Document Number: MC34844
Rev. 10.0, 8/2014
Freescale Semiconductor
Technical Data
© Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., 2009-2014. All rights reserved.
10 Channel LED Backlight Driver
with Integrated Power Supply
The 34844 is a SMARTMOS high efficiency, LED driver for use in
backlighting LCD displays from 10" to 20"+. Operating from supplies of 7.0 to
28 V, the MC34844 is capable of driving up to 160 LEDs in 10 parallel strings.
Current in the 10 strings is matched to within 2%, and can be programmed via
the I2C/SM Bus interface.
The 34844 also includes a Pulse Width Monitor (PWM) generator for LED
dimming. The LEDs can be dimmed to one of 256 levels, programmed through
the I2C/SM Bus interface. Up to 65,000:1 (256:1 PWM, 256:1 Current DAC)
dimming ratio.
The integrated boost converter generates the minimum output voltage
required to keep all LEDs illuminated with the selected current, providing the
highest efficiency possible.
The 34844 has an integrated boost self-clock at a default frequency of
600 kHz, but may be programmed via I2C to 150/300/600/1200 kHz. The PWM
frequency can be set from 100 Hz to 25 kHz, or can be synchronized to an
external input. If not synchronized to another source, the internal PWM rate
outputs on the CK pin. This enables multiple devices to be synchronized
together.
The 34844 has a default boost frequency of 320 kHz, but may be
programmed via I2C to 160/320/650/1300 kHz. The PWM frequency can be set
from 110 Hz to 27 kHz, or can be synchronized to an external input. If not
synchronized to another source, the internal PWM rate outputs on the CK pin.
This enables multiple devices to be synchronized together.
The 34844 also supports optical/temperature closed loop operation and
features LED overtemperature protection, LED short protection, and LED open
circuit protection. The IC includes overvoltage protection, overcurrent
protection, and undervoltage lockout.
Features
• Input voltage of 7.0 to 28 V
•2.5 A integrated boost FET
•Up to 80 mA on the 34844 LED current per channel
• 90% efficiency (DC:DC)
•I
2C/SM Bus interface
• 10 channel current mirror with ±2.0% current matching
• Boost output voltage up to 60V, with Dynamic Headroom Control (DHC)
• PWM frequency programmable or synchronizable from 110 to 27,000 Hz
• 32-Ld 5x5x1.0 mm TQFN Package
LED DRIVER
34844
EP SUFFIX (PB-FREE)
98ASA10800D
32-PIN QFN-EP
Applications
• Monitors and HDTV - up to 42 inch
• Personal Computer Notebooks
• GPS Screens
• Small screen Televisions
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
2Freescale Semiconductor
34844
Figure 1. MC34844 Simplified Application Diagram (SM Bus Mode)
Figure 2. MC34844 Simplified Application Diagram (Manual Mode)
7.0 to 28 V
FAIL
PGNDA
34844
SWA
SWB
VOUT
PGNDB
I0
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
I9
VCC
GND
SCK
SDA
A0/SEN
ISET
PIN
NIN
VIN
VDC1
VDC2
VDC3
COMP
SLOPE
CK
EN
PWM
Control Unit
M/~S
VDC1
VDC1
~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~
VDC1
7.0 to 28V
FAIL
PGNDA
34844
SWA
SWB
VOUT
PGNDB
I0
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
I9
VCC
GND
SCK
SDA
A0/SEN
ISET
PIN
NIN
VIN
COMP
SLOPE
CK
EN
PWM
Control Unit
M/~S
VDC1
~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~~
~
VDC1
VOUT
VOUT
PWM
PWM
VDC1
VDC2
VDC3
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 3
34844
ORDERABLE PARTS
ORDERABLE PARTS
This section describes the part numbers available to be purchased along with their differences. Valid orderable part numbers are provided
on the web. To determine the orderable part numbers for this device, go to http://www.freescale.com and perform a part number search for
the following device numbers.
Table 1. Orderable Part Variations
Part Number Notes Temperature (TA)Package
MC34844AEP (1) -40 to 105 °C 32 QFN-EP
Notes:
1. To order parts in Tape & Reel, add the R2 suffix to the part number.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
4Freescale Semiconductor
34844
INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
Figure 3. 34844 Simplified Internal Block Diagram
VIN
VDC1
COMP
EN
CK
PWM
SCK
SDA
ISET
PIN
NIN
SWA
SWB
PGNDA
FAIL
I0
I1
I2
I3
I4
I5
I6
I7
I8
I9
TEMP/OPTO
LOOP CONTROL
CURRENT DAC
OCP/OTP/UVLO
PWM GENERATOR
10 CHANNEL
OVP
BOOST
CLOCK/PLL
CONTROLLER
80 mA CURRENT
MIRROR
V SENSE
GND
A0/SEN
PGNDB
LDO
VDC3
VDC2
SLOPE
I2C INTERFACE
VOUT
M/~S
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
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34844
PIN CONNECTIONS
PIN CONNECTIONS
Figure 4. 34844 Pin Connections
A functional description of each pin can be found in the Functional Pin Description section beginning on page 13.
