LM3812M7.0NOPB - NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR

LM3812,LM3813

LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element

and PWM Output

Literature Number: SNOS028C

LM3812/LM3813

OBSOLETE

September 22, 2011

Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense

Element and PWM Output

General Description

The LM3812/LM3813 Current Gauges provide easy to use

precision current measurement with virtually zero insertion

loss (typically 0.004Ω). The LM3812 is used for high-side

sensing and the LM3813 is used for low-side sensing.

A Delta Sigma analog to digital converter is incorporated to

precisely measure the current and to provide a current aver-

aging function. Current is averaged over 50 msec time peri-

ods in order to provide immunity to current spikes. The ICs

have a pulse-width modulated (PWM) output which indicates

the current magnitude and direction. The shutdown pin can

be used to inhibit false triggering during start-up, or to enter

a low quiescent current mode.

The LM3812 and LM3813 are factory-set in two different cur-

rent options. The sense range is −1A to +1A or −7A to +7A.

The sampling interval for these parts is 50ms. If faster sam-

pling is desired, please refer to the data sheets for the part

numbers LM3814 and LM3815.

Key Specifications

■Ultra low insertion loss (typically 0.004Ω)

■2V to 5.25V supply range

■±2% accuracy at room temperature (includes accuracy of

the internal sense element) (LM3812-1.0, LM3813-1.0)

■Low quiescent current in shutdown mode (typically

2.5 µA)

■50 msec sampling interval

Features

■No external sense element required

■PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction

■PWM output can be interfaced with microprocessors

■Precision ΔΣ current-sense technique

■Low temperature sensitivity

■Internal filtering rejects false trips

■Internal Power-On-Reset (POR)

Applications

■Battery charge/discharge gauge

■Motion control diagnostics

■Power supply load monitoring and management

■Resettable smart fuse

Connection Diagrams

10012201

Top View

LM3812

for High-Side Sensing

10012203

Top View

LM3813

for Low-Side Sensing

100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element and PWM

Output

Ordering Information

Order No.#Sense

Range

Sampling

Interval*

Sensing

Method

Package

Number‡

Package

Type Supplied As:

LM3812M-1.0 ±1A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails

LM3812MX-1.0 ±1A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel

LM3812M-7.0 ±7A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails

LM3812MX-7.0 ±7A 50 ms High-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel

LM3813M-1.0 ±1A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails

LM3813MX-1.0 ±1A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel

LM3813M-7.0 ±7A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 95 units in Rails

LM3813MX-7.0 ±7A 50 ms Low-side M08A SO-8 2.5k units on Tape and Reel

# Suffix M indicates that the part is available in Surface Mount

package. Suffix X indicates that the part is available in 2.5k

units on Tape and Reel.

* Current is sampled over a fixed interval. The average current

during this interval is indicated by the duty cycle of the PWM

output during next interval.

‡ The Package code M08A is internal to National Semicon-

ductor and indicates an 8-lead surface mount package, SO-8.

Pin Descriptions (High-Side, LM3812)

Pin Name Function

1 SENSE+, VDD High side of internal current sense, also supply voltage.

2 SENSE− Low side of internal current sense.

3 FLTR+ Filter input — provides anti-aliasing for delta sigma modulator.

4 FLTR− Filter input.

5 SD Shutdown pin. Connected to VDD through a pull up resistor for normal operation. When low,

the IC goes into a low current mode (typically 3 µA).

6 PWM PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction.

7 GND Ground

8 GND Ground

Pin Descriptions (Low-Side, LM3813)

Pin Name Function

1 SENSE+, GND High side of internal current sense, also ground.

2 SENSE− Low side of internal current sense.

3 FLTR+ Filter input – provides anti-aliasing for delta sigma modulator.

4 FLTR− Filter input.

5 SD Shutdown pin. Connected to VDD through a pull up resistor for normal operation. When low,

the IC goes into a low current mode (typically 3 µA).

6 PWM PWM output indicates the current magnitude and direction.

7 GND Ground

8 VDD VDD (supply)

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LM3812/LM3813

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/

Distributors for availability and specifications.

