Numeric LED General Description Sharp can supply wide color line-up for numeric LEDs-GaAlAs on GaAlAs (double hetero) super-luminosity U series (red), S series (sunset orange), K series (green). In addition to them, dichromatic type has realized an expressive display, changing the emission color according to display contents. Sharp can also supply various character height (7.62mm to 38.1mm), and various digits type (1digit to 5digits) for your applications. GL3T508D GL3E305 GL3H412 GL6S220 GL9D030 GL9H040 GL8T156 Numbering system 1-digit Multi-digits GL eCharacter size eSerial No. rNo. of digits wRadiation color wRadiation color qType: internal connection qType: internal connection qType: internal connection 3 6 7 8 9 wRadiation color Multi-digits Dynamic drive circuit Multi-digits Cathode common Multi-digits Anode common 1-digit Cathode common 1-digit Anode common Series P U T D S H E K ED ET Structure eCharacter size Radiation color Red Red(Super-luminosity) Red(High-luminosity) Red Sunset orange Yellow Yellow-green Green Yellow-green+Red Yellow-green+Red(High-luminosity) 03,030 04,040 156 56 08 100 15 8.0mm 10.16mm 14.12mm 14.22mm 20.32mm 25.4mm 38.1mm Numeric LED GL rNo. of digits 2 3 4 5 2-digits 3-digits 4-digits 5-digits Numeric LEDs are classified into 2 types ; substrate type and mold type as shown below. Substrate type employs thin package and can save the mount space. Mold type has realized ,,,,,, , , , ,,,,, high reliability because it is molded by resin. Mold Type Internet Epoxy resin Lead frame Scattering sheet ,,, ,,, ,, ,,,, Notice Substrate Type Reflective case Reflective case Substrate Lead pin In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 169 Surface Mount Type Numeric LED General Description Sharp's GL8D03M series, GL8D04M series, GL8D56M series are 1-digit, thin package surface mount type numeric LEDs. (character height: 8.0/10.16/14.22 mm). It is unnecessary to adjust the mounting height because the thickness of each series is the same. They are suited for measuring equipment and various thin type display systems. GL9D04M Model Line-up Type Mold type Character Radiation color height (mm) Common Anode 8.0 Cathode Anode 10.16 Cathode Anode 14.22 Cathode D Red E Yellow-green GL9D03M GL8D03M GL9D04M GL8D04M GL9D56M GL8D56M GL9E03M GL8E03M GL9E04M GL8E04M GL9E56M GL8E56M Outline Dimensions Page Figure 180 1 180 2 180 3 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Figures shown below are values per segment.) Model No. GL9E03M/GL8E03M GL9D03M/GL8D03M GL9E04M/GL8E04M GL9D04M/GL8D04M GL9E56M/GL8E56M GL9D56M/GL8D56M Yellow-green Red Yellow-green Red Yellow-green Red Forward current IF (mA) 15 20 15 20 15 20 Peak forward current*1 IFM (mA) 50 50 50 50 50 50 Derating factor DC Pulse (mA/C) (mA/C) 1.91 6.36 2.54 6.36 1.91 6.36 2.54 6.36 1.91 6.36 2.54 6.36 (Ta=25C) Reverse voltage Operating temperature VR Topr (V) (C) 5 -30 to +70 5 5 -30 to +70 5 5 -30 to +70 5 Storage temperature Tstg (C) -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 *1 Duty ratio=1/10, pulse width=0.1ms Electro-optical Characteristics (Figures shown below are values per segment.) Model No. GL9E03M/GL8E03M GL9D03M/GL8D03M GL9E04M/GL8E04M GL9D04M/GL8D04M GL9E56M/GL8E56M GL9D56M/GL8D56M 170 Notice Internet Yellow-green Red Yellow-green Red Yellow-green Red Forward current VF (V) TYP. MAX. 2.0 2.5 1.85 2.3 2.0 2.5 1.85 2.3 2.0 2.5 1.85 2.3 Luminous intensity IV (mcd) TYP. 2.5 2.3 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 Peak emission wavelength p (nm) TYP. 565 635 565 635 565 635 Spectrum radiation bandwidth (nm) TYP. 30 35 30 35 30 35 (Ta=25C) IF (mA) 10 10 10 10 10 10 Reverse current IR (A) MAX. 10 10 10 10 10 10 VR (V) 4 4 4 4 4 4 In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Dichromatic Numeric LED General Description Sharp's dichromatic numeric LEDs GL9ED08 series, GL8ED100 series are 1-digit large size numeric LEDs(character height: 20.32/25.4mm). They have realized expressive display, changing the radiation color according to display type. They are suited for measuring equipment, amusement equipment, and various displays. GL8ED100 Model Line-up Mold type Radiation color E D Character height (mm) common Yellow-green+Red 20.32 Anode GL9ED08 Anode GL9ED100 25.40 Cathode GL8ED100 E T Yellow-green+Red(High-luminosity) GL9ET100 GL8ET100 Outline dimensions