). On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. If the device has not finished loading the last input bit (SPD) of SDI by the time CS is pulled HIGH, the SDI information is discarded and the previous configuration is still kept. This is useful for systems not requiring all 32 bits of output data, aborting an invalid conversion cycle, or synchronizing the start of a conversion. If CS is pulled HIGH while the converter is driving SCK LOW, the internal pull-up is not available to restore SCK to a logic HIGH state. This will cause the device to exit the internal serial clock mode on the next falling edge of CS. This can be avoided by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin or by never pulling CS HIGH when SCK is LOW. Whenever SCK is LOW, the LTC2484's internal pull-up at pin SCK is disabled. Normally, SCK is not externally driven if the device is in the internal SCK timing mode. However, certain applications may require an external driver on SCK. If this driver goes Hi-Z after outputting a LOW signal, the LTC2484's internal pull-up remains disabled. Hence, SCK remains LOW. On the next falling edge of CS, the device is switched to the external SCK timing mode. By adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to SCK, this pin goes HIGH once the external driver goes Hi-Z. On the next CS falling edge, the device will remain in the internal SCK timing mode. A similar situation may occur during the sleep state when CS is pulsed HIGH-LOW-HIGH in order to test the conversion status. If the device is in the sleep state (EOC = 0), SCK will go LOW. Once CS goes HIGH (within the time period defined above as tEOCtest), the internal pull-up is activated. For a heavy capacitive load on the SCK pin, the internal pull-up may not be adequate to return SCK to a HIGH level before CS goes low again. This is not a concern under normal conditions where CS remains LOW after detecting EOC = 0. This situation is easily overcome by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUT TEST EOC <tEOCtest VCC 10 fO LTC2484 3 VREF 1 SDI SDO IN+ 5 CS IN- GND VCC 10k 9 SCK 4 INT/EXT CLOCK 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 6 8 CS BIT 31 SDO BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB EOC Hi-Z BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 25 BIT 24 BIT 5 TEST EOC BIT 0 LSB Hi-Z Hi-Z Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE EN DON'T CARE IM CONVERSION FOA FOB DON'T CARE SPD DATA OUTPUT SLEEP CONVERSION 2484 F08 SLEEP Figure 8. Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC TEST EOC (OPTIONAL) >tEOCtest ANALOG INPUT <tEOCtest 3 VCC 10 fO LTC2484 VREF 1 SDI 4 IN+ 5 CS IN- GND VCC 10k 9 SCK SDO INT/EXT CLOCK 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 6 8 CS TEST EOC BIT 0 SDO BIT 31 EOC Hi-Z EOC Hi-Z Hi-Z BIT 30 BIT 29 BIT 28 SIG MSB BIT 27 BIT 26 BIT 25 BIT 24 Hi-Z BIT 8 TEST EOC Hi-Z SCK (INTERNAL) SDI SLEEP DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT EN CONVERSION DON'T CARE IM FOA FOB DATA OUTPUT SLEEP SPD DON'T CARE CONVERSION 2484 F09 SLEEP Figure 9. Internal Serial Clock, Reduce Data Output Length 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 23 LTC2484 Applications Information Internal Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion During the conversion, the SCK and the serial data output pin (SDO) are HIGH (EOC = 1). Once the conversion is complete, SCK and SDO go LOW (EOC = 0) indicating the conversion has finished and the device has entered the low power sleep state. The part remains in the sleep state a minimum amount of time (1/2 the internal SCK period) then immediately begins outputting data. The data input/output cycle begins on the first rising edge of SCK and ends after the 32nd rising edge. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out of the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. The internally generated serial clock is output to the SCK pin. This signal may be used to shift the conversion result into external circuitry. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 32nd rising edge of SCK. After the 32nd rising edge, SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a new conversion is in progress. SCK remains HIGH during the conversion. This timing mode uses a 3-wire interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an internally generated serial clock (SCK) signal, see Figure 10. CS may be permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or transmission over an isolation barrier. The internal serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded approximately 1ms after VCC exceeds 2V. An internal weak pull-up is active during the POR cycle; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven LOW (if SCK is loaded such that the internal pull-up cannot pull the pin HIGH, the external SCK mode will be selected). 2.7V TO 5.5V 1F 2 REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC ANALOG INPUT 3 VCC 10 fO LTC2484 VREF 1 SDI 4 IN+ 5 CS IN- GND VCC 10k 9 SCK SDO INT/EXT CLOCK 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 7 6 8 CS BIT 23 SDO BIT 22 EOC BIT 21 BIT 20 SIG MSB BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 4 BIT 0 LSB IM SCK (INTERNAL) SDI* DON'T CARE CONVERSION EN GS2 GS1 GS0 IM FA FB SPD DON'T CARE DATA OUTPUT CONVERSION 2484 F10 Figure 10. Internal Serial Clock, CS = 0 Continuous Operation 24 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information Preserving the Converter Accuracy The LTC2484 is designed to reduce as much as possible the conversion result sensitivity to device decoupling, PCB layout, anti-aliasing circuits, line frequency perturbations and so on. Nevertheless, in order to preserve the 24-bit accuracy capability of this part, some simple precautions are required. Digital Signal Levels The LTC2484's digital interface is easy to use. Its digital inputs (SDI, fO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) accept standard CMOS logic levels and the internal hysteresis receivers can tolerate edge transition times as slow as 100s. However, some considerations are required to take advantage of the exceptional accuracy and low supply current of this converter. The digital output signals (SDO and SCK in Internal SCK mode of operation) are less of a concern because they are not generally active during the conversion state. While a digital input signal is in the range 0.5V to (VCC - 0.5V), the CMOS input receiver draws additional current from the power supply. It should be