1. General description
The NX3P191 is a high-side load switch which features a low ON resistance P-channel
MOSFET with input inrush current reduction that support s more than 500 mA of
continuous current and an integrated output discharge resistor to discharge the output
capacit ance when disabled. Designe d for operation from 1.1 V to 3.6 V, it is used in power
domain isolation applications to reduce power dissipation and extend battery life. The
enable logic includes integrated logic level translation making the device compatible with
lower voltage processors and controllers. The NX3P191 is ideal for portable, battery
operated applications due to low ground current and ultra-low shutdown current.
2. Features and benefits
Wide supply voltage range from 1.1 V to 3.6 V
Very low ON resistance:
95 m (typical) at a supply voltage of 1.8 V
High noise immunity
Low-power mode when EN is LOW
Low ground current (2 A maximum)
1.2 V control logic at a supply voltage of 3.6 V
High current handling capability (500 mA continuous current)
Internal output discharge resistor
Turn-on slew rate limiting
ESD protection:
HBM JESD22-A114F Class 3A exceeds 4000 V
CDM AEC-Q100-011 revision B exceeds 500 V
Specified from 40 C to +85 C
3. Applications
Cell phone
Digital cameras and audio de vice s
Portable and battery-powered equipment
NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 Product data sheet
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 2 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
4. Ordering information
5. Marking
6. Functional diagram
7. Pinning information
7.1 Pinning
Table 1. Ordering information
Type number Package
Temperature range Name Description Version
NX3P191UK 40 C to +85 C WLCSP4 wafer level chip-size package; 4 bumps; body
0.76 0.76 0.51 mm. (Backside Coating
included)
NX3P190/NX3P191
Table 2. Marking codes
Type number Marking code
NX3P191UK x1
Fig 1. Logic symbol Fig 2. Logic diagram (simp lified schematic )
001aao342
EN
VIN VOUT
aaa-000036
LEVEL SHIFT,
SLEW RATE CONTROL
AND LOAD DISCHARGE
EN
Rpd
Rdch
VIN VOUT
Fig 3. Pin configuration for WLCSP4 Fig 4. Ball mapping for WLCSP4
bump A1
index area
12
A
B
aaa-000037
Transparent top view
NX3P191
12
VIN VOUT
EN GND
A
B
001aao345
Transparent top view
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 3 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
7.2 Pin description
8. Functional description
[1] H = HIGH voltage level; L = LOW voltage level.
9. Limiting values
[1] The minimum input voltage rating may be exceeded if the input current rating is observed.
[2] The minimum and maximum switch voltage ratings may be exceeded if the switch clamping current rating is observed.
[3] The (absolute) maximum power dissipation depends on the junction temperature Tj. Higher power dissipation is allowed in conjunction
with lower ambient temperatures. The conditions to determine the specified values are Tamb = 85 °C and the use of a two layer PCB.
Table 3. Pin description
Symbol Pin Description
VIN A1 input voltage
EN B1 enable input (active HIGH)
VOUT A2 output voltage
GND B2 ground (0 V)
Table 4. Function table[1]
Input EN Switch
L switch OFF
H switch ON
Table 5. Limiting values
In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134). Voltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V).
Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max Unit
VIinput voltage input EN [1] 0.5 +4.0 V
input VIN [2] 0.5 +4.0 V
VSW switch voltage output VOUT [2] 0.5 VI(VIN) V
IIK input clamping current input EN: VI(EN) <0.5 V 50 - mA
ISK switch clamping current in put VIN: VI(VIN) <0.5 V 50 - mA
output VOUT: VO(VOUT) <0.5 V 50 - mA
output VOUT: VO(VOUT) >V
I(VIN) 0.5 V - 50 mA
ISW switch current VSW >0.5 V
Tamb = 25 °C - 1000 mA
Tamb = 85 °C - 500 mA
Tj(max) maximum junction
temperature 40 +125 C
Tstg storage temperature 65 +150 C
Ptot total power dissipation [3] -300mW
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 4 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
10. Recommended operating conditions
11. Thermal characteristics
[1] The overall Rth(j-a) can vary depending on the board layout. To minimize the effective Rth(j-a), all pins must have a solid connection to
larger Cu layer areas e.g. to the power and ground layer. In multi-layer PCB applications, the second layer should be used to create a
large heat spreader area right below the device. If this layer is either ground or power , it should be connected with several vias to the top
layer connecting to the device ground or supply.Try not to use any solder-stop varnish under the chip.
