Functional Details
The main application of the GD16504 is
as Clcok and Data Recovery in optical
communication systems including:
uSDH STM-16
uSONET OC-48
It integrates:
ua Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
ua Lock Detect Circuit
ua Frequency Detector (PFD)
ua 1:16 DeMUX with framer.
ua Bang-Bang Phase Detector
into a clock and data recovery circuit
followed by a 1:16 demultiplexer with
differential ECL data and clock outputs.
VCO
The VCO is a low noise LC-type differen-
tial oscillator running 2.488 GHz. Tuning
is done by applying a voltage to the
VCTL pin.
Lock Detect Circuit
The Lock Detect Circuit continuously
monitors the difference between the ref-
erence clock, which is at 1/16 of the data
rate, and the divided VCO clock. If the
reference clock and the divided VCO fre-
quency differs by more than 500 ppm (or
2000 ppm, selectable), it switches the
PFD into the PLL in order to pull the VCO
back inside the lock-in range. This mode
is called the acquisition mode. Once
the VCO is inside the lock-range the
lock-detection circuit switches the Bang-
Bang phase detector into the PLL in or-
der to lock to the data signal. This mode
is called CDR mode. The status of the
lock-detection circuit is given by output
pin LOCK. In acquisition mode LOCK is
low.
In acquisition mode a PFD is used to
ensure predictable lock up conditions for
the GD16504 by locking the VCO to an
external reference clock source. It is only
used during acquisition and pulls the
VCO into the lock range where the Bang-
Bang phase detector is capable of ac-
quiring lock. The PFD is made with digital
set/reset cells giving it a true phase and
frequency characteristic. The reference
clock input, REFCK, to the PFD is at 1/16
of the data rate.
Bang-Bang Phase Detector
The Bang-Bang phase detector is used
in CDR mode as a true digital type
phase detector, producing a binary out-
put. It samples the incoming data twice
each bit period, once on the transition of
the previous bit period and once in the
middle of the bit period. When a transi-
tion occurs between 2 consecutive bits -
the value of the sample in the transition
between the bits determines whether the
VCO clock leads or lags the data. Hence
the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is con-
trolled by the bit transition point, thereby
ensuring that data is sampled in the mid-
dle of the eye, once the system is in CDR
mode. The external loop filter controls
the characteristics of the PLL.
Figure 1. Loop Filter
The binary output of either the PFD or
the Bang-Bang phase detector (depend-
ing of the mode of the lock-detection cir-
cuit) is fed to a charge pump capable of
sinking or sourcing current or tristating.
The output of the charge pump is filtered
through the loop filter and controls the
tuning-voltage of the VCO.
A result of the continuous lock-detect
monitoring circuit is that the VCO fre-
quency never deviates more than
500 ppm (2000 ppm) from the reference
clock before the PLL is considered to be
’Out of Lock’. Hence the acquisition time
is predictable and short and the output
clock CKOUT is always kept within the
500 ppm (2000 ppm) limits ensuring safe
clocking of down stream circuitry.
The LOCK Signal
The LOCK output may be used to gener-
ate Loss of Signal (LOS). The time for
LOCK to assert is predictable and short,
equal to the time to go into lock, but the
time for LOCK to de-assert must be con-
sidered. When the line is down (i.e. no in-
formation received) the optical receiver
circuit may produce random noise. It is
possible that this random noise will keep
the GD16504 within the 500 ppm
(2000 ppm) range of the line frequency,
hence LOCK will remain asserted for a
non-deterministic time. This may be pre-
vented by injecting a small current at the
loop filter node, which actively pulls the
PLL out of the lock range when the out-
put of the phase detector acts randomly.
The negligible penalty paid is a static
phase error. However, due to the nature
of the phase detector the error will be
small (few degrees), forcing the loop to
be at one edge of the error-function
shaped transfer characteristic of the
detector.
If a LOS is detected by the optical circuit
in front of GD16504, the SEL1 and SEL2
may be configured to force the PLL to
use the Frequency Detector providing a
stable output clock locked only to refer-
ence input regardless of Lock Detect sta-
tus and at the same time force all outputs
to logic low.
The configuration signals (SEL1 and
SEL2) may be tied to VDD or VEE di-
rectly. The combination resets all Flip
Flops, and sets both Up and Down active
at the input of the Charge Pump, leaving
the output in the middle of its output
range. Since the circuit is self synchro-
nizing, reset need not be asserted during
power up.
Data Sheet Rev. 04 GD16504 Page 2
VCTL
82R
330R
100nF
OUCHP