noted that, when any one of the digital input signals (SDI, fO, CS and SCK in External SCK mode of operation) is within this range, the power supply current may increase even if the signal in question is at a valid logic level. For micropower operation, it is recommended to drive all digital input signals to full CMOS levels [VIL < 0.4V and VOH > (VCC - 0.4V)]. During the conversion period, the undershoot and/or overshoot of a fast digital signal connected to the pins can severely disturb the analog to digital conversion process. Undershoot and overshoot occur because of the impedance mismatch at the converter pin when the transition time of an external control signal is less than twice the propagation delay from the driver to the LTC2484. For reference, on a regular FR-4 board, signal propagation velocity is approximately 183ps/inch for internal traces and 170ps/inch for surface traces. Thus, a driver generating a control signal with a minimum transition time of 1ns must be connected to the converter pin through a trace shorter than 2.5 inches. This problem becomes particularly difficult when shared control lines are used and multiple reflections may occur. The solution is to carefully terminate all transmission lines close to their characteristic impedance. Parallel termination near the LTC2484 pin will eliminate this problem but will increase the driver power dissipation. A series resistor between 27 and 56 placed near the driver output pin will also eliminate this problem without additional power dissipation. The actual resistor value depends upon the trace impedance and connection topology. An alternate solution is to reduce the edge rate of the control signals. It should be noted that using very slow edges will increase the converter power supply current during the transition time. The differential input architecture reduces the converter's sensitivity to ground currents. Particular attention must be given to the connection of the fO signal when the LTC2484 is used with an external conversion clock. This clock is active during the conversion time and the normal mode rejection provided by the internal digital filter is not very high at this frequency. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter reference terminals can result in DC gain and INL errors. A normal mode signal of this frequency at the converter input terminals can result in a DC offset error. Such perturbations can occur due to asymmetric capacitive coupling between the fO signal trace and the converter input and/ or reference connection traces. An immediate solution is to maintain maximum possible separation between the fO signal trace and the input/reference signals. When the fO signal is parallel terminated near the converter, substantial AC current is flowing in the loop formed by the fO connection trace, the termination and the ground return path. Thus, perturbation signals may be inductively coupled into the converter input and/or reference. In this situation, the user must reduce to a minimum the loop area for the fO signal as well as the loop area for the differential input and reference connections. Even when fO is not driven, other nearby signals pose similar EMI threats which will be minimized by following good layout practices. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 25 LTC2484 Applications Information Driving the Input and Reference The input and reference pins of the LTC2484 converter are directly connected to a network of sampling capacitors. Depending upon the relation between the differential input voltage and the differential reference voltage, these capacitors are switching between these four pins transferring small amounts of charge in the process. A simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 11. For a simple approximation, the source impedance RS driving an analog input pin (IN+, IN-, VREF+ or GND) can be considered to form, together with RSW and CEQ (see Figure 11), a first order passive network with a time constant = (RS + RSW) * CEQ. The converter is able to sample the input signal with better than 1ppm accuracy if the sampling period is at least 14 times greater than the input circuit time constant, . The sampling process on the four input analog pins is quasi-independent so each time constant should be considered by itself and, under worst-case circumstances, the errors may add. When using the internal oscillator, the LTC2484's frontend switched-capacitor network is clocked at 123kHz corresponding to an 8.1s sampling period. Thus, for IREF+ settling errors of less than 1ppm, the driving source impedance should be chosen such that 8.1s/14 = 580ns. When an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC is used, the sampling period is 2.5/fEOSC and, for a settling error of less than 1ppm, 0.178/fEOSC. Automatic Differential Input Current Cancellation In applications where the sensor output impedance is low (up to 10k with no external bypass capacitor or up to 500 with 0.001F bypass), complete settling of the input occurs. In this case, no errors are introduced and direct digitization of the sensor is possible. For many applications, the sensor output impedance combined with external bypass capacitors produces RC time constants much greater than the 580ns required for 1ppm accuracy. For example, a 10k bridge driving a 0.1F bypass capacitor has a time constant an order of magnitude greater than the required maximum. Historically, settling issues were solved using buffers. These buffers led to increased noise, reduced DC performance (Offset/Drift), limited input/output swing (cannot digitize signals near ground or VCC), added system cost and increased power. The LTC2484 uses a proprietary switching VCC RSW (TYP) 10k ILEAK + VREF ILEAK VCC IIN+ ILEAK RSW (TYP) 10k VIN+ CEQ 12pF (TYP) ILEAK IIN- VCC VIN- RSW (TYP) 10k ILEAK ILEAK IREF- GND VCC ILEAK RSW (TYP) 10k 2484 F11 ILEAK SWITCHING FREQUENCY fSW = 123kHz INTERNAL OSCILLATOR fSW = 0.4 * fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR Figure 11. LTC2484 Equivalent Analog Input Circuit 26 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information algorithm that forces the average differential input current to zero independent of external settling errors. This allows accurate direct digitization of high impedance sensors without the need for buffers. Additional errors resulting from mismatched leakage currents must also be taken into account. The switching algorithm forces the average input current on the