[2] Please rely on the measurement data given for a rough estimation of the Rth(j-a) in your application. The actual Rth(j-a) value may vary
in applications using different layer stacks and layouts
12. Static characteristics
Table 6. Recommended operating con ditions
Symbol Parameter Conditions Min Max Unit
VIinput voltage 1.1 3.6 V
Tamb ambient temperature 40 +85 C
Table 7. Thermal characteristics
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ Unit
Rth(j-a) thermal resistance from junction to ambient [1][2] 130 K/W
Table 8. Static characteristics
VI(VIN) = VI(EN) , unless otherwise specified; Voltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V).
Symbol Parameter Conditions Tamb = 25 C Tamb = 40 C to +85 CUnit
Min Typ Max Min Max
VIH HIGH-level input
voltage EN input
VI(VIN) = 1.1 V to 1.3 V - - - 1.0 - V
VI(VIN) = 1.3 V to 1.8 V - - - 1.2 - V
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V to 3.6 V - - - 1.2 - V
VIL LOW-level input
voltage EN input
VI(VIN) = 1.1 V to 1.3 V - - - - 0.3 V
VI(VIN) = 1.3 V to 1.8 V - - - - 0.4 V
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V to 3.6 V - - - - 0.45 V
Rpd pull-down resistance EN input - 4 - - - M
IGND ground curre nt VI(VIN) = 3.6 V; VOUTopen;
see Figure 5 and Figure 6 --- 2-A
IOFF power-off leakage
current VI(VIN) =3.6V; V
I(EN) =GND;
VO(VOUT) = GND; see Figure 8 -0.1- - 2 A
Rdch discharge resistance VOUT output - 280 - - -
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 5 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
12.1 Graphs
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V; VI(EN) = 1.8 V; ILOAD = 500 mA. VI(EN) = VI(VIN); Tamb = 25 C; ILOAD = 500mA.
Fig 5. Waveform showing the groun d cu rre nt v ers us
temperature Fig 6. Waveform showing the ground current versus
input voltage on pin VIN
Tamb (°C)
-40 1108020 50-10
001aao346
0.9
IGND
(μA)
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
VI(VIN) (V)
1.2 3.23.22.2 2.71.7
001aao347
0.6
0.4
0.8
1.0
IGND
(μA)
0.2
Fig 7. Waveform showing th e additional ground current versus input voltage
VI(EN) (V)
04312
001aao348
4
8
12
IGND
(μA)
0
VI(VIN) = 3.6 V
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 6 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
12.2 ON resistance
VI(EN) = GND.
(1) VI(VIN) = 3.6 V.
(2) VI(VIN) = 2.5 V.
(3) VI(VIN) = 1.8 V.
(4) VI(VIN) = 1.2 V.
Fig 8. Waveforms showing the power-off leakage current versus temperature
001aao349
0.7
IOFF
(μA)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Tamb (°C)
-40 0 40 80 1006020-20
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Table 9. ON resistan ce
At recommended operating conditions; voltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V)
Symbol Parameter Conditions Tamb = 25 CUnit
Min Typ Max
RON ON resistance VI(EN) =1.5V; I
LOAD =200mA;
see Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11
VI(VIN) =1.2V - 150 - m
VI(VIN) =1.5V - 110 - m
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V - 95 130 m
VI(VIN) =2.5V - 75 - m
VI(VIN) =3.6V - 65 - m
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 7 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
12.3 ON resistance test circuit and waveforms
RON = VSW / ILOAD.
Fig 9. Test circuit for measuring ON resistance
001aao350
EN
V
IH
VIN VOUT
GND
ILOAD
VI
V
SW
ILOAD = 100 mA.
(1) VI(VIN) = 1.2 V.
(2) VI(VIN) = 1.8 V.
(3) VI(VIN) = 3.6 V.
VI(EN) = VI(VIN); Tamb = 25 C.
(1) ILOAD = 10 mA.
(2) ILOAD = 100 mA.
(3) ILOAD = 250 mA.
(4) ILOAD = 350 mA.
(5) ILOAD = 500 mA.
Fig 10. Waveform showing the ON resistance versus
temperature Fig 11. Waveform showing the ON resistance versus
input voltage
Tamb (°C)
-40 1108020 50-10
001aao351
120
80
160
200
RON
(mΩ)
40
(1)
(2)
(3)
001aao352
VI(VIN) (V)
1.2 3.62.82.0
120
80
160
200
RON
(mΩ)
40
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 8 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
13. Dynamic characteristics
[1] ten is the same as tPZH.
13.1 Waveform and test circuits
Table 10. Dynam ic characteristics
At recommended operating conditions; voltages are referenced to GND (ground = 0 V); for test circuit see Figure 13.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Tamb = 25 CUnit
Min Typ Max
ten enable time EN to VOUT; see Figure 12 [1]
VI(VIN) =1.8V - 80 - s
VI(VIN) =3.6V - 40 - s
Measurement points are given in Table 11.