Page 181 Figure 8 180 6 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Figures shown below are values per segment.) Forward current Model No. IF (mA) GL9ED08 Yellow-green 20 GL8ED100 Yellow-green 20 GL9ED100 Red 20 GL8ET100 Yellow-green 20 GL9ET100 20 Red(High-luminosity) *1 Duty ratio=1/10, Pulse width=0.1ms Peak forward current*1 IFM (mA) 50 50 50 50 100 (Ta=25C) Derating factor DC Pulse (mA/C) (mA/C) 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 1.82 Reverse voltage VR (V) 5 6 6 6 6 Operating temperature Topr. (C) -30 to +70 Storage temperature Tstg. (C) -40 to +80 -30 to +70 -40 to +80 -30 to +70 -40 to +80 Electro-optical Characteristics (Figures shown below are values per segment.) Model No. GL9ED08 GL8ED100 GL9ED100 GL8ET100 GL9ET100 Notice Internet Yellow-green Yellow-green Red Yellow-green Red(High-luminosity) Forward current VF(V) TYP. MAX. 2.0 2.5 4.0 5.0 3.7 5.0 4.0 5.0 3.4 4.4 Luminous intensity Peak emission wavelength IV(mcd) p(nm) TYP. TYP. 3.0 565 3.5 565 3.5 635 3.5 565 4.8 660 Spectrum radiation bandwidth (nm) TYP. 30 30 35 30 20 Numeric LED Type (Ta=25C) IF (mA) 10 10 10 10 10 Reverse current IR(A) MAX. 10 10 10 10 10 VR (V) 4 5 5 5 5 In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 171 Super-luminosity/High-luminosity Numeric LED Character height (mm) Type of display A K A K A K A K A K 8.0 Mold Type 1-digit 10.16 14.12 20.32 25.4 38.1 A Figures shown below are values per segment. U (Red) Model No. Luminous intensity (mcd) GL9U100 GL9U15 35.0 Mold Type Multi-digits Electro-optical Characteristics 172 Notice Internet T U T GL9T030 GL8T030 GL9T040 GL8T040 GL9T156 GL8T156 GL9T08 GL8T08 GL9T100 GL8T100 TYP. 4.0 4.0 4.25 4.25 5.25 5.25 2.2 2.2 9.5 9.5 GL7T201 GL6T201 GL3T422 GL3T421 GL3T508D GL3T507D 4.25 4.25 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Figures shown below are values per segment. Peak forward current Character height Radiation Forward current IF IFM*1 color (mm) (mA) (mA) 8.0/10.16/14.12/20.32 T 20 100 25.4, 38.1 U 20 150*2 25.4, 38.1 T 20 100 *1 Duty ratio=1/10, Pulse width=0.1ms *2 U type duty ratio=1/16, pulse width=0.1ms 8.0/10.16/14.12/20.32 25.4, 38.1 25.4, 38.1 Luminous intensity (mcd) Outline dimensions Page 11 10 181 Derating factor (mA/ C) DC Pulse 0.36 1.82 0.36 2.73 0.36 1.82 Peak emission wavelength p(nm) TYP. 660 660 660 9 7 5 180 Reverse voltage VR (V) 5 6 5 Operating temperature Topr. (C) -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 13 182 18 183 Spectrum radiation bandwidth (nm) TYP. 20 20 20 20 (Ta=25C) Storage temperature Tstg. (C) -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 Figures shown below are values per segment. Forward current VF TYP. MAX 1.7 2.2 3.5 4.8 3.4 4.4 Figure 4 A K A 8.0 K A 7.6 K *1 A: Anode common K: Cathode common * Production after order confirmation * As for current conditions, refer to IF in electro-optical characteristics. Character height Radiation color (mm) Model No. 27.0 10.16 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta=25C) T (Red) TYP. *1 Digit Type Common pins Super-luminosity/High-luminosity Numeric LED (Ta=25C) IF (mA) 10 10 10 Reverse current IR(A) MAX. 10 100 10 VR (V) 4 5 4 In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Numeric LED 1-digit P D S H E K Red Red Sunset orange Yellow Yellow-green Green A K A 10.16 K A 14.12 K A 25.4 K Page for ratings/characteristics diagrams *1 A: Anode common K: Cathode common Mold Type 8.0 GL9P030 GL8P030 GL9P040 GL8P040 GL9P156 GL8P156 GL9D030 GL8D030 GL9D040 GL8D040 GL9D156 GL8D156 GL9D100 GL8D100 177 GL9S030 GL8S030 GL9S040 GL8S040 GL9S156 GL8S156 GL9S100 GL8S100 178 GL9H030 GL8H030 GL9H040 GL8H040 GL9H156 GL8H156 GL9H100 GL8H100 178 GL9E030 GL8E030 GL9E040 GL8E040 GL9E156 GL8E156 GL9E100 GL8E100 179 GL9K030 GL8K030 GL9K040 GL8K040 GL9K156 GL8K156 176 Absolute Maximum Ratings(Mold Type) Figures shown below are values per segment. Character height Radiation color (mm) Forward current Peak forward current IF IFM (mA) (mA) 6.0 10 P 50 *2 6.2 (15) 7.6 D 50 20 8.0 8.4 S 50 20 10.16 H 50 20 14.12 E 50 15 20.32 K 50 (common) 15 D 50 20 S 50 20 25.4 H 50 20 E 50 20 *1 Duty ratio=1/10, Pulse width=0.1ms *2 ( ): figures for GL8/9P040, GL8/9P056, GL8/9P156, GL6/7P220 Absolute Maximum Ratings(Substrate Type) Character Forward current height Radiation color IF (mA) (mm) 7.6 P 15 *1 Duty