Application Report
SLVA037A – March 2005
1
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the
TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
PMP Systems Power
ABSTRACT
The USB specification (version 1.0) defines the power distribution requirements for self-
powered hubs (including hosts) and bus-powered hubs. This application report explains
how the TPS2014 and TPS2015 power distribution switches provide the power switching
and overcurrent protection needed to meet the USB requirements and how they are
superior to other devices commonly used to accomplish the same functions.
Overcurrent protection devices such as fuses and PTC resistors (also called polyfuses or
polyswitches) have slow trip times, high on-resistance, and lack the necessary circuitry for
USB-required fault reporting. The faster trip times of the TPS2014 and TPS2015 power
distribution allow designers to design hubs that can operate through faults. The TPS2014
and TPS2015 have low on-resistance and internal fault-reporting circuitry that help the
designer to meet voltage regulation and fault notification requirements. Because the
TPS2014 and TPS2015 are also power switches, the designer of self-powered hubs has
the flexibility to turn off power to output ports. Unlike a normal MOSFET, the TPS2014
and TPS2015 have controlled rise and fall times to provide the needed inrush current
limiting required for the bus-powered hub power switch.
Contents
1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3
2 TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches ..................................................................3
3 USB Power Distribution..................................................................................................................4
3.1 Self-Powered Hub (Including Host) ...........................................................................................4
3.1.1 Overcurrent Protection Device ......................................................................................4
3.1.2 DC Voltage Regulation ..................................................................................................5
3.1.3 Transient Regulation .....................................................................................................6
3.1.4 Self-Powered Hub Reference Designs..........................................................................7
3.2 Bus-Powered Hub .....................................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Power Switch.................................................................................................................9
3.2.2 DC Voltage Regulation ................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Transient Regulation ...................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Bus-Powered Hub Reference Designs........................................................................11
4 ESD.................................................................................................................................................11
5 Summary........................................................................................................................................11
6 References.....................................................................................................................................12
Appendix A. Fault Testing....................................................................................................................13
Appendix B. Transient Load Testing...................................................................................................16
SLVA037A
2 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Figures
Figure 1. USB Self-Powered Hub Voltage Drops.............................................................................5
Figure 2. Self-Powered Hub Non-Ganged Reference Design.........................................................7
Figure 3. Self-Powered Hub Ganged Reference Design.................................................................8
Figure 4. USB Bus-Powered Hub Voltage Drops ..........................................................................10
Figure 5. Non-Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit ......................................................................13
Figure 6. 2.5-A Fuse Short-Circuit Test..........................................................................................13
Figure 7. 2.5-A PTC Resistor Short-Circuit Test............................................................................14
Figure 8. TPS2014 Short-Circuit Test .............................................................................................15
Figure 9. 500-mA Transient Load Test Circuit...............................................................................16
Figure 10. 500-mA Transient .............................................................................................................16
Figure 11. Non-Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit ......................................................................17
Figure 12. Non-Ganged Hot-Insertion Transient .............................................................................18
Figure 13. Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit ..............................................................................18
Figure 14. Ganged Hot-Insertion Transient .....................................................................................19
Figure 15. Ganged Test Circuit With Ferrite Beads ........................................................................19
Figure 16. Ganged With Ferrite Beads Hot-Insertion Transient.....................................................20
Tables
Table 1. TPS2014 and TPS2015 Current Limits .............................................................................3
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
3
1 Introduction
The universal serial bus (USB) interface is a 12-Mb/s, multiplexed serial bus designed for low to
medium speed PC peripherals (for example, keyboards, printers, scanners). The four-line USB
interface is conceived for dynamic attach-detach (hot-plug-unplug) of peripheral devices. Two
lines are provided for differential data and two lines are provided for 5-V power distribution.
USB data is a 3.3-V level signal, but power is distributed at 5 V to allow for voltage drops in
cases where power is distributed through more than one hub. Each function must provide its
own regulated 3.3 V from the 5-V input or its own internal power supply.