positive input (IIN+) to be equal to the average input current on the negative input (IIN-). Over the complete conversion cycle, the average differential input current (IIN+ - IIN-) is zero. While the differential input current is zero, the common mode input current (IIN++ IIN-)/2 is proportional to the difference between the common mode input voltage (VINCM) and the common mode reference voltage (VREFCM). In applications where the input common mode voltage is equal to the reference common mode voltage, as in the case of a balance bridge type application, both the differential and common mode input current are zero. The accuracy of the converter is unaffected by settling errors. Mismatches in source impedances between IN+ and IN- also do not affect the accuracy. In applications where the input common mode voltage is constant but different from the reference common mode voltage, the differential input current remains zero while the common mode input current is proportional to the difference between VINCM and VREFCM. For a reference common mode of 2.5V and an input common mode of 1.5V, the common mode input current is approximately 0.74A (in simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection mode). This common mode input current has no effect on the accuracy if the external source impedances tied to IN+ and IN- are matched. Mismatches in these source impedances lead to a fixed offset error but do not affect the linearity or fullscale reading. A 1% mismatch in 1k source resistances leads to a 15ppm shift (74V) in offset voltage. In applications where the common mode input voltage varies as a function of input signal level (single-ended input, RTDs, half bridges, current sensors, etc.), the common mode input current varies proportionally with input voltage. For the case of balanced input impedances, the common mode input current effects are rejected by the large CMRR of the LTC2484 leading to little degradation in accuracy. Mismatches in source impedances lead to gain errors proportional to the difference between the common mode input voltage and the common mode reference voltage. 1% mismatches in 1k source resistances lead to gain worst-case gain errors on the order of 15ppm (for 1V differences in reference and input common mode voltage). Table 6 summarizes the effects of mismatched source impedance and differences in reference/input common mode voltages. Table 6. Suggested Input Configuration for LTC2484 BALANCED INPUT RESISTANCES UNBALANCED INPUT RESISTANCES CIN > 1nF at Both Constant VIN(CM) - VREF(CM) IN+ and IN-. Can Take Large Source Resistance with Negligible Error CIN > 1nF at Both IN+ and IN-. Can Take Large Source Resistance. Unbalanced Resistance Results in an Offset Which Can Be Calibrated Varying CIN > 1nF at Both IN+ VIN(CM) - VREF(CM) and IN-. Can Take Large Source Resistance with Negligible Error Minimize IN+ and IN- Capacitors and Avoid Large Source Impedance (<5k Recommended) The magnitude of the dynamic input current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature and power supply range is typically better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/C) are used for the external source impedance seen by IN+ and IN-, the expected drift of the dynamic current and offset will be insignificant (about 1% of their respective values over the entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications, a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. In addition to the input sampling charge, the input ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This current, nominally 1nA (10nA max), results in a small offset shift. A 1k source resistance will create a 1V typical and 10V maximum offset voltage. 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 27 LTC2484 Applications Information Reference Current In a similar fashion, the LTC2484 samples the differential reference pins VREF+ and GND transferring small amount of charge to and from the external driving circuits thus producing a dynamic reference current. This current does not change the converter offset, but it may degrade the gain and INL performance. The effect of this current can be analyzed in two distinct situations. For relatively small values of the external reference capacitors (CREF < 1nF), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles almost completely and relatively large values for the source impedance result in only small errors. Such values for CREF will deteriorate the converter offset and gain performance without significant benefits of reference filtering and the user is advised to avoid them. Larger values of reference capacitors (CREF > 1nF) may be required as reference filters in certain configurations. Such capacitors will average the reference sampling charge and the external source resistance will see a quasi constant reference differential impedance. In the following discussion, it is assumed the input and reference common mode are the same. Using internal oscillator for 60Hz mode, the typical differential reference resistance is 1M which generates a full-scale (VREF/2) gain error of 0.51ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving the VREF pin. For 50Hz/60Hz mode, the related difference resistance is 1.1M and the resulting full-scale error is 0.46ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving the VREF pin. For 50Hz mode, the related difference resistance is 1.2M and the resulting full-scale error is 0.42ppm for each ohm of source resistance driving the VREF pin. When fO is driven by an external oscillator with a frequency fEOSC (external conversion clock operation), the typical differential reference resistance is 0.30 * 1012/ fEOSC and each ohm of source resistance driving the RSOURCE VINCM + 0.5VIN IN+ CIN CPAR 20pF LTC2484 RSOURCE VINCM - 0.5VIN IN- CIN CPAR 20pF 2484 F12 Figure 12. An RC Network at IN+ and IN- 80 VCC = 5V = 5V 60 VREF VIN+ = 3.75V - = 1.25V 40 VIN fO = GND 20 TA = 25C CIN = 0pF -FS ERROR (ppm) +FS ERROR (ppm) 80 CIN = 100pF 0 CIN = 1nF, 0.1F, 1F -20 -60 -60 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 2484 F13 Figure 13. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- CIN = 100pF -20 -40 1 CIN = 1nF, 0.1F, 1F 0 -40 -80 28 VCC = 5V = 5V 60 VREF VIN+ = 1.25V - = 3.75V 40 VIN fO = GND 20 TA = 25C -80 CIN = 0pF 1 10 100 1k RSOURCE () 10k 100k 2484 F14 Figure 14. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at IN+ or IN- 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information VREF pin will result in 1.67 * 10-6 * fEOSCppm gain error. The typical +FS and -FS errors for various combinations of source resistance seen by the VREF pin and external capacitance connected to that pin are shown in Figures 15-18. In addition to this gain error, the converter INL performance is degraded by the reference source impedance. The INL is caused by the input dependent terms -VIN2/(VREF * REQ) - (0.5 * VREF * DT)/REQ in the reference 90 60 50 0 CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.001F CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF 40 30 20 -20 -30 -40 -50 VCC = 5V -60 VREF = 5V V + = 1.25V -70 VIN- = 3.75V IN -80 fO = GND TA = 25C -90 10 0 10 0 -10 0 10 CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.001F CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF -10 -FS ERROR (ppm) 70 +FS ERROR (ppm) 10 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 3.75V VIN- = 1.25V fO = GND TA = 25C 80 pin current as expressed in Figure 11. When using internal oscillator and 60Hz mode, every 100 of reference source resistance translates into about 0.67ppm additional INL error. When using internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz mode, every 100 of reference source resistance translates into about 0.61ppm additional INL error. When using internal oscillator and 50Hz mode, every 100 of reference source resistance translates into about 0.56ppm additional INL error. When fO is driven by an external oscillator with a 1k 100 RSOURCE () 10k 100k 1k 100 RSOURCE () 10k 2484 F15 Figure 15. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Small CREF) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 3.75V VIN- = 1.25V fO = GND TA = 25C +FS ERROR (ppm) 400 300 Figure 16. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Small CREF) 0 CREF = 1F, 10F -100 CREF = 0.1F 200 CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.01F -200 CREF = 1F, 10F -300 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 1.25V VIN- = 3.75V fO = GND TA = 25C -400 100 0 2484 F16 -FS ERROR (ppm) 500 0 200 100k 600 400 RSOURCE () 800 1000 -500 0 600 400 RSOURCE () 800 1000 2484 F18 2484 F17 Figure 17. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Large CREF) 200 CREF = 0.1F Figure 18. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Large CREF) 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 29 LTC2484 Applications Information frequency fEOSC, every 100 of source resistance driving VREF translates into about 2.18 * 10-6 * fEOSCppm additional INL error. Figure 19 shows the typical INL error due to the source resistance driving the VREF pin when large CREF values are used. The user is advised to minimize the source impedance driving the VREF pin. INL (ppm OF VREF) 10 VCC = 5V 8 VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V 6 T = 25C A 4 CREF = 10F R = 1k 2 R = 100 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -0.5 -0.3 0.1 -0.1 VIN/VREF (V) 0.3 0.5 2484 F19 Figure 19. INL vs Differential Input Voltage and Reference Source Resistance for CREF > 1F In applications where the reference and input common mode voltages are different, extra errors are introduced. For every 1V of the reference and input common mode voltage difference (VREFCM - VINCM) and a 5V reference, each Ohm of reference source resistance introduces an extra (VREFCM - VINCM)/(VREF * REQ) full-scale gain error, which is 0.074ppm when using internal oscillator and 60Hz mode. When using internal oscillator and 50Hz/60Hz mode, the extra full-scale gain error is 0.067ppm. When using internal oscillator and 50Hz mode, the extra gain error is 0.061ppm. If an external clock is used, the corresponding extra gain error is 0.24 * 10-6 * fEOSCppm. The magnitude of the dynamic reference current depends upon the size of the very stable internal sampling capacitors and upon the accuracy of the converter sampling clock. The accuracy of the internal clock over the entire temperature and power supply range is typically better than 0.5%. Such a specification can also be easily achieved by an external clock. When relatively stable resistors (50ppm/C) are used for the external source impedance seen by VREF+ and GND, the expected drift of the dynamic current gain error will be insignificant (about 1% of its value over the 30 In addition to the reference sampling charge, the reference pins ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This leakage current, nominally 1nA (10nA max), results in a small gain error. A 100 source resistance will create a 0.05V typical and 0.5V maximum full-scale error. Output Data Rate R = 500 0 entire temperature and voltage range). Even for the most stringent applications a one-time calibration operation may be sufficient. When using its internal oscillator, the LTC2484 produces up to 7.5 samples per second (sps) with a notch frequency of 60Hz, 6.25sps with a notch frequency of 50Hz and 6.8sps with the 50Hz/60Hz rejection mode. The actual output data rate will depend upon the length of the sleep and data output phases which are controlled by the user and which can be made insignificantly short. When operated with an external conversion clock (fO connected to an external oscillator), the LTC2484 output data rate can be increased as desired. The duration of the conversion phase is 41036/fEOSC. If fEOSC = 307.2kHz, the converter behaves as if the internal oscillator is used and the notch is set at 60Hz. An increase in fEOSC over the nominal 307.2kHz will translate into a proportional increase in the maximum output data rate. The increase in output rate is nevertheless accompanied by two potential effects, which must be carefully considered. First, a change in fEOSC will result in a proportional change in the internal notch position and in a reduction of the converter differential mode rejection at the power line frequency. In many applications, the subsequent performance degradation can be substantially reduced by relying upon the LTC2484's exceptional common mode rejection and by carefully eliminating common mode to differential mode conversion sources in the input circuit. The user should avoid single-ended input filters and should maintain a very high degree of matching and symmetry in the circuits driving the IN+ and IN- pins. Second, the increase in clock frequency will increase proportionally the amount of sampling charge transferred 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information through the input and the reference pins. If large external input and/or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the previous section provides formulae for evaluating the effect of the source resistance upon the converter performance for any value of fEOSC. If small external input and/ or reference capacitors (CIN, CREF) are used, the effect of the external source resistance upon the LTC2484 typical performance can be inferred from Figures 13, 14, 15 and 16 in which the horizontal axis is scaled by 307200/fEOSC. 