ratio=1/10, Pulse width=0.1ms Notice Internet *1 Derating factor (mA/C) DC Pulse 0.18 0.91 (0.27) 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.27 0.91 0.27 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 0.91 0.36 Outline dimensions Page Figure 11 181 10 9 180 5 179 (Ta=25C) Reverse voltage Operating temperature Storage temperature VR Topr. Tstg. (V) (C) (C) 5 -30 to +70 -40 to +80 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -30 to +70 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 -40 to +80 Numeric LED Common pins Radiation color *1 Type Character Type of display height (mm) Figures shown below are values per segment. Peak forward current IFM (mA) 50 *1 Derating factor (mA/C) DC Pulse 0.15 1.11 (Ta=25C) Reverse voltage Operating temperature Storage temperature VR Topr. Tstg. (V) (C) (C) 5 -10 to +60 -20 to +70 In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 173 Numeric LED Radiation color P D S H E Red Red Sunset orange Yellow Yellow-green *1 Type Character Type of display height (mm) Common pins Multi-digits A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A K A 6.0 10.16 Mold Type 14.12 8.0 6.2 8.0 8.4 7.6 GL7P202 GL6P202 GL7P201 GL6P201 GL7P220 GL3P306 GL3P305 GL3P412 GL3P411 GL3P422 GL3P421 GL3P404 GL3P403 GL3P508D GL3P507D GL7P208U GL7H202 GL7D201 GL6D201 GL7D220 GL6D220 GL7H201 GL7S220 GL6S220 GL7H220 GL6H220 GL3D305 GL3H412 Character height Radiation (mm) color 6.0 6.2 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.4 10.16 14.12 25.4 P D S H E K D S H E Forward voltage VF(V) TYP. MAX 1.9 2.5 1.85 2.3 1.9 2.5 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.6 3.8 5.0 3.8 5.0 4.0 5.0 7.6 174 Notice Internet P Forward voltage VF(V) TYP. MAX 1.9 2.5 Page Figure 15 183 13 181 12 16 182 17 18 19 183 20 182 Peak emission wavelength p(nm) TYP. 695 635 610 585 565 555 635 610 585 565 Spectrum radiation bandwidth (nm) TYP. 100 35 35 30 30 30 35 35 30 30 (Ta=25C) IF (mA) 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Reverse current IR(A) MAX. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Figures shown below are values per segment. Peak emission wavelength p(nm) TYP. 695 Spectrum radiation bandwidth (nm) TYP. 100 14 179 Figures shown below are values per segment. Electro-optical Characteristics(Substrate Type) Character height Radiation (mm) color GL3E306 GL3E305 GL3E412 GL3E411 GL3E422 GL3E404 GL3E403 GL3D404 GL3D403 Substrate 7.6 Type 178 178 177 Page for ratings/characteristics diagrams 176 *1 A: Anode common K: Cathode common The model marked with may not be available in the near future. Contact Sharp sales personnel for details before use. Electro-optical Characteristics(Mold Type) GL7E202 GL6E202 GL7E201 GL6E201 GL7E220 Outline dimensions IF (mA) 5 VR (V) 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 5 (Ta=25C) Reverse current IR(A) MAX. 10 VR (V) 4 In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Numeric LED Luminous Intensity(Unit:mcd) Figures shown below are values per segment. Type Digit Radiation color Character height (mm) Series (Ta=25C) P D S H E K Red Red Sunset orange Yellow Yellow-green Green TYP 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 1.8 3.5 3.0 2.85 0.7 2.2 2.0 TYP 1.56 1.75 2.1 Mold Type TYP TYP TYP TYP Anode common Cathode common 1.0 GL9030 GL8030 4.14 1.5 2.6 8.0 0.8 GL9040 GL8040 3.0 4.3 2.5 10.16 1-digit GL9156 1.0 GL8156 4.0 3.9 4.5 14.12 GL9100 GL8100 6.38 4.8 4.6 25.4 GL7202 0.3 GL6202 0.35 6.0 0.8 GL7201 GL6201 3.8 4.1 2-digits 10.16 1.0 GL7220 GL6220 4.0 4.5 4.5 14.12 GL3306 1.0 GL3305 2.80 3-digits 8.0 GL3412 0.25 GL3411 0.6 6.2 GL3422 0.66 GL3421 1.25 4-digits 8.0 GL3404 0.3 GL3403 0.8 8.4 GL3508D 0.3 GL3507D 5-digits 7.6 Substrate 0.2 GL7208U 2-digit Type 7.6 * As for current conditions, refer to IF in electro-optical characteristics The model marked with may not be available in the near future. Contact Sharp sales personnel for details before use. Static drive circuit Dynamic drive circuit LED display Vcc a d Decoder/driver e f g D.P a 7 segment decoder c Data bass Numeric LED b b c d LED display e f g D.P Digit driver Processor Notice Internet Digit scanner In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 175 Numeric LED Characteristics Diagrams P series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage 20 15 Mold type 10 Substrate type 