The USB specification defines the following five classes of devices, each differentiated by power
sourcing and sinking requirements:
• Bus-powered hubs
• Self-powered hubs
• Low power, bus-powered functions
• High power, bus-powered functions
Self-powered and bus-powered hubs distribute data and power to downstream functions. This
application report describes power distribution solutions for both types of hubs.
2 TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
The Texas Instruments TPS2014 and TPS2015 are high-side, 95-mΩ, n-channel MOSFET
switches with built-in overcurrent protection. The switches provide both power switching and
maintenance-free fault protection in either of the following single 8-pin packages:
• Small-outline integrated circuit (SOIC)
• Plastic dual inline package (PDIP)
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 switches differ only in recommended continuous current and short-
circuit current limits (see Table 1).
Table 1. TPS2014 and TPS2015 Current Limits
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM TYPICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT PACKAGED DEVICES
Tj CONTINUOUS LOAD CURRENT
(A)
CURRENT LIMIT AT 25OC
(A)
SOIC
(D)+
PDIP
(P)
0OC to 125OC 0.6 1.2 TPS2014D TPS2014P
0OC to 125OC 1 2 TPS2015D TPS2015P
* The D package is available taped and reeled. Add an R suffix to device type (e.g. TPS2014DR).
Both devices are controlled by a logic level enable that is compatible with both 3.3-V and 5-V
logic. Gate drive is provided by an internal charge pump controls the power switch rise and fall
times to minimize currents during switching. The charge pump requires no external components
and operates from supply voltages as low as 4 V. The undervoltage lockout ensures that the
switch is in the off state at start up.
SLVA037A
4 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 provide overcurrent protection by switching to a constant current
source whenever the trip threshold current is exceeded. The controller is notified of a fault
condition when the overcurrent logic output is set to a low. The switch remains in this constant
current state until either the fault is removed or the switch is disabled.
Continuous overloads and short circuits increase the power dissipation in the switch and cause
the junction temperature to rise. To prevent overheating, a thermal protection circuit shuts the
switch off when the junction temperature exceeds its thermal limit.
3 USB Power Distribution
The USB power distribution requirements are designed to make 4 V the minimum voltage seen
by any downstream function. Power is supplied to the 5-V bus from either the host or a self-
powered hub and then distributed to downstream functions. A resistive voltage drop is
associated with each connection, wire, and component where power is distributed.
The USB specification includes power distribution requirements that must be met for each
component. The TPS2014 and TPS2015 power distribution switches meets the USB
requirements for voltage drops, continuous current, overcurrent protection, and fault notification.
3.1 Self-Powered Hub (Including Host)
Self-powered hubs (including host) contain an internal power supply that powers the hub’s
internal functions and output ports. A self-powered hub can include as many output ports as the
power supply can deliver. Typical designs have one, two, four, or seven output ports. Each
output port in a self-powered hub must be able to supply a continuous 500 mA within the
required voltage regulation.
Because power is supplied from an internal power supply, overcurrent protection is required on
the output ports for safety reasons. UL limits require ports to deliver no more than 5 A. This
requirement includes short circuit currents.
Power distribution for a self-powered hub can be designed either with one overcurrent protection
device per output port or by ganging multiple ports to one overcurrent protection device.
Although ganging multiple output ports to one overcurrent protection device appears to be a
more economical solution, the on-resistance required may not make it feasible (see subsection
3.1.2).
3.1.1 Overcurrent Protection Device
The following devices commonly provide overcurrent protection for the self-powered hub:
• Power distribution switches (such as the TPS2014 and TPS2015)
• Positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors (commonly known as polyfuses or
polyswitches)
• Fuses
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 offer several advantages over fuses and PTC resistors, including:
• Extremely fast trip time
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
5
• Fault reporting
• Low on-resistance
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 have an extremely fast trip time of approximately 10 µs (see
Appendix A). By comparison, fuses have trip times in the 100s of microseconds and PTC
resistors have trip times in the 100s of milliseconds. The faster trip time of the TPS2014 and
TPS2015 greatly increases a system’s ability to operate continuously through a fault.