3500 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = EXT CLOCK 40 TA = 25C TA = 85C 30 20 10 2500 2000 1500 1000 0 -10 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C TA = 85C 3000 +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 50 Typical measured performance curves for output data rates up to 25 readings per second are shown in Figures 20 to 27. In order to obtain the highest possible level of accuracy from this converter at output data rates above 20 readings per second, the user is advised to maximize the power supply voltage used and to limit the maximum ambient operating temperature. In certain circumstances, a reduction of the differential reference voltage may be beneficial. 500 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 0 30 0 20 10 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 2484 F20 Figure 20. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 2484 F21 Figure 21. +FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature -500 22 -1000 20 RESOLUTION (BITS) 24 -FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0 -1500 -2000 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C TA = 85C -2500 -3000 -3500 0 18 TA = 25C TA = 85C VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = EXT CLOCK RES = LOG 2 (VREF/NOISERMS) 16 14 12 20 10 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 30 10 0 20 10 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2484 F23 2484 F22 Figure 22. -FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature Figure 23. Resolution (NoiseRMS 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 31 LTC2484 Applications Information Input Bandwidth The combined effect of the internal SINC4 digital filter and of the analog and digital auto-calibration circuits determines the LTC2484 input bandwidth. When the internal oscillator is used with the notch set at 60Hz, the 3dB input bandwidth is 3.63Hz. When the internal oscillator is used with the notch set at 50Hz, the 3dB input bandwidth is 3.02Hz. If an external conversion clock generator of frequency fEOSC is connected to the fO pin, the 3dB input bandwidth is 11.8 * 10-6 * fEOSC. Due to the complex filtering and calibration algorithms utilized, the converter input bandwidth is not modeled very accurately by a first order filter with the pole located at the 3dB frequency. When the internal oscillator is used, the shape of the LTC2484 input bandwidth is shown in Figure 28. When an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC is used, the shape of the LTC2484 input bandwidth can be derived from Figure 28, 60Hz mode curve in which the horizontal axis is scaled by fEOSC/307200. 22 24 22 RESOLUTION (BITS) RESOLUTION (BITS) 20 18 16 TA = 25C 14 TA = 85C VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) 12 VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK RES = LOG 2 (VREF/INLMAX) 10 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2484 F26 Figure 26. Resolution (NoiseRMS 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage RESOLUTION (BITS) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 32 20 10 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 20 5 0 -5 Figure 25. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 0 22 VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V VCC = VREF = 5V 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) REF VCC = VREF = 5V 2484 F24 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VIN = 0V 15 fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C 0 16 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VIN = 0V f = EXT CLOCK 14 TO = 25C A RES = LOG 2 (VREF/NOISERMS) 12 V = 5V, V = 2.5V 10 30 20 -10 18 CC Figure 24. Resolution (INLMAX 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 10 20 30 2484 F25 18 16 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VIN = 0V REF- = GND 14 fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C RES = LOG 2 (VREF/INLMAX) 12 VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V VCC = VREF = 5V 10 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2484 F27 Figure 27. Resolution (INLMAX 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information The conversion noise (600nVRMS typical for VREF = 5V) can be modeled by a white noise source connected to a noise free converter. The noise spectral density is 47nVHz for an infinite bandwidth source and 64nVHz for a single 0.5MHz pole source. From these numbers, it is clear that particular attention must be given to the design of external amplification circuits. Such circuits face the simultaneous requirements of very low bandwidth (just a few Hz) in order to reduce the output referred noise and relatively high bandwidth (at least 500kHz) necessary to drive the input switchedcapacitor network. A possible solution is a high gain, low bandwidth amplifier stage followed by a high bandwidth unity-gain buffer. When external amplifiers are driving the LTC2484, the ADC input referred system noise calculation can be simplified by Figure 29. The noise of an amplifier driving the LTC2484 input pin can be modeled as a band limited white noise source. Its bandwidth can be approximated by the bandwidth of a single pole lowpass filter with a corner frequency fi. The amplifier noise spectral density is ni. From Figure 29, using fi as the x-axis selector, we can find on the y-axis the noise equivalent bandwidth freqi of the input driving amplifier. This bandwidth includes the band limiting effects of the ADC internal calibration and filtering. The noise of the driving amplifier referred to the converter input and including all these effects can be calculated as N = ni * freqi. The total system noise (referred to the LTC2484 input) can now be obtained by summing as square root of sum of squares the three ADC input referred noise sources: the LTC2484 internal noise, the noise of the IN+ driving amplifier and the noise of the IN- driving amplifier. If the fO pin is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, Figure 29 can still be used for noise calculation if the x-axis