Definitions
Center Wavelength and Bandpass
The performance of all couplers varies with wavelength. Coupler performance is usually specified over a
wavelength window, or in some cases, multiple windows. The center wavelength is the nominal
wavelength of operation of the coupler, while the bandpass is the range of wavelengths over which the
specifications are guaranteed. In many cases, couplers will perform adequately over a range outside their
bandpass, but adherence to specifications is not guaranteed in this region.
Coupling Ratio
Coupling ratio or splitting ratio is defined as the ratio of the optical power from one output port of the
coupler to the sum of the total power from all output ports. The coupling ratio is measured at the
specified center wavelength and is normally expressed as a percentage.
Excess Loss
Excess loss is the ratio of the optical power launched at the input port of the coupler to the total optical
power measured from all output ports, expressed in dB. Typical excess loss is the expected value of the
excess loss measured at the specified center wavelength.
Insertion Loss
Insertion loss is the ratio of the optical power launched at the input port of the coupler to the optical
power from any single output port, expressed in dB. The insertion loss includes the coupler splitting loss
and excess loss and is the most useful parameter for system design. The maximum and minimum
insertion loss is the upper and lower limit, respectively, of the insertion loss of the coupler and applies
over the entire wavelength range specified in the bandpass. The typical insertion loss is the expected
value of the insertion loss measured at the specified center wavelength. Multimode couplers are
measured with an equilibrium mode fill.
Uniformity
Uniformity is a measure of how evenly power is distributed between the output ports of the
coupler. Uniformity applies to couplers with a nominally equal coupling ratio and is defined as the
difference between the highest and lowest insertion loss between all of the coupler output ports,
expressed in dB. Uniformity is a typical value across the entire bandpass.
Directivity, Return Loss and Reflectance
Directivity is the ratio of the optical power launched into an input port to the optical power returning to
any other input port. Directivity has been referred to as near-end isolation or near-end crosstalk. Return
loss is the ratio of optical power launched into an input port to the optical power returning to the same
input port. Both directivity and return loss are expressed as positive dB and are measured with all output
ports optically terminated. Reflectance is the negative of return loss. In many instances, reflectance and
return loss are used synonymously. Minimum directivity and return loss are the lower limits which apply
over the entire wavelength range specified in the bandpass.
Wavelength Isolation
Wavelength isolation is a measure of how well different wavelengths are separated at the output of a
wavelength division demultiplexer. It is defined as the ratio of the optical power at the two output ports
of the demultiplexer at a given wavelength, expressed in dB. The minimum wavelength isolation is the
lower limit to the wavelength isolation measured over the entire wavelength range of the specified
bandpass. Wavelength isolation has also been referred to as far-end crosstalk.
2
www.adc.com • +1-952-938-8080 • 1-800-366-3891
1/02 • 1400 Fused Fiber Technology
Fiber Optic Couplers