The USB specification requires that the host be informed of any overcurrent event. The
TPS2014 and TPS2015 provide fault reporting through the overcurrent logic output. A system
using a fuse or PTC resistor requires additional external circuitry to provide the fault reporting
information.
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 have a low on-resistance, typically 85 mΩ. Fast-acting fuses have
a typical resistance of 170 mΩ for a 1-A fuse and 40 mΩ for a 2.5-A fuse. PTC resistors have a
resistance of 240 mΩ for a 1-A rating and 65 mΩ for 2.5-A rating. As discussed in section 3.1.2,
the higher resistance of fuses and PTC resistors make it difficult, if not impossible, to meet the
stringent USB voltage regulation requirements.
Unlike fuses and PTC resistors, the TPS2014 and TPS2015 are controlled switches, which allow
the system to turn off ports that have failed or to support low-power states for portable products.
3.1.2 DC Voltage Regulation
All resistive voltage drops must be accounted for to ensure that the required voltage regulation is
met (see Figure 1). The minimum output voltage (VOmin) at the output connector is equal to the
power supply voltage (VPS) minus its regulation (Vreg) and the resistive voltage drops in the PCB
traces (VPCB) and overcurrent protection device (VOCP). The following equation shows the
relationship:
VOVPS Vreg VOCP VPCBmin =−− −
4.75 V
min
GND
IN
IN
EN
OUT
OUT
OUT
OC
TPS2014
R
PCB
4.75 V
min
Self-Powered Hub or Host
GND
IN
IN
EN
OUT
OUT
OUT
OC
TPS2014
USB
Conn
R
PCB
4.75 V
min
USB
Conn
Figure 1. USB Self-Powered Hub Voltage Drops
SLVA037A
6 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
The USB specification defines the maximum voltage drop across the overcurrent protection
device and the PCB traces to be 100 mV. This leaves 250 mV (or 5 %) for the power supply
regulation (Vreg). The voltage drop across the overcurrent protection device is a function of its
output current and the on-resistance of the device. The output current is 500 mA times the
number of ports ganged together on its output. The maximum on-resistance of the overcurrent
protection device is defined by:
rmV V
An
OCP
PCB
ports
=−
×
100
05.
This equation shows that for a 10-mV voltage drop for the PCB trace, the switch must have a
resistance of 180 mΩ to support one port and 90 mΩ for two ports. With the resistance of the
TPS2015, two ports is the maximum that can feasibly be ganged with one overcurrent protection
device.
3.1.3 Transient Regulation
During normal operation, only moderate transients occur. The maximum and peak current that a
function may draw is 500 mA. Appendix B contains the transient testing results for both normal
transients and hot-insertion transients. The results show that 500-mA load transients cause
almost no transient voltage droop. The required 120-µF output port capacitance is more than
sufficient to meet the 330-mV droop requirement.
The real concern is the effect on other output ports of the hub during hot insertion of a function.
The USB specification requires that hot insertion operations not interrupt the operation of
existing connections. The USB specification limits the maximum load that can be hot inserted to
44 Ω paralleled by 10 µF. The specification also limits the maximum voltage droop this insertion
causes on other ports to 330 mV.
In the non-ganged architecture of the single port per overcurrent protection device, the minimum
required output capacitance of 120 µF is sufficient to meet the maximum voltage droop (see
Figure 2).
The testing described in Appendix B shows that the hot insertion transient produced a voltage
droop of 280 mV. The impedance of the two TPS2014 switches between the output port
capacitors provided sufficient filtering to limit the voltage droop. The voltage droop can be
improved with the addition of bulk capacitance on the 5-V input to the ports. The bulk
capacitance also helps prevent the transients from being reflected back to the system.
In the ganged architecture, where multiple output ports are connected in parallel to one
overcurrent protection device, there is no impedance between the output port capacitors (see
Figure 3). Testing shows that the hot insertion produced a 1-V transient on the adjacent port,
even with the required 120 µF output capacitance per port (see Appendix B). Even with the
addition of 1000 µF of bulk capacitance to the 5-V input, the 330-mV droop could not be met.
Impedance must be added between the ports to filter transients between ports.