Logic level: VOH is the typical output voltage that occurs with the output load.
Fig 12. Switching times
001aao353
EN input
VOUT output
tPHZ
VI
GND
VM
VX
VY
VOH
GND
tPZH
Table 11. Measurement points
Supply voltage EN Input Output
VI(VIN) VMVXVY
1.1 V to 3.6 V 0.5 VI(EN) 0.1 VOH 0.9 VOH
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 9 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
Test data is given in Table 12.
Definitions test circuit:
RL = Load resistance.
CL = Load capacitance including jig and probe capacitance.
VEXT = External voltage for measuring switching times.
Fig 13. Test circuit for measuring switching times
001aao354
EN
VOUT VIN
VIILOAD VEXT
GCL
Table 12. Test data
Supply voltage Input Load
VEXT VI(EN) CLILOAD
1.1 V to 3.6 V 1.5 V 1 F 200 mA
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V; VI(EN) = 1.8 V; CL = 1 F; ILOAD = 200 mA. VI(VIN) = 3.6 V; VI(EN) = 1.8 V; CL = 1.0 F;
ILOAD =200mA.
Fig 14. Waveform showing the enable time versus
inrush current Fig 15. Waveform showing the enable time versus
inrush current
aaa-000039
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 10 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
VI(VIN) = 1.8 V; VI(EN) = 1.8 V. VI(VIN) = 3.6 V; VI(EN) = 3.6 V.
Fig 16. Waveform showing the disable time Fig 17. Waveform showing the disable time
aaa-000041
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 11 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
14. Package outline
Fig 18. Package outline WLCSP4 (NX3P190/NX3P191)
References
Outline
version
European
projection Issue date
IEC JEDEC JEITA
NX3P190/NX3P191
nx3p190_191_po
11-05-24
11-06-09
Unit
mm
max
nom
min
0.54 0.22 0.29 0.81 0.81
0.025 0.03
A
Dimensions
WLCSP4: wafer level chip-size package.
4 bumps; body 0.76 x 0.76 x 0.51 mm. (Backside Coating included) NX3P190/NX3P191
A1A2
0.32
0.51 0.20 0.26 0.76 0.76 0.400.31
bDEe v
0.025
0.48 0.18 0.23 0.71 0.710.30
wy
0 2 mm
scale
detail X
ball A1
index area
AB
C
y
X
D
E
e
e
ball A1
index area
bAC B
v
Cw
12
B
A
A
A2
A1
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 12 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
15. Abbreviations
16. Revision history
Table 13. Abbreviations
Acronym Description
MOSFET Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
Table 14. Revision history
Document ID Release date Data sheet status Change notice Supersedes
NX3P191 v.2 20111104 Product data sheet - NX3P191 v.1
Modifications: Legal pages updated.
NX3P191 v.1 20110831 Product data sheet - -
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 13 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
17. Legal information
17.1 Data sheet status
[1] Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design.
[2] The term ‘short data sheet’ is explained in section “Definitions”.
[3] The product status of de vice(s) descr ibed in th is docume nt may have cha nged since this docume nt was publis hed and ma y dif fer in case of multiple devices. The latest product status
information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nxp.com.
17.2 Definitions
Draft — The document is a draft version only. The content is still under
internal review and subject to formal approval, which may result in
modifications or additions. NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties as to the accuracy or completeness of
information included herein and shall have no liab ility for the consequences of
use of such information.
Short data sheet — A short data sheet is an extract from a full data sheet
with the same product type number(s) and tit le. A short data sh eet is intended
for quick reference only and shou ld not be rel ied u pon to cont ain det ailed and
full information. For detailed and full information see the relevant full data
sheet, which is available on request via the local NXP Semiconductors sales
office. In case of any inconsistency or conflict with the short data sheet, the
full data sheet shall pre vail.
Product specificat io nThe information and data provided in a Product
data sheet shall define the specification of the product as agreed between
NXP Semiconductors and its customer, unless NXP Semiconductors and
customer have explicitly agreed otherwise in writing. In no event however,
shall an agreement be valid in which the NXP Semiconductors product is
deemed to off er functions and qualities beyond tho se described in the
Product data sheet.
17.3 Disclaimers
Limited warr a nty and liability — Information in this document is believed to
be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any
representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or
completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the
consequences of use of such information.
In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect , incidental,
punitive, special or consequ ential damages (including - wit hout limitatio n - lost
profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or
replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such
damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of
contract or any other legal theory.
Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason
whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors’ ag gregate and cumulati ve liability toward s
customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance
with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP Semiconductors.