is scaled by fEOSC/307200. For large values of the ratio fEOSC/307200, the Figure 29 plot accuracy begins to decrease, but at the same time the LTC2484 noise floor rises and the noise contribution of the driving amplifiers lose significance. Normal Mode Rejection and Anti-Aliasing One of the advantages delta-sigma ADCs offer over conventional ADCs is on-chip digital filtering. Combined with a large oversampling ratio, the LTC2484 significantly simplifies anti-aliasing filter requirements. Additionally, 100 -1 50Hz AND 60Hz MODE -2 -3 50Hz MODE 60Hz MODE -4 -5 -6 1 3 0 4 5 2 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) INPUT REFERRED NOISE EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH (Hz) INPUT SIGNAL ATTENUATION (dB) 0 10 50Hz MODE 1 0.1 0.1 2484 F28 Figure 28. Input Signal Bandwidth Using the Internal Oscillator 60Hz MODE 1 10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M INPUT NOISE SOURCE SINGLE POLE EQUIVALENT BANDWIDTH (Hz) 2484 F29 Figure 29. Input Referred Noise Equivalent Bandwidth of an Input Connected White Noise Source 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 33 LTC2484 Applications Information the input current cancellation feature of the LTC2484 allows external lowpass filtering without degrading the DC performance of the device. The SINC4 digital filter provides greater than 120dB normal mode rejection at all frequencies except DC and integer multiples of the modulator sampling frequency (fS). The LTC2484's auto-calibration circuits further simplify the anti-aliasing requirements by additional normal mode signal filtering both in the analog and digital domain. Independent of the operating mode, fS = 256 * fN = 2048 * fOUT(MAX) where fN is the notch frequency and fOUT(MAX) is the maximum output data rate. In the internal oscillator mode with a 50Hz notch setting, fS = 12800Hz, with 50Hz/60Hz rejection, fS = 13960Hz and with a 60Hz notch setting fS = 15360Hz. In the external oscillator mode, fS = fEOSC/20. The performance of the normal mode rejection is shown in Figures 30 and 31. The user can expect to achieve this level of performance using the internal oscillator as it is demonstrated by Figures 34, 35 and 36. Typical measured values of the normal mode rejection of the LTC2484 operating with an internal oscillator and a 60Hz notch setting are shown in Figure 34 superimposed over the theoretical calculated curve. Similarly, the measured normal mode rejection of the LTC2484 for the 50Hz rejection mode and 50Hz/60Hz rejection mode are shown in Figures 35 and 36. As a result of these remarkable normal mode specifications, minimal (if any) anti-alias filtering is required in front of the LTC2484. If passive RC components are placed in front of the LTC2484, the input dynamic current should be considered (see Input Current section). In this case, the differential input current cancellation feature of the LTC2484 allows external RC networks without significant degradation in DC performance. 0 0 -10 -10 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) In 1x speed mode, the regions of low rejection occurring at integer multiples of fS have a very narrow bandwidth. Magnified details of the normal mode rejection curves are shown in Figure 32 (rejection near DC) and Figure 33 (rejection at fS = 256fN) where fN represents the notch frequency. These curves have been derived for the external oscillator mode but they can be used in all operating modes by appropriately selecting the fN value. -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS11fS12fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F30 Figure 30. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 50Hz Notch Mode 34 2484 F31 Figure 31. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 60Hz Notch Mode of External Oscillator 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 0 0 -10 -10 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) Applications Information -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 0 fN 2fN 3fN 4fN 5fN 6fN 7fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 250fN 252fN 254fN 256fN 258fN 260fN 262fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 8fN 2484 F32 2484 F33 Figure 32. Input Normal Mode Rejection at DC MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 -40 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -60 -80 -100 -120 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 0 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 Figure 33. Input Normal Mode Rejection at fS = 256fN MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F35 2484 F34 Figure 34. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% Full-Scale (60Hz Notch) Figure 35. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% Full-Scale (50Hz Notch) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -40 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -60 -80 -100 -120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 160 180 200 220 2484 F36 Figure 36. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% Full-Scale (50Hz/60Hz Mode) 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 35 LTC2484 Applications Information Traditional high order delta-sigma modulators, while providing very good linearity and resolution, suffer from potential instabilities at large input signal levels. The proprietary architecture used for the LTC2484 third order modulator resolves this problem and guarantees a predictable stable behavior at input signal levels of up to 150% of full-scale. In many industrial applications, it is not uncommon to have to measure microvolt level signals superimposed over volt level perturbations and the LTC2484 is eminently suited for such tasks. When the perturbation is differential, the specification of interest is the normal mode rejection for large input signal levels. With a reference voltage VREF = 5V, the LTC2484 has a full-scale differential input range of 5V peak-to-peak. Figures 37 and 38 show measurement results for the LTC2484 normal mode rejection ratio with a 7.5V peak-to-peak (150% of full-scale) input signal superimposed over the more traditional normal mode rejection ratio results obtained with a 5V peak-to-peak (full-scale) input signal. In Figure 37, the LTC2484 uses the internal oscillator with the notch set at 60Hz (fO = LOW) and in Figure 38 it uses the internal oscillator with the notch set at 50Hz. It is clear that the LTC2484 rejection performance is maintained with no compromises in this extreme