5 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 20 10 5 3 2 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) 0 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 100 Peak Forward Current Derating Curve Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio1/10) 70 200 100 50 20 1 10 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 100 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 (Ta=25C) 500 300 200 50 100 Relative luminous intensity(%) 60 40 Mold type Substrate type 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 (1F=5mA/seg) 1000 50 30 Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 50 20 10 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 0.1 100 Substrate type 50 30 Mold type 10 2 0 100 5 0.2 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 0.5 1 2 5 10 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 20 50 1/50 1/20 1/10 1/5 Duty ratio DR 1/2 1 U series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 20 15 10 5 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 20 10 5 3 2 0 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 Peak Forward Current Derating Curve Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio1/10) 100 50 10 0.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) 100 200 20 1 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 100 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 (Ta=25C) 500 300 150 Relative luminous intensity(%) 200 100 50 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 (1F=20mA) 1000 50 30 Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 100 50 20 10 5 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 100 1 0.1 100 50 30 10 2 0 150 5 0.2 2 5 10 0.5 1 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 20 50 1/50 1/20 1/10 Duty ratio DR 1/5 1/2 1 * In case of 25.4/38.1mm: value per 1segment 1chip 176 Notice Internet In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Numeric LED Characteristics Diagrams T series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 40 30 20 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 50 20 10 5 3 2 Mold type 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 100 50 10 -20 0 Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio1/10) 20 40 60 80 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Forward voltage VF(V/seg) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 350 200 20 1 0 (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 60 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 (Ta=25C) 500 300 300 250 200 150 Mold type 100 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) 200 Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 70 100 50 20 10 5 50 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 0.1 100 50 Mold type 30 10 2 0 100 5 0.2 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 1/50 1/20 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR * In case of 25.4mm: value per 1segment 1chip Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 40 30 Mold type 20 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 50 20 10 5 3 2 10 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 50 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio1/10) Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 (Ta=25C) 500 300 60 50 40 Mold type 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) 200 Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) 100 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 70 200 20 1 Substrate type (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 60 Forward current IF(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 70 Numeric LED D series 100 50 20 10 5 100 50 30 Mold type Substrate type Substrate type 10 10 2 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 100 1 0.1 5 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 10 20 50 1/50 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR * In case of 25.4mm: value per 1segment 1chip Notice Internet In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 177 Numeric LED Characteristics Diagrams S series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 20 15 10 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 20 10 5 3 2 5 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 50 10 -20 0 40 60 80 100 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 