Right to make changes — NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make
changes to information published in this document, including without
limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without
notice. This document supersedes and replaces all informa tion supplied prior
to the publication hereof .
Suitability for use — NXP Semiconductors products are not designed,
authorized or warranted to be suit able for use in life support, life-critical or
safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or
malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected
to result in perso nal injury, death or severe propert y or environmental
damage. NXP Semiconductors accepts no liab ility for inclusion and/or use of
NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or applications and
therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer’s own risk.
Applications — Applications that are described herein for any of these
products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconduct ors makes no
representation or warranty tha t such application s will be suitable for the
specified use without further testing or modification.
Customers are responsible for the design and ope ration of their applications
and products using NXP Semiconductors product s, and NXP Semiconductors
accepts no liability for any assistance with applicati ons or customer product
design. It is customer’s sole responsibility to determine whether the NXP
Semiconductors product is suit able and fit for the custome r’s applications and
products planned, as well as fo r the planned application and use of
customer’s third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate
design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their
applications and products.
NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default,
damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the
customer’s applications or products, or the application or use by customer’s
third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary
testing for th e customer’s applications and products using NXP
Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and
the products or of the application or use by customer’s third party
customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect.
Limiting values — Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in
the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) will cause permanent
damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper)
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in
the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the
Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or
repeated exposure to limiting values will permanent ly and irreversibly affect
the quality and reliability of the device.
Terms and conditions of commercial sale — NXP Semiconductors
products are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial
sale, as published at http://www.nxp.com/profile/terms, unless otherwise
agreed in a valid written individua l agreement. In case an individual
agreement is concluded only the ter ms and conditions of the respective
agreement shall apply. NXP Semiconductors hereby expressly objects to
applying the customer’s general terms and conditions with regard to the
purchase of NXP Semiconductors products by customer.
No offer to sell or license — Nothing i n this document may be interpreted or
construed as an of fer t o sell product s that is open for accept ance or t he grant,
conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or
other industrial or intellectual property rights.
Export control — This document as well as the item(s) described herein
may be subject to export control regulatio ns. Export might require a prior
authorization from competent authorities.
Document status[1][2] Product status[3] Definition
Objective [short] data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective specification for product development.
Preliminary [short] dat a sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification.
Product [short] dat a sheet Production This document contains the product specification.
NX3P191 All information provided in this document is subject to legal disclaimers. © NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
Product data sheet Rev. 2 — 4 November 2011 14 of 15
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
Non-automotive qualified products — Unless this data sheet expressly
states that this specific NXP Semiconductors product is automotive qualified,
the product is not suitable for automotive use. It i s neit her qualif ied nor tested
in accordance with automotive testing or application requirements. NXP
Semiconductors accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of
non-automotive qualified products in au tomotive equipment or applications.
In the event that customer uses the product for design-in and use in
automotive applications to automot ive specifications and standard s, customer
(a) shall use the product without NXP Semiconductors’ warranty of the
product for such automotive applications, use and specifications, and (b)
whenever customer uses the product for automotive applications beyond
NXP Semiconductors’ specifications such use shall be solely at customer’s
own risk, and (c) customer fully indemnifies NXP Semiconductors for any
liability, damages or failed produ ct cl aims resulting from custome r design and
use of the product for automotive applications beyond NXP Semiconductors’
standard warranty and NXP Semiconductors’ product specifications.
17.4 Trademarks
Notice: All referenced b rands, produc t names, service names and trademarks
are the property of their respect i ve ow ners.
18. Contact information
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.com
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nxp.com
NXP Semiconductors NX3P191
Logic controlled high-side power switch
© NXP B.V. 2011. All rights reserved.
For more information, please visit: http://www.nxp.co m
For sales office addresses, please send an email to: salesaddresses@nxp.com
Date of release: 4 November 2011
Document identifier: NX3P191
Please be aware that important notices concerning this document and the product(s)
described herein, have been included in section ‘Legal information’.
19. Contents
1 General description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Features and benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Ordering information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Marking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
6 Functional diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7 Pinning information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7.1 Pinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
7.2 Pin description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
8 Functional description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9 Limiting values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
10 Recommended operating conditions. . . . . . . . 4
11 Thermal characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
12 Static characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
12.1 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
12.2 ON resistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
12.3 ON resistance test circuit and waveforms . . . . 7
13 Dynamic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
13.1 Waveform and test circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
14 Package outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
15 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
16 Revision history. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
17 Legal information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17.1 Data sheet status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17.2 Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17.3 Disclaimers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17.4 Trademarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
18 Contact information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
19 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15