Ferrite beads inserted in series with 5-V and GND lines before the output port capacitors provide
lossless transient filtering. Testing shows that with the addition of the ferrite beads, the hot
insertion transient produced a 300-mV voltage droop on the other port (see Appendix B). The
voltage droop can be reduced even more with the addition of bulk capacitance to the 5-V input.
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
7
3.1.4 Self-Powered Hub Reference Designs
Figure 2 shows the schematic of the non-ganged reference design, which uses the TPS2014 as
the overcurrent protection device. The following assumptions apply:
• Power supply regulation: 5 V (± 5 percent)
• Total PCB voltage drop: 10 mV
Using these assumptions, the required resistance of the overcurrent protection device must be
less than 180 mΩ to meet USB voltage regulation requirements (see section 3.1.2). The
TPS2014 has a typical on-resistance of 85 mΩ with an over-temperature maximum of 120 mΩ.
Figure 2. Self-Powered Hub Non-Ganged Reference Design
A 150-µF tantalum capacitor is chosen for the output port capacitor because it is the closest
standard value that meets the minimum 120-µF specification requirement. The 0.1-µF input
capacitor is a bypass capacitor for the TPS2014. It is recommended that some bulk capacitance
be on the 5-V input to the USB overcurrent protection devices. Bulk capacitance provides the
following two functions:
• Improves the voltage droop for hot-insertion transients
• Helps keep transients on the output ports from affecting other hub functions using the 5-V
power
Figure 3 shows the schematic of the ganged reference design, which uses the TPS2015 for
overcurrent protection. Applying the same assumptions applied in the non-ganged reference
design, the required on-resistance of the TPS2015 is 90 mΩ. Although the TPS2015 has a
nominal on-resistance of 85 mΩ, the on-resistance at high temperature is 120 mΩ. Therefore,
for this design to be valid, the power supply must have a 4-% regulation to allow for the
additional voltage drop.
SLVA037A
8 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
This limitation makes it very difficult to use a PTC resistor as the overcurrent protection device in
a ganged configuration. The higher resistance of this device makes it impossible to meet the DC
voltage regulation.
The input, output, and bulk capacitors are selected for the same reasons as those selected for
the non-ganged design. The main difference is that the ferrite beads in this design are required
to meet the hot-insertion voltage droop requirement, as discussed in section 3.1.3.
Figure 3. Self-Powered Hub Ganged Reference Design
PCB layout is also very important. Consider the following recommendations:
• Place a ground plane under all circuitry to lower both resistance and inductance and
improve DC and transient performance.
• Place cuts in the ground plane between ports to help reduce the coupling of transients
between ports.
• Locate the output tantalum capacitor as close as possible to the USB connector to lower
impedance (mainly inductance) between the port and the capacitor and improve transient
load performance.
• Locate the TPS2014/15 as close as possible to the output port to limit switching noise.
• Locate the ceramic bypass capacitors as close as possible to the IN pins of the
TPS2014/15.
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
9
3.2 Bus-Powered Hub
The bus-powered hub draws power for internal functions and output ports from its input port. It
distributes data and/or power to:
• Low power, bus-powered functions
• Self-powered functions
• Self-powered hubs
The bus-powered hub is allowed to consume a maximum of 500 mA for its internal functions and
output ports. Each output port must be able to supply a continuous 100 mA to downstream
loads. Therefore, the number of output ports a bus-powered hub can support depends on the
maximum amount of current consumed for its internal functions. A bus-powered hub can support
a maximum of four output ports.
Since a bus-powered hub does not know if it is being plugged into a port that can support a high-
power function, its total current consumption on power up must be less than 100 mA. A power
distribution switch is required to keep the output ports off during power up. Once configured, the
hub can confirm that it is plugged into a high-power port, and then turn on power for its
downstream ports.
Because of the high output capacitance (120 µF minimum) on each output port, inrush current
limiting is required to prevent drooping of the 5-V power supply from inrush currents.
Overcurrent protection is not required for a bus-powered hub because it is protected by the
upstream port (either a self-powered hub or host). As with the self-powered hub, the output ports
can be ganged together and powered from a single switch, or each port can have an individual
switch.