situation. When operating with large input signal levels, the user must observe that such signals do not violate the device absolute maximum ratings. Using the 2x speed mode of the LTC2484, the device bypasses the digital offset calibration operation to double the output data rate. The superior normal mode rejection is maintained as shown in Figures 30 and 31. However, the magnified details near DC and fS = 256fN are different, NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) -20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VINCM = 2.5V TA = 25C -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F37 Figure 37. Measured Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 150% Full-Scale (60Hz Notch) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) -20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V TA = 25C -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F38 Figure 38. Measured Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 150% Full-Scale (50Hz Notch) 36 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information see Figures 39 and 40. In 2x speed mode, the bandwidth is 11.4Hz for the 50Hz rejection mode, 13.6Hz for the 60Hz rejection mode and 12.4Hz for the 50Hz/60Hz rejection mode. Typical measured values of the normal mode rejection of the LTC2484 operating with the internal oscillator and 2x speed mode is shown in Figure 41. When the LTC2484 is configured in 2x speed mode, by performing a running average, a SINC1 notch is combined with the SINC4 digital filter, yielding the normal mode rejection identical as that for the 1x speed mode. The averaging operation still keeps the output rate with the following algorithm: Result 1 = average (sample 0, sample 1) The main advantage of the running average is that it achieves simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection at twice the effective output rate, as shown in Figure 42. The raw output data provides a better than 70dB rejection over 48Hz to 62.4Hz, which covers both 50Hz 2% and 60Hz 2%. With running average on, the rejection is better than 87dB for both 50Hz 2% and 60Hz 2%. Complete Thermocouple Measurement System with Cold Junction Compensation The LTC2484 is ideal for direct digitization of thermocouples and other low voltage output sensors. The input 0 -20 -20 INPUT NORMAL REJECTION (dB) 0 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 fN 2fN 3fN 4fN 5fN 6fN 7fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (fN) 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F41 Figure 41. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency, 2x Speed Mode and 50Hz/60Hz Mode -60 -80 -100 2484 F40 2484 F39 MEASURED DATA VCC = 5V CALCULATED DATA VREF = 5V VINCM = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V fO = GND TA = 25C -40 -120 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (fN) 8fN Figure 39. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) Result n = average (sample n - 1, sample n) Figure 40. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode -70 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) INPUT NORMAL REJECTION (dB) Result 2 = average (sample 1, sample 2) ...... -80 NO AVERAGE -90 WITH RUNNING AVERAGE -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 60 62 54 56 58 48 50 52 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2484 F42 Figure 42. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 2484ff 37 LTC2484 Applications Information has a typical offset error of 500nV (2.5V max) offset drift of 10nV/C and a noise level of 600nVRMS. Figure 44 (last page of this data sheet) is a complete type K thermocouple meter. The only signal conditioning is a simple surge protection network. In any thermocouple meter, the cold junction temperature sensor must be at the same temperature as the junction between the thermocouple materials and the copper printed circuit board traces. The tiny LTC2484 can be tucked neatly underneath an Omega MPJ-K-F thermocouple socket ensuring close thermal coupling. The LTC2484's 1.4mV/C PTAT circuit measures the cold junction temperature. Once the thermocouple voltage and cold junction temperature are known, there are many ways of calculating the thermocouple temperature including a straight-line approximation, lookup tables or a polynomial curve fit. Calibration is performed by applying an accurate 500mV to the ADC input derived from an LT(R)1236 reference and measuring the local temperature with an accurate thermometer as shown in Figure 43. In calibration mode, the up and down buttons are used to adjust the local temperature reading until it matches an accurate thermometer. Both the voltage and temperature calibration are easily automated. The complete microcontroller code for this application is available on the LTC2484 product Web page at: http://www.linear.com It can be used as a template for many different instruments and it illustrates how to generate calibration coefficients for the onboard temperature sensor. Extensive comments detail the operation of the program. The read_LTC2484() function controls the operation of the LTC2484 and is listed below for reference. 5V C8 1F C7 0.1F ISOTHERMAL 2 + G1 NC1M4V0 LT1236 IN OUT TRIM GND 4 6 5 R2 2k R7 8k R8 1k 4 5 IN+ IN- 3 2 REF VCC CS SCK LTC2484 SDO SDI GND GND fO 8 TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE JACK (OMEGA MPJ-K-F) 6 9 7 1 10 11 2484 F43 26.3C Figure 43. Calibration Setup 38 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Applications Information /*** read_LTC2484() ************************************************************ This is the function that actually does all the work of talking to the LTC2484. The spi_read() function performs an 8 bit bidirectional transfer on the SPI bus. Data changes state on falling clock edges and is valid on rising edges, as determined by the setup_spi() line in the initialize() function. A good starting point when porting to other processors is to write your own spi_write function. Note that each processor has its own way of configuring the SPI port, and different compilers may or may not have built-in functions for the SPI port. Also, since the state of the LTC2484's SDO line indicates when a conversion is complete you need to be able to read the state of this line through the processor's serial data input. Most processors will let you read this pin as if it were a general purpose I/O line, but there may be some that don't. When in doubt, you can always write a "bit bang" function for troubleshooting