Table 2. 34844 Pin Definitions
Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function Formal Name Definition
1VIN Power Input voltage Input supply
2 PGNDB Power Power Ground Power ground
3SWB Input Switch node B Boost switch connection B
4SWA Input Switch node A Boost switch connection A
5 PGNDA Power Power Ground Power ground
6A0/SEN Input Device Select Address select, device select pin or OVP HW control
7EN Input Enable Enable pin (active high, internal pull-up)
8 - 17 I0-I9 Input LED Channel LED string connections
18 FAIL Open Drain Fault detection
Fault detected pin (open drain):
No Failure = low-impedance
Failure = high-impedance
19 ISET Passive Current set LED current setting resistor
20 PIN Input Positive current scale Positive input analog current control
21 NIN Input Negative current scale Negative input analog current control
22 SLOPE Passive Boost Slope Boost slope compensation setting resistor
23 VDC3 Output Internal Regulator 3 Decoupling capacitor for internal phase locked loop power
24 CK Input/Output Clock signal Clock synchronization pin (input for M/~S = low - internal pull-up, output for
M/~S = high)
25 PWM Input External PWM External PWM input (internal pull-down)
VIN
PGNDB
SWB
SWA
PGNDA
A0/SEN
EN
IO
CK
VDC3
SLOPE
NIN
PIN
ISET
FAIL
I9
VOUT
VDC2
M/~S
COMP
VDC1
SCK
SDA
PWM
I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
2532 31 30 29 28 27 26
24
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
16910 1112131415
QFN - EP
5MM X 5MM
32 LEAD
EP GND
EP = Exposed Pad
TRANSPARENT
TOP VIEW
Transparent Top View
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
6Freescale Semiconductor
34844
PIN CONNECTIONS
26 SDA Bidirectional I2C data I2C data line
27 SCK Bidirectional I2C clock I2C clock line
28 VDC1 Output Internal Regulator 1 Decoupling capacitor for internal logic rail
29 COMP Passive Compensation pin Boost converter type compensation pin
30 M/~S Input Master/Slave selector Selects Master mode (1) or Slave mode (0)
31 VDC2 Output Internal Regulator 2 Decoupling capacitor for internal regulator
32 VOUT Input Voltage Output Boost output voltage sense pin
EP GND -Ground Ground reference for all internal circuits other than boost FET
Table 2. 34844 Pin Definitions (continued)
Pin Number Pin Name Pin Function Formal Name Definition
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
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34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MAXIMUM RATINGS
Table 3. Maximum Ratings
All voltages are with respect to ground unless otherwise noted. Exceeding these ratings may cause a malfunction or permanent damage
to the device.
Symbol Ratings Value Unit Notes
ELECTRICAL RATINGS
VMAX
Maximum Pin Voltages
A0/SEN
I0, I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7, I8, I9
EN, VIN
SWA, SWB, VOUT
FAIL, PIN, NIN, ISET, M/~S, CK, PWM
7.0
45
30
65
6.0
V(5)
IMAX Maximum LED Current 85 mA
VESD
ESD Voltage
Human Body Model (HBM)
Machine Model (MM)
+2000
+200
V(2)
THERMAL RATINGS
TAAmbient Temperature Range -40 to 105 °C
TJA Junction to Ambient Temperature 32 °C/W (3)
TJC Junction to Case Temperature 3.5 °C/W (3)
TJMaximum junction temperature 150 °C
TSTO Storage temperature range -40 to 150 °C
TPPRT Peak Package Reflow Temperature During Reflow 260 °C (4)
Power Dissipation
TA = 25 °C
TA = 70 °C
TA = 85 °C
TA = 105 °C
3.9
2.5
2.0
1.4
W
Notes
2. ESD testing is performed in accordance with the Human Body Model (HBM) (AEC-Q100-2), and the Machine Model (MM) (AEC-Q100-003),
RZAP = 0
3. Per JEDEC51 Standard for Multilayer PCB
4. Pin soldering temperature limit is for 10 seconds maximum duration. Not designed for immersion soldering. Exceeding these limits may cause
malfunction or permanent damage to the device.
5. 45 V is the Maximum allowable voltage on all LED channels in off-state.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
8Freescale Semiconductor
34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Table 4. Static and Dynamic Electrical Characteristics
Characteristics noted under conditions VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 42 V, PWM = VDC1, M/~S = VDC1, PIN & NIN = VDC1, -40C TA 105C,
PGND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Unit Notes
SUPPLY
VIN Supply Voltage 7.0 12 28 V(8)
ISHUTDOWN
Supply Current when Shutdown Mode
Manual: PWM = Low, EN = Low, SCK & SDA=Low
SM Bus: EN bit = 0, SCK & SDA=Low, EN pin= Low
I2C: SETI2Cbit=1, CLRI2C=0, EN bit= 0, EN pin = Low
-
-
2.0
17
-
-
A
ISLEEP
Supply Current when Sleep Mode
SM-Bus: EN = low, SCK & SDA = Active, SETI2C bit = 0, EN bit = 0
I2C: EN = High, SETI2C bit = 1, CLRI2C bit = 0, EN bit = 0
-4.0 -mA
IOPERATIONAL
Supply Current when Operational Mode
Manual: EN = High, SCK & SDA =Low, PWM = Low,
SM-Bus: EN = Low, SCK & SDA = Active, EN bit = 1,
PWM = Low I2C: EN = High, SETI2C bit = 1, CLRI2C bit = 0,
EN bit = 1, PWM = Low
-13.0 -mA
UVLO Undervoltage Lockout (VIN Rising) 5.4 6.0 6.4 V
UVLOHYST Undervoltage Hysteresis (VIN Falling) -300 -mV
VDC1
VDC1 Voltage
CVDC1 = 2.2 F2.3 2.5 2.75 V(6)
VDC2
VDC2 Voltage
CVDC2 = 2.2 F5.5 6.0 6.5 V(6)
VDC3
VDC3 Voltage
CVDC3 = 2.2 F2.3 2.5 2.75 V(6)
BOOST
VOUT1
VOUT2
Output Voltage Range
VIN = 7.0