3.2.1 Power Switch
The TPS2014/15 offers several advantages over a normal MOSFET for the bus-powered hub
power switch. The 3.3-V- or 5-V-compatible logic input allows easy interface with the hub
controller. The on-resistance of the TPS2014/15 is low enough to meet USB voltage regulation
requirements even when the maximum of four outputs are ganged together. The controlled rise
time provides the required inrush current limiting without the need for external circuitry. The
TPS2014/15 undervoltage lockout guarantees that the switch is off during power up.
SLVA037A
10 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Bus-Powered HubSelf-Powered
Hub
GND
IN
IN
EN
OUT
OUT
OUT
OC
TPS2014
R
PCB
4.40 V
min
USB
Conn
USB
Conn
USB
Conn
4.75 Vmin
Cable
4.40 V
min
USB
Conn
Figure 4. USB Bus-Powered Hub Voltage Drops
3.2.2 DC Voltage Regulation
The minimum input voltage at the upstream port connector is 4.75 V. The USB specification
requires a minimum voltage of 4.4 V at the output port (VOmin) of the bus-powered hub. As with
the self-powered hub, all resistive voltage drops for the bus-powered hub must be accounted for
to guarantee voltage regulation (see Figure 4).
The following calculation determines Vomin for multiple ports (nports) ganged together through one
switch (if using one switch per port, nports is equal to 1):
VIrrAnrV
O I conn cable ports switch PCBmin .( ).=−×⋅ +⋅
−
×
×
−
465 4 2 01
where
rconn = resistance of connector contacts (two contacts per connector)
rcable = resistance of upstream cable wires (one 5 V and one GND)
rswitch = resistance of power switch
VPCB = PCB voltage drop
The USB specification defines the maximum resistance per contact (rconn) of the USB connector
to be 30 mΩ and the drop across the PCB and switch to be 100 mV. This basically leaves two
variables in the equation: the resistance of the switch and the resistance of the cable. By
defining the voltage drop across the PCB (Vpcb) to be 10 mV, the equation can be rearranged to
define the resistance of the cable as:
rmV
Im
cable
I
=⋅ −
1
2
0150 0120
..Ω
If the hub consumes the maximum current (II) of 500 mA, the maximum resistance of the cable
is 90 mΩ. This defines the cable length allowed for various wire gauges.
The resistance of the switch is defined as follows:
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
11
rmV V
An
switch
PCB
ports
=−
×
100
01.
If the voltage drop across the PCB is limited to 10 mV, the maximum resistance for the switch is
225 mΩ for four ports ganged together. The TPS2014/15, with its maximum 120 mΩ on-
resistance over temperature, easily meets this requirement.
3.2.3 Transient Regulation
A bus-powered hub has the same hot-insertion transients and minimum 120-µF output
capacitance requirement as a self-powered hub. Its maximum normal load transient of 100 mA
is less than the 500-mA load transient for a self-powered hub. The discussions in section 3.1.3
for ganged and non-ganged self-powered hubs thus also apply to bus-powered hubs.
3.2.4 Bus-Powered Hub Reference Designs
Although a bus-powered hub can be designed with one switch per output port, the most cost-
effective solution is to gang all of the output ports together. The reference designs for ganged
and non-ganged bus-powered hubs are essentially the same as those for self-powered hubs
except for the bulk input capacitance (see section 3.1.4 for self-powered hubs reference
designs). Because a bus-powered hub is a hot-insertable device, the USB requirement for the
maximum input capacitance is 10 µF. In this case, a 4.7-µF input capacitor is recommended in
place of the 1000-µF bulk capacitor.
The TPS2014 has a 120-mΩ maximum on-resistance over temperature. With a four-port load of
400 mA, it has a maximum voltage drop of 48 mV instead of the 90 mV allotted in section 3.1.2.
The TPS2014/15 allows this difference in voltage drop to be allotted to the cable, thus making it
easier to meet the USB voltage regulation requirements.