purposes. The "fourbytes" structure allows byte access to the 32 bit return value: struct fourbytes { int8 te0; int8 te1; int8 te2; int8 te3; }; // // // // // // Define structure of four consecutive bytes To allow byte access to a 32 bit int or float. The make32() function in this compiler will also work, but a union of 4 bytes and a 32 bit int is probably more portable. Also note that the lower 4 bits are the configuration word from the previous conversion. The 4 LSBs are cleared so that they don't affect any subsequent mathematical operations. While you can do a right shift by 4, there is no point if you are going to convert to floating point numbers - just adjust your scaling constants appropriately. *******************************************************************************/ signed int32 read_LTC2484(char config) { union // adc_code.bits32 all 32 bits { // adc_code.by.te0 byte 0 signed int32 bits32; // adc_code.by.te1 byte 1 struct fourbytes by; // adc_code.by.te2 byte 2 } adc_code; // adc_code.by.te3 byte 3 output_low(CS); while(input(PIN_C4)) {} // Enable LTC2484 SPI interface // Wait for end of conversion. The longest // you will ever wait is one whole conversion period // Now is the time to switch any multiplexers because the conversion is finished // and you have the whole data output time for things to settle. adc_code.by.te3 adc_code.by.te2 adc_code.by.te1 adc_code.by.te0 = = = = 0; spi_read(config); spi_read(0); spi_read(0); output_high(CS); // // // // // // // Set upper byte to zero. Read first byte, send config byte Read 2nd byte, send speed bit Read 3rd byte. `0' argument is necessary to act as SPI master!! (compiler and processor specific.) Disable LTC2484 SPI interface // Clear configuration bits and subtract offset. This results in // a 2's complement 32 bit integer with the LTC2484's MSB in the 2^20 position adc_code.by.te0 = adc_code.by.te0 & 0xF0; adc_code.bits32 = adc_code.bits32 - 0x00200000; return adc_code.bits32; } // End of read_LTC2484() 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 39 LTC2484 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/designtools/packaging/ for the most recent package drawings. DD Package 10-Lead Plastic DFN (3mm x 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699 Rev C) 0.70 0.05 3.55 0.05 1.65 0.05 2.15 0.05 (2 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS 3.00 0.10 (4 SIDES) R = 0.125 TYP 6 0.40 0.10 10 1.65 0.10 (2 SIDES) PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 OR 0.35 x 45 CHAMFER PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 0.200 REF 5 0.75 0.05 0.00 - 0.05 1 (DD) DFN REV C 0310 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 0.10 (2 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW--EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 40 2484ff For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 LTC2484 Revision History REV DATE DESCRIPTION B 11/09 Revised Tables 2 and 3. C 6/10 D 6/11 (Revision history begins at Rev B) PAGE NUMBER Revised Typical Application 1 Added Note 16 to VIH Conditions in Digital Inputs and Digital Outputs section 4 Added Note 16 5 Corrected Label on G39 in Typical Performance Characteristics 10 Corrected typos in Figure 4, Output Data Rate section, and Figures 35, 36, 37, and 38 in Applications Information section E 6/14 Clarify temperature sensor performance Clarify Performance vs fO Frequency, reduced external oscillator max frequency to 1MHz F 10/14 15, 16 18, 30, 35, 36 1, 2 5, 8, 31, 32 Added underrange note to Table 3 16 Updated PTAT minimum and maximum values. 2 2484ff Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 41 LTC2484 Typical Application 5V C8 1F PIC16F73 C7 0.1F 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISOTHERMAL R2 2k 4 TYPE K THERMOCOUPLE JACK (OMEGA MPJ-K-F) 5 3 2 REF VCC CS SCK LTC2484 SDO SDI GND GND fO IN+ IN- 8 6 9 7 1 10 11 5V D7 D6 2 x 16 CHARACTER D5 LCD DISPLAY D4 (OPIREX DMC162488 EN OR SIMILAR) RW CONTRAST GND D0 D1 D2 D3 RS VCC 5V 1 R6 5k 2 3 5V RC7 RC6 RC5 RC4 RC3 RC2 RC1 RC0 RB7 RB6 RB5 RB4 RB3 RB2 RB1 RB0 RA5 RA4 RA3 RA2 RA1 RA0 VDD OSC1 OSC2 MCLR 20 C6 0.1F 9 5V Y1 6MHz 10 R1 1 10k D1 BAT54 5V 9 VSS 19 VSS 2484 F44 R3 10k CALIBRATE 2 1 DOWN R4 10k R5 10k UP Figure 44. Complete Type K Thermocouple Meter Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC1050 Precision Chopper Stabilized Op Amp No External Components 5V Offset, 1.6VP-P Noise LT(R)1236A-5 Precision Bandgap Reference, 5V 0.05% Max Initial Accuracy, 5ppm/C Drift LT1460 Micropower Series Reference 0.075% Max Initial Accuracy, 10ppm/C Max Drift LTC2400 24-Bit, No Latency ADC in SO-8 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2401/LTC2402 1-/2-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs in MSOP 0.6ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2404/LTC2408 4-/8-Channel, 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs with Differential Inputs 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2410 24-Bit, No Latency ADC with Differential Inputs 0.8VRMS Noise, 2ppm INL LTC2411/LTC2411-1 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs with Differential Inputs in MSOP 1.45VRMS Noise, 4ppm INL, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection (LTC2411-1) LTC2413 Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection, 800nVRMS Noise 24-Bit, No Latency ADC with Differential Inputs LTC2415/LTC2415-1 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs with 15Hz Output Rate Pin-Compatible with the LTC2410 LTC2414/LTC2418 8-/16-Channel 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs 0.2ppm Noise, 2ppm INL, 3ppm Total Unadjusted Errors 200A LTC2420 20-Bit, No Latency ADC in SO-8 1.2ppm Noise, 8ppm INL, Pin-Compatible with LTC2400 LTC2430/LTC2431 20-Bit, No Latency ADCs with Differential Inputs 2.8V Noise, SSOP-16/MSOP Package LTC2435/LTC2435-1 20-Bit, No Latency ADCs with 15Hz Output Rate 3ppm INL, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection LTC2440 High Speed, Low Noise 24-Bit ADC 3.5kHz Output Rate, 200mV Noise, 24.6 ENOBs LTC2480 16-Bit, No Latency ADC with PGA/Temperature Sensor Pin-Compatible with LTC2484 LTC2482 16-Bit, No Latency ADC Pin-Compatible with LTC2484 42 Linear Technology Corporation 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 For more information www.linear.com/LTC2484 (408) 432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/LTC2484 2484ff LT 1014 REV F * PRINTED IN USA LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2005