20 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio 0.1) (Ta=25C) 500 300 60 50 40 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) 200 Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) 100 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 70 200 20 1 0 (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 30 Forward current IF(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 100 50 20 10 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 0.1 100 50 30 10 2 0 100 5 0.2 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 1/50 1/20 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR * In case of 25.4mm: value per 1segment 1chip H series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 20 15 10 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 20 10 5 3 2 5 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 50 10 -20 0 40 60 80 100 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 20 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio 0.1) (Ta=25C) 500 200 50 100 40 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) 300 60 Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) 100 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 70 200 20 1 0 (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 30 Forward current IF(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 50 20 10 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 100 1 0.1 50 30 10 2 0 100 5 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 20 50 1/50 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR * In case of 25.4mm: value per 1segment 1chip 178 Notice Internet In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Numeric LED Characteristics Diagrams E series Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* Mold type 25.4mm 20 Mold type 15 10 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 20 10 5 3 2 Substrate type 5 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 200 100 50 20 1 0 (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 30 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 10 -20 0 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 20 40 60 80 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty 1/10) 70 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 (Ta=25C) 500 300 60 50 40 Mold type Substrate type 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) 200 Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 100 50 20 10 5 10 -20 0 20 40 60 80 1 0.1 100 50 30 Substrate/Mold type 10 2 0 100 5 0.2 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 1/50 1/20 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR * In case of 25.4mm: value per 1segment 1chip Forward Current Derating Curve Forward Current vs. Forward Voltage* 20 15 10 500 Relative luminous intensity(%) Forward current IF(mA/seg) 25 (1F=20mA/seg) 1000 50 30 Forward current IF(mA/seg) Luminous Intensity vs. Ambient Temperature (Ta=25C) 100 35 Numeric LED K series 20 10 5 3 200 100 50 2 5 20 1 0 -20 0 20 40 60 80 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 100 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Peak Forward Current Derating Curve 40 60 80 100 (Ta=25C) 500 300 40 30 20 Peak forward current IF(mA/seg) Relative luminous intensity(%) Peak forward current IFM(mA/seg) 20 200 50 100 50 20 10 5 10 0 -20 0 20 40 60 Ambient temperature Ta(C) 80 100 1 0.1 100 50 30 10 2 Internet 0 Duty Ratio vs. Peak Forward Current (Ta=25C) 500 60 Notice -20 Ambient temperature Ta(C) Luminous Intensity vs. Forward Current (Duty ratio 0.1) 70 10 Forward voltage VF(V/seg) 5 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 Forward current IF(mA/seg) 10 20 50 1/50 1/20 1/10 1/5 1/2 1 Duty ratio DR In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 179 Numeric LED Outline Dimensions(Unit:mm) 1 2 7.0 10 9.4 0.2(Reference 10-R0.30.1 dimensions) between 10 Difference character center and 6 product center 10 10 6 0.3(Reference dimensions) Difference between character center and product center 10-R0.50.1 1.30.2 1.30.5 10.16 15.0 13.00.6 1.150.5 8.0 12.7 11.00.6 0.90.2 Segment name A 5 F 5.2 B E Pin No.1 1.80.2 D 2.00.6 3.75 5.2 8 4 21.0 7 10-R0.70.1 14.0 37.0 Segment name A 5 Reflector surface:Black print G E C 10-o0.55 2.546= 15.24 8 3 3 18.1 B F G 4 E o0.55 11 GL9100 Series GL8100 Series 11 C D 1 GL8100 