Absolute Maximum Supply Voltage 5.5V

Power Dissipation (Note 2)

ESD Susceptibility (Note 3) 1.5 kV

Sense Current (peak, for 200 msec) (Note 4) 10A

Sink Current for PWM pin 1mA

Voltage on Pin 5 5.25V

Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C

Storage Temperature −65°C to +150°C

Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) 260°C

Operating Ratings (Note 1)

Input Voltage 2.0V to 5.25V

Sense Current (continuous) (Note 4) 7A

Junction Temperature Range −40°C to +125°C

Electrical Characteristics

LM3812-1.0, LM3813-1.0

VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ

(Note 5)

Limit

(Note 6)Units

IACC Average Current Accuracy

(Note 7)

at 0.9A current 0.9 A

0.882 / 0.864 A (min)

0.918 / 0.936 A (max)

enEffective Output Noise (rms) 2 mA

LM3812-7.0, LM3813-7.0

VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ

(Note 5)

Limit

(Note 6)Units

IACC Average Current Accuracy

(Note 7)

at 2.5A current (Note 8) 2.5 A

2.400 / 2.350 A (min)

2.600 / 2.650 A (max)

enEffective Output Noise (rms) 20 mA

Common Device Parameters

Unless otherwise specified, VDD = 5.0V for the following specifications. Supply bypass capacitor is 1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1

µF.

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ

(Note 5)

Limit

(Note 6)Units

IQ1 Quiescent Current Normal Mode, SD = high 100 µA

160 µA (max)

IQ2 Quiescent Current Shutdown Mode, SD = low 2.5 µA

10 µA (max)

DRES PWM Resolution 0.1 %

tSSampling Time 52 ms

40 ms (min)

80 ms (max)

fPFrequency of PWM Waveform 20 Hz

12.5 Hz (min)

25 Hz (max)

VTH Threshold High Level for SD 1.2 V

1.8 V (min)

VTL Threshold Low Level for SD 1.3 V

0.7 V (max)

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LM3812/LM3813

Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ

(Note 5)

Limit

(Note 6)Units

VOH Logic High Level for PWM Load current = 1 mA, 2V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.25V VDD − 0.05

VDD − 0.2

V (min)

VOL Logic Low Level for PWM Sink current = 1 mA, 2V ≤ VDD ≤ 5.25V 0.04 V

0.2 V (max)

PIInsertion Loss ISENSE = 1A (Note 9)0.004 Ω

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is

intended to be functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits. For guaranteed specifications and test conditions, see Electrical Characteristics. The

guaranteed specifications apply only for the test conditions listed. Some performance characteristics may degrade when the device is not operated under the

listed test conditions.

Note 2: At elevated temperatures, devices must be derated based on package thermal resistance. The device in the surface-mount package must be derated at

θJA= 150°C/W (typically), junction-to-ambient.

Note 3: The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5 kΩ resistor into each pin.

Note 4: The absolute maximum peak and continuous currents specified are not tested. These specifications are dependent on the θJA, which is 150°C/W for the

S08 package.

Note 5: Typical numbers are at 25°C and represent the most likely parametric norm. Specifications in standard type face are for TJ= 25°C and those with boldface

type apply over full operating temperature ranges.

Note 6: Limits are 100% production tested at 25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are guaranteed through correlation using Statistical Quality

Control (SQC) methods. The limits are used to calculate National's Averaging Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).

Note 7: There is a variation in accuracy over time due to thermal effects. Please refer to the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for more information.

Note 8: The PWM accuracy for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0 depends on the amount of copper area under pins 1 and 2, and the layout. Please refer to the “PWM

Output and Current Accuracy” section for more information.

Note 9: The tolerance of the internal lead frame resistor is corrected internally. The temperature coefficient of this resistor is 2600 ppm/°C.

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

Typical Performance Characteristics Supply bypass capacitor is 0.1 µF and filter capacitor is 0.1 µF.

Measured Current vs Actual Current

(LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)

10012215

Measured Current vs Actual Current

(LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)

10012224

PWM Frequency vs Supply Voltage

10012213

PWM Frequency vs Temperature

10012216

Operating Current vs Supply Voltage

10012218

Shutdown Current vs Supply Voltage

10012219

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LM3812/LM3813

Operating Current vs Temperature

10012220

Shutdown Current vs Temperature

10012221

Current vs Duty Cycle

10012222

Accuracy vs Supply Voltage

10012228

Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)

10012229

Accuracy vs Temperature (LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)

10012230

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

Error vs Current (LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0)

(Note 10)

10012227

Error vs Current (LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0)

(Note 10)

10012231

Note 10: These curves represent a statistical average such that the noise is insignificant.

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

Typical Application Circuits

In the application circuits, the 0.1 µF ceramic capacitor be-

tween pins 1 and 8 is used for bypassing, and the 0.1 µF

ceramic capacitor between pins 3 and 4 is used for filtering.

Shutdown (SD) is tied to VDD through a 10 kΩ resistor.

10012205

FIGURE 1. High Side Sense

10012206

FIGURE 2. Low Side Sense

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LM3812/LM3813

10012207

FIGURE 3. Paralleling LM3812 for Higher Load Current

ITOTAL = 2.2(D1−0.5)IMAX + 2.2(D2−0.5)IMAX

where D1 is the duty cycle of PWM1 and D2 is the duty cycle of PWM2.