4 ESD
Because USB is a hot insertion and removal system, USB components (especially the connector
pins) are subject to electrostatic discharge (ESD) and should be qualified to IEC801.2. The
TPS2014 and TPS2015 are designed to withstand a 6-kV human body model, as defined in MIL-
STD-883C. The requirements in IEC801.2 are much more stringent and require additional
capacitors for the TPS2014 and TPS2015 to withstand the higher ESD energy.
Low ESR 1-µF ceramic bypass capacitors and output tantalum capacitors should be placed as
closely as possible to the IN and OUT pins to increase the ESD immunity. The TPS2014 and
TPS2015 pass the level-4 15-kV air discharge and level-4 8-kV contact discharge tests when
these capacitors are added.
5 Summary
Three basic types of devices provide overcurrent protection. A fuse provides overcurrent
protection but is not maintenance free. A fault blows its element to isolate the fault. The fuse
must then be replaced before the port is operational. In addition, a fuse does not provide fault
indication. Additional circuitry must be implemented to provide the host with fault information.
SLVA037A
12 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
A PTC resistor (also known as polyfuse and polyswitch) provides maintenance-free overcurrent
protection but tends to have a high resistance. To meet the USB voltage regulation
requirements, a device in the 2.5 A or higher range must be chosen. Unfortunately, a device in
this current range may not meet the 5-A current limit required by UL. A PTC resistor also tends
to have long trip times and may not provide adequate protection to the hub or host. As with
fuses, PTC resistors do not provide fault indication and thus require additional circuitry.
The TPS2014 and TPS2015 power distribution switches are designed to integrate all of the
functions required for USB power distribution into a single, cost-effective package. The fast fault-
clearing time provides robust and maintenance-free overcurrent protection. The overcurrent
logic output provides the hub or host with the required fault notification.
Unlike fuses or polyfuses, the TPS2014 and TPS2015 switches offer controlled rise and fall
times. They provide the self-powered hub or host with the option of turning off a port in the event
of a fault or low-power modes. The TPS2014 and TPS2015 switches also provide a bus-
powered hub with the inrush current limiting needed to meet the USB maximum hot-insertion
load requirement.
6 References
1. Universal Serial Bus Specification, Version 1.0, Universal Serial Bus-Implementers Forum
(USB-IF), January 19, 1996.
2. USB Voltage Drop and Droop Measurement, Intel Corporation, November 29, 1996.
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
13
Appendix A. Fault Testing
Figure 5. Non-Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit
Figure 5 shows the circuit used to test the short-circuit response of the fuse, PTC resistor, and
TPS2014. A 5-V, 22-A power supply was used for the source. The short-circuit current was
measured to determine the fault current and fault clearing time. The voltage on an adjacent port
was measured to determine the short-circuit effect.
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Adjacent Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Short-circuit Output Current 5 A/div
3. Time Scale: 50 ms/div
Figure 6. 2.5-A Fuse Short-Circuit Test
SLVA037A
14 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Figure 6 shows that it took approximately 550 µs for the 2.5-A fuse to clear the fault. The fault
caused the system voltage to droop below 4 V for about 100 µs.
By comparison, the PTC resistor took approximately 150 ms to clear a fault and the system
voltage drooped below 4 V for 150 ms (see Figure 7). The power supply was in current limit for
this time, which would most likely interrupt system operation.
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Adjacent Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Short-circuit Output Current 5 A/div
3. Time Scale: 50 ms/div
Figure 7. 2.5-A PTC Resistor Short-Circuit Test
The TPS2014 cleared the fault in approximately 45 µs and the system voltage never drooped
below 4 V (see Figure 8). The TPS2014 provides the most robust power system protection and
the best chance for a system to operate through a fault.
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
15
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Adjacent Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Short-circuit Output Current 5 A/div
3. Time Scale: 10 µs/div
Figure 8. TPS2014 Short-Circuit Test
SLVA037A
16 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Appendix B. Transient Load Testing
Figure 9. 500-mA Transient Load Test Circuit
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Output Voltage 50 mV/div
2. Channel 2: Output Current 100 mA/div
3. Time Scale: 2 µs/div
Figure 10. 500-mA Transient
As stated in section 3.1.3, the maximum transient load is 500 mA during normal operation.