11 11.2 o3.0 8 B F G 2.546= 15.24 7 D.P. Internal connection diagram GL9100 11 Segment name A A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 4 2.7(for all segment width) Luminous intensity rank 14 4.0 MIN. 9.0 7.5 8 A GL9100 4 9.4 22.8 Segment name A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 11 33.0 25.4 27.9 S GL9E100 11.2 33.0 25.4 4.0 MIN. 9.0 7.5 Internal connection diagram GL815 14.7 7 6 o3.0 14 2.546= 15.24 D.P. 7 GL915 Series GL815 Series 2.7(for all segment width) Luminous intensity rank 9.4 22.8 B C 8 GL956M Series GL856M Series 14.7 7 D A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 4 5 A G 1 Internal connection diagram GL915 A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 2.45 9.8 2.11.4 E GL856M A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 Recommended soldering pattern F D.P. 4.5 3.75 Internal connection diagram GL956M Segment name 14 8 27.9 +0.5 -0.2 9.8 D o4.8 B 13.0 F Luminous intensity rank 17.0 38.1 51.0 14.22 19.0 17.00.6 1.50.5 1.70.2 Pin No.1 2.450.2 8 3 44.0 10 8 GL904M Series GL804M Series 0.3(Reference dimensions) Difference between character center and product center 10 6 1.8 7.2 S GL9ET100 12.5 Internet D.P. 2.01.0 S GL8U15 3 GL804M A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 3.9(Segment width) 8 Internal connection diagram GL904M A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 GL903M Series GL803M Series Notice C D 3 180 B G E 14.4 12.4 GL803M A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 1.3 3 F Recommended soldering pattern A B C D E F G D.P 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 3 A Reflector surface:Black print 7.2 D.P. Recommended soldering pattern Internal connection diagram GL903M Segment name 5 C 3.75 +0.5 -0.2 Reflector surface:Black print G +0.5 -0.2 Pin No.1 1.30.2 (Red) C D 1 A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 4 E o0.55 (Yellow-green) GL8100 11 (Red) 7 D.P. A B C D E F G D.P. 9 8 5 2 1 12 14 6 4 (Yellow-green GL9100 Series GL8100 Series In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ Numeric LED 4.0 MIN. 8.0 B G C E 2.544 =10.16 D GL908 D.P. Internal connection diagram GL808 A B C D E F G D.P. 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 A B C D E F G D.P. 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 8 3 22.86 R S GL9ED08 G 9.26 9.26 o2.0 A F 10-o0.45 GL908 Series GL808 Series E D.P. D 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 A B C D E F G D.P. GL908 B C 2.544 =10.16 3 (Yellow-green) 8 G 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 A B C D E F G D.P. GL808 8 (Red) 3 (Yellow-green) 8 (Red) GL908 Series GL808 Series 5.6 10 10 1.3(for all segment width) Luminous intensity rank 0. o1 .2 4.8 3.2 9.6 0.5 4.58 10.16 13.0 6.5 15.24 6.41 (for all space) 1.0 (for all segment width) 2.544=10.16 3 0.3 (for all space) 17.0 14.12 1.35 8.12 8 GL9S040 4.0 MIN.8.0 7.0 F 10-o0.45 9 5 7.6 19.0 Luminous intensity rank Segment name A 3 1 o2.0 Segment name Internal connection diagram 6 27.0 20.32 5 7.6 19.0 10 7.0 1 Luminous intensity rank 22.86 6 27.0 20.32 10 11.0 7 8 S GL808 11.0 7 1.8(Segment width) 1.8(Segment width) 7 Outline Dimensions(Unit:mm) 1.0 7.0 4.0 0.25 o1.7 GL9156 0.25 GL8156 A B C D E F G D.P. 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 7.0 9P156 7.62 A B C D E F G D.P. 7 6 4 2 1 9 10 5 Segment name Internal connection diagram 109 8 7 6 3 8 GL9040 GL8040 A B C D E F G D.P. 10 9 8 5 4 2 3 7 A B C D E F G D.P. 10 9 8 5 4 2 3 7 C 2.544=10.16 1 12 Luminous intensity rank -0 0.5 +0.15 1.0(for all segment width) o0.9 2.2 1.0 5.0 0.3 7.0 8.12 1.3(Segment width) 0.3(Space) 2.04=8.0 GL9T030 3.5 8.0 11.0 0.4 0.3(for all space) 8 6.35 11.2 25.0 S GL7D220 1.25 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 0.25+0.15 -0 5.3 GL9030 D.P. 6 A B C DE FG 1 10 8 5 4 2 3 7 9 GL9030 Series GL8030 Series Notice Internet 10 9 8 E C 7 D 6 D.P. GL8030 A F G D.P. 7 A B C DE FG 1 10 8 5 4 2 3 6 9 B 2-o1.7 1.5 6.35 4.5 Segment name & Pin No. Internal connection diagram 6 15.24 10 1 1.75 4.0 11 6 GL9040 Series GL8040 Series GL9156 Series GL8156 Series 0.25 D.P. 12345 6.41 G D 8 Segment name & Pin No. Luminous intensity rank 18 10 Dig.1 F1 A1 B1 F2 A2 B2 Dig.2 1.0 4.0 7.0 E 3 B 17.0 14.12 F 4.0 0.5 A Segment name & Pin No. 1 10 A 2 F B 9 3 G 8 4 E C 7 5 D 6 D.P. 1.35 Internal connection diagram Numeric