Please refer to the Product Operation section for more information.

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

10012208

FIGURE 4. High Voltage Operation — VIN Greater Than 5.25V (High Side Sense)

(PWM output is referred to Pin 7)

10012209

FIGURE 5. High Voltage Operation — VIN Greater Than 5.25V (Low Side Sense)

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

Product Operation

The current is sampled by the delta-sigma modulator, as il-

lustrated in Figure 6. The pulse density output of the delta-

sigma modulator is digitally filtered. The digital output is then

compared to the output of a digital ramp generator. This pro-

duces a PWM output. The duty cycle of the PWM output is

proportional to the amount of current flowing. A duty cycle of

50% indicates zero current flow. If the current is flowing in

positive direction, the duty cycle will be greater than 50%.

Conversely, the duty cycle will be less than 50% for currents

flowing in the negative direction. A duty cycle of 95.5% (4.5%)

indicates the current is at IMAX (−IMAX). The IC can sense cur-

rents from −IMAX to +IMAX. Options for IMAX are 1A or 10A. The

sense current is given by:

ISENSE = 2.2 (D−0.5)(IMAX)

where D is the duty cycle of the PWM waveform, and IMAX is

the full scale current (1A or 10A). Similarly, the duty cycle is

given by:

D = [ISENSE/(2.2 IMAX)] + 0.5

For quick reference, see the Conversion Tables in Table 1

and Table 2.

The user should note that, while the LM3812-7.0/

LM3813-7.0 will read 10A full scale, it is rated for 10A op-

eration for a duration of no more than 200 msec, and 7A

operation continuously.

In this IC, the current is averaged over 50 msec time slots.

Hence, momentary current surges of less than 50 msec are

tolerated.

This is a sampled data system which requires an anti-aliasing

filter, provided by the filter capacitor.

The delta-sigma modulator converts the sensed current to the

digital domain. This allows digital filtering, and provides im-

munity to current and noise spikes. This type of filtering would

be difficult or impossible to accomplish on an IC with analog

components.

When ordering, the user has to specify whether the part is

being used for low-side or high-side sense. The user also

needs to specify the full scale value. See the Ordering Infor-

mation table for details.

10012210

FIGURE 6. Functional block diagram of LM3812 and LM3813

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100122 Version 13 Revision 3 Print Date/Time: 2011/09/22 15:32:17

LM3812/LM3813

PWM Output and Current Accuracy

OFFSET

The PWM output is quantized to 1024 levels. Therefore, the

duty cycle can change only in increments of 1/1024.

There is a one-half (0.5) quantization cycle delay in the output

of the PWM circuitry. That is to say that instead of a duty cycle

of N/1024, the duty cycle actually is (N+½)/1024.

The quantization error can be corrected for if a more precise

result is desired. To correct for this error, simply subtract

1/2048 from the measured duty cycle.

The extra half cycle delay will show up as a DC offset of ½ bit

if it is not corrected for. This is approximately 1.1 mA for 1

Amp parts, and 11 mA for 7 Amp parts.

JITTER

In addition to quantization, the duty cycle will contain some

jitter. The jitter is quite small (for example, the standard devi-

ation of jitter is only 0.1% for the LM3812/13-1.0). Statistically

the jitter can cause an error in a current sample. Because the

jitter is a random variable, the mean and standard deviation

are used. The mean, or average value, of the jitter is zero.

The standard deviation (0.1%) can be used to define the peak

error caused from jitter.

The “crest factor” has often been used to define the maximum

error caused by jitter. The crest factor defines a limit within

which 99.7% of the samples fall. The crest factor is defined

as ±0.3% error in the duty cycle.

Since the jitter is a random variable, averaging multiple out-

puts will reduce the effective jitter. Obeying statistical laws,

the jitter is reduced by the square root of the number of read-

ings that are averaged. For example, if four readings of the

duty cycle are averaged, the resulting jitter (and crest factor)

are reduced by a factor of two.

JITTER AND NOISE

Jitter in the PWM output appears as noise in the current mea-

surement. The Electrical Characteristics show noise mea-

sured in current RMS (root mean square). Arbitrarily one

could specify PWM jitter, as opposed to noise. In either case

the effect results in a random error in an individual current

measurement.

Noise, just like jitter, can be reduced by averaging many read-

ings. The RMS value of the noise corresponds to one stan-

dard deviation. The “crest factor” can be calculated in terms

of current, and is equal to ±3 sigma (RMS value of the noise).

Noise will also be reduced by averaging multiple readings,

and follows the statistical laws of a random variable.

ACCURACY OF 7A VERSIONS

The graph of Figure 7 shows two possible responses to a 7A

current step. The flat response shows basically a 7A level with

some noise. This is what is possible with a good thick trace

and a good thermal connection to the IC on the sense pins.