Figure 9 shows the test circuit used to determine the voltage droop during a 500-mA transient.
The transient caused only a 50-mV output voltage droop. The droop is mainly due to the
increased resistive losses (connectors, PCB, TPS2014) from the increased output current and
not to the load transient.
The following three tests were implemented to produce the most severe transient and the
highest voltage droop:
• Hot-insertion transient test for the non-ganged configuration
• Hot-insertion transient test for the ganged configuration
• Hot-insertion transient test for the ganged configuration with ferrite beads
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
17
Each test was configured as follows:
• The power supply was connected with 1-meter leads and adjusted for a test board output of
4.75 V.
• The test circuits had no bulk capacitance added. Only the required 120-µF per port output
capacitors were implemented.
• Each test was implemented with only two output ports. The collective sum of capacitance is
increased by 120 µF for each output port. The more ports a hub has, the higher the total
capacitance and the lower the droop voltage.
The 10-µF and 44-Ω transient load was placed as close as possible to the output in order to
minimize interconnect resistance and inductance (see Figure 11). This causes the highest
possible transient current and the most voltage droop.
Figure 11. Non-Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit
SLVA037A
18 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Switched Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Adjacent Output Port Voltage 1 V/div
3. Time Scale: 200 ns/div
Figure 12. Non-Ganged Hot-Insertion Transient
Figure 12 shows the circuit used in the hot-insertion transient test for the non-ganged
configuration. Testing shows that this circuit has a droop voltage of 280 mV, which is better than
the 330-mV requirement.
Figure 13. Ganged Transient Load Test Circuit
In the ganged configuration (see Figure 13 and Figure 14), the voltage droop for a hot-insertion
was approximately 1 V. This is unacceptable. Even with an additional 1000 µF added to the
output, the droop was still more than double the 330-mV limit. Since there is no impedance
between the ports, there is no filtering between them. Some impedance must be added between
the ports to meet the drop requirement.
SLVA037A
Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
19
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Switched Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Adjacent Output Port Voltage 1 V/div
3. Time Scale: 200 ns/div
Figure 14. Ganged Hot-Insertion Transient
In the ganged configuration of Figure 15, ferrite beads were added between the output of the
TPS2014 and filter capacitors for each port. The ferrite beads provide lossless transient
impedance between the output ports. As seen in Figure 16, the voltage droop has been greatly
reduced and now is only 300 mV, which meets the USB requirement. The droop voltage can
also be made lower by increasing the output capacitance or having some bulk capacitance on
the 5 V input.
Figure 15. Ganged Test Circuit With Ferrite Beads
SLVA037A
20 Designing a USB Power Distribution System Using the TPS2014 and TPS2015 Power Distribution Switches
Notes:
1. Channel 1: Switched Port Output Voltage 1 V/div
2. Channel 2: Adjacent Output Port Voltage 1 V/div
3. Time Scale: 2 µs/div
Figure 16. Ganged With Ferrite Beads Hot-Insertion Transient
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Texas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications,
enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue
any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing
orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’ s terms
and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.
TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in
accordance with TI’s standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI
deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all
parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.
TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for
their products and applications using TI components. To minimize the risks associated with customer products
and applications, customers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.
TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any TI patent right,
copyright, mask work right, or other TI intellectual property right relating to any combination, machine, or process
in which TI products or services are used. Information published by TI regarding third-party products or services
does not constitute a license from TI to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement thereof.
Use of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property
of the third party, or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.
Reproduction of information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without
alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties, conditions, limitations, and notices. Reproduction
of this information with alteration is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for
such altered documentation.
Resale of T I products or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that
product or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated TI product or service and
is an unfair and deceptive business practice. TI is not responsible or liable for any such statements.
Following are URLs where you can obtain information on other Texas Instruments products and application
solutions:
Products Applications
Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Interface interface.ti.com Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless
Mailing Address: Texas Instruments
Post Office Box 655303 Dallas, Texas 75265
Copyright 2005, Texas Instruments Incorporated