LED 4.85 12.2 Luminous intensity rank G1 E1 2.54 2.548= 20.32 1 D1 G2 C1 E2 D2 C2 9 Internal connection diagram GL7220 GL6220 D.P1 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1.D.P2 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 4 16 15 3 2 1 18 17 9 11 10 8 6 5 12 7 D.P1 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1.D.P2 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 4 16 15 3 2 1 18 17 9 11 10 8 6 5 12 7 14 13 14 13 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.1 Dig.2 GL7220 Series GL6220 Series In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 181 Numeric LED 13 Outline Dimensions(Unit:mm) 17.0 16.8 4.4 4.4 10 14 6.6 1.0(for all segment width) 0.5(Calking) 0.3(Space) 15.0 14.6 7.6 Segment name & Pin No. 18 10 Dig1 A1 Dig2 A2 Luminous intensity rank S GL7T201 F1 E1 0.5+0.15 -0 16-o0.55 P207=14.0 F2 G1 B1 D1C1 E2 G2B2 C2 D2 1 D.P.1 9 1 2.548=20.32 0.75(Segment width) 1.0 3.0 5.8 4.3 24.00.4 0.9 15.24 1.0 7.0 4.0 6.0 1.5 4.4 D.P.2 3.0 2.0 1.9 6.2 4.3 0.25+0.15 -0 5.08 18.00.3 9.0 10.16 0.3(for all space) 2-o1.6 12.7 1.0 10 4-o4.0MAX. (Calking) 8 9 16 14.3(Calking) Internal connection diagram GL7201 GL6201 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 D.P1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 D.P2 16 15 3 2 1 18 17 4 11 10 8 6 5 12 7 9 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 D.P1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 D.P2 16 15 3 2 1 18 17 4 11 10 8 6 5 12 7 9 Segment name Internal connection diagram GL7P208U A2 A1 F2 G2 B2 F1 G1 B1 E1 D1 C1 E2 D2 C2 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 15 14 3 2 1 16 13 11 10 8 7 6 12 9 Dig.1 14 13 14 4 13 GL7201 Series GL6201 Series 15 Dig.2 Dig.2 GL7P208U Series 0.8.(Segment width) 4 10 5 Dig.1 10 16 4.0 1.0(for all segment width) 1 0.3(Space) Segment name & Pin No. Luminous intensity rank 16 1514 13 121110 9 0.5 1 1 F G B E 2.545=12.7 D C D.P. 1.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.5 A 11-o0.45 A1 D2 C2 G1 B1 G2 E2 E1 C1 B2 F2 D1 A2 Dig1 Dig2 F1 GL7R202 Segment name S GL3E306 1 2.547= 17.78 6 11 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 1.5 10 10.5 21 3-o0.9 4.5 2.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 22.0 5.5 1 5 5.0 5.0 8 10 8 1 2.5 3 3 o1Depth0.3 9.2 3.5 7.62 0.25 2 6 12 3 6 2.2 13.0 8.0 0.3(for all space) 2-R1.1 7 Internal connection diagram GL7202 Internal connection diagram GL3306 GL6202 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 14 13 4 2 1 15 16 6 5 12 10 9 7 8 14 13 4 2 1 15 16 6 5 12 10 9 7 8 3 11 3 11 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.1 Dig.2 1.5 21 7.0 U.C. D.P.1 L.C. D.P.2 D.P.3 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 S GL3P421 Gl3412 Internal connection diagram Gl3411 U.C. Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 L.C. D.P.3 D.P.2 D.P.1 GL3412 Series GL3411 Series 16 2 4 7 9 6 12 14 3 U.C. Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 L.C. D.P.3 D.P.2 D.P.1 Segment name & Pin No. Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 P.16 P.9 A F G B E D C D.P. 2.547=17.78 A B C D E F G 1 8 1117 13 15 10 21 19 18 20 5 16 2 4 7 9 6 12 14 3 12-o0.45 1.5 12 A B C D E F G 1 8 1117 13 15 10 21 19 18 20 5 7.0 7.0 29.0 F G B E D C 1.5 11 1 9.2 3.5 13.0 8.0 A 21-o0.45 2.5410=25.4 2.5 Segment name 0.5 2.8 2.0 0.35 6.0 6.5 5.5 6.0 30.0 5.0 6.5 0.3(Space) 6.0 S GL3H412 Internal connection diagram 4.0 1.5 7.8 1.0(Segment width) 10 5.0 6.5 0.5 2.0 11.5 6.2 18 5-o0.8 0.35 6.0 2 Dig.1 4 Dig.2 5 Dig.3 GL3306 Series GL3305 Series 0.6(for all segment width) 0.3(for all space) 10 3.6 A B C D E F G D.P. 9 7 1 3 10 8 11 6 2 Dig.1 4 Dig.2 5 Dig.3 GL7202 Series GL6202 Series 17 GL3305 A B C D E F G D.P. 9 7 1 3 10 8 11 6 P.1 GL3422 GL3421 A B C D E F G D.P. 14 16 11 2 15 10 9 6 A B C D E F G D.P. 14 16 11 2 15 10 9 6 1 3 4 7 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 P.7 1 3 4 7 Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 GL3422 Series GL3421 Series The models marked with may not be available in the near future. Contact Sharp sales personnel for details before use. 182 Notice Internet In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 6.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.3 13.5 10 AM F G C 2.549=22.86 A UC B PM B E D C LC DP Segment name A FG B E D C D.P. Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 Dig.5 5.0 6.5 0.5 5.0 7.0 1.0 Segment name Dig.1 Dig.2 Dig.3 Dig.4 1.0 5-o0.9 0.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 42.5 30.0 S GL3P404 1 13 15.0 7.6 3.81 1 0.3 for all space 10 1.0 2.42 0.3(for all space) o0.45 2.0 4.0 0.8(Segment width) Alm 6.01 2.5412=30.48 12.58 11 14.0 8.4 6.0 4.6 20 1.0 6-o1.0 10 o0.45 20 4.4 0.85(for all segment width) 10.16 19 Outline Dimensions(Unit:mm) 3.4 Numeric LED 1.0 6.01 Internal connection diagram GL3404 Internal connection diagram GL3403 AMPM DP A B C D E F G UC LC Alm 20 1 8 14 13 4 3 18 15 11 16 5 10 AMPM DP A B C D E F G UC LC Alm 20 1 8 14 13 4 3 18 15 11 16 5 10 7 2 17 6 12 9 19 DP Dig.1 Dig.3 Dig.2 Dig.4 AIm AM.PM DP Dig.1 Dig.3 Dig.2 Dig.4 AIm AM.PM GL3507D A B C D E F G D.P. 6 7 8 9 10111213 5 Dig.1 4 Dig.2 3 Dig.3 2 Dig.4 1 Dig.5 5 Dig.1 4 Dig.2 3 Dig.3 2 Dig.4 1 Dig.5 GL3508D Series GL3507D Series Numeric LED GL3404 Series GL3403 Series 7 2 17 6 12 9 19 GL3508D A B C D E F G D.P. 6 7 8 9 10111213 Notice Internet In the absence of confirmation by device specification sheets,SHARP takes no responsibility for any defects that may occur in equipment using any SHARP devices shown in catalogs,data books,etc.Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. Internet address for Electronic Components Group http://www.sharp.co.jp/ecg/ 183 Application Circuits NOTICE The circuit application examples in this publication are provided to explain representative applications of SHARP devices and are not intended to guarantee any circuit design or license any intellectual property rights. SHARP takes no responsibility for any problems related to any intellectual property right of a third party resulting from the use of SHARP's devices. Contact SHARP in order to obtain the latest device specification sheets before using any SHARP device. SHARP reserves the right to make changes in the specifications, characteristics, data, materials, structure, and other contents described herein at any time without notice in order to improve design or reliability. Manufacturing locations are also subject to change without notice. Observe the following points when using any devices in this publication. SHARP takes no responsibility for damage caused by improper use of the devices which does not meet the conditions and absolute maximum ratings to be used specified in the relevant specification sheet nor meet the following conditions: (i) The devices in this publication are designed for use in general electronic equipment designs such as: --- Personal computers --- Office automation equipment --- Telecommunication equipment [terminal] --- Test and measurement equipment --- Industrial control --- Audio visual equipment --- Consumer electronics (ii)Measures such as fail-safe function and redundant design should be taken to ensure reliability and safety when SHARP devices are used for or in connection with equipment that requires higher reliability such as: --- Transportation control and safety equipment (i.e., aircraft, trains, automobiles, etc.) --- Traffic signals --- Gas leakage sensor breakers --- Alarm equipment --- Various safety devices, etc. (iii)SHARP devices shall not be used for or in connection with equipment that requires an extremely high level of reliability and safety such as: --- Space applications --- Telecommunication equipment [trunk lines] --- Nuclear power control equipment --- Medical and other life support equipment (e.g., scuba). Contact a SHARP representative in advance when intending to use SHARP devices for any "specific" applications other than those recommended by SHARP or when it is unclear which category mentioned above controls the intended use. If the SHARP devices listed in this publication fall within the scope of strategic products described in the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law of Japan, it is necessary to obtain approval to export such SHARP devices. This publication is the proprietary product of SHARP and is copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, in whole or in part, without the express written permission of SHARP. Express written permission is also required before any use of this publication may be made by a third party. Contact and consult with a SHARP representative if there are any questions about the contents of this publication. 115