The second trace that asymptotically approaches a higher

value shows what can happen under extremely poor thermal

conditions. Here a very small wire connects the IC to the cur-

rent source. The very small wire does not allow heat in the

sense resistor to dissipate. Hence, as the sense resistor heats

up, a temperature difference between the sense element and

the die gets larger, and an error develops. Eventually the

temperature difference reaches steady state, which accounts

for the under-damped exponential response.

10012223

FIGURE 7. Transient Response to 7 Amp Step Current

ACCURACY VERSUS NOISE

The graph shown in Figure 8 illustrates the typical response

of ±1 Ampere current gauges. In this graph, the horizontal

axis indicates time, and the vertical axis indicates measured

current (the PWM duty cycle has been converted to current).

The graph was generated for an actual current of 500 mA.

The difference between successive readings manifests itself

as jitter in the PWM output or noise in the current measure-

ment (when duty cycle of the PWM output is converted to

current).

The accuracy of the measurement depends on the noise in

the current waveform. The accuracy can be improved by av-

eraging several outputs. Although there is variation in suc-

cessive readings, a very accurate measurement can be

obtained by averaging the readings. For example, on aver-

aging the readings shown in this example, the average cur-

rent measurement is 502.3 mA (Figure 8). This value is very

close to the actual value of 500 mA. Moreover, the accuracy

depends on the number of readings that are averaged.

10012226

FIGURE 8. Typical Response of LM3812-1.0/LM3813-1.0

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LM3812/LM3813

Look-Up Tables

The following tables show how to convert the duty cycle of the

PWM output to a current value, and vice versa. The quanti-

zation error of ½ bit is not shown in these tables. Please see

the “PWM Output and Current Accuracy” section for more de-

tails.

TABLE 1. Current to Duty Cycle Conversion Table

Sense Current

(Amps)*

Duty Cycle

(%)

Sense Current

(Amps)*

Duty Cycle

(%)

1.00 95.5 -1.00 4.5

0.95 93.2 -0.95 6.8

0.90 90.9 -0.90 9.1

0.85 88.6 -0.85 11.4

0.80 86.4 -0.80 13.6

0.75 84.1 -0.75 15.9

0.70 81.8 -0.70 18.2

0.65 79.5 -0.65 20.5

0.60 77.3 -0.60 22.7

0.55 75.0 -0.55 25.0

0.50 72.7 -0.50 27.3

0.45 70.5 -0.45 29.5

0.40 68.2 -0.40 31.8

0.35 65.9 -0.35 34.1

0.30 63.6 -0.30 36.4

0.25 61.4 -0.25 38.6

0.20 59.1 -0.20 40.9

0.15 56.8 -0.15 43.2

0.10 54.5 -0.10 45.5

0.05 52.3 -0.05 47.7

0.00 50.0 -0.00 50.0

*Maximum Sense Current = 1.0 Amps for LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0.

The sense current should be multiplied by 10 for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0.

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LM3812/LM3813

TABLE 2. Duty Cycle to Current Conversion Table

Duty Cycle

(%)

Sense Current

(Amps)

Duty Cycle

(%)

Sense Current

(Amps)

95.5 0.990 50.0 -0.000

92.5 0.935 47.5 -0.055

90.0 0.880 45.0 -0.110

87.5 0.825 42.5 -0.165

85.0 0.770 40.0 -0.220

82.5 0.715 37.5 -0.275

80.0 0.660 35.0 -0.330

77.5 0.605 32.5 -0.385

75.0 0.550 30.0 -0.440

72.5 0.495 27.5 -0.495

70.0 0.440 25.0 -0.550

67.5 0.385 22.5 -0.605

65.0 0.330 20.0 -0.660

62.5 0.275 17.5 -0.715

60.0 0.220 15.0 -0.770

57.5 0.165 12.5 -0.825

55.0 0.110 10.0 -0.880

52.5 0.055 7.5 -0.935

50.0 0.000 5.0 -0.990

*Maximum Sense Current = 1.0 Amps for LM3812-1.0 and LM3813-1.0.

The sense current should be multiplied by 10 for LM3812-7.0 and LM3813-7.0.

Timing Diagram

10012211

Duty cycle of the PWM waveform during any sampling interval indicates the current magnitude (average) and direction during the previous sampling interval.

FIGURE 9. Typical Timing Diagram for Mostly Positive Current

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LM3812/LM3813

Physical Dimensions inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

8-lead (0.150″ Wide) Molded Small Outline Package

See Ordering Information table for Order Numbers

NS Package Number M08A

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LM3812/LM3813

Notes

LM3812/LM3813 Precision Current Gauge IC with Ultra Low Loss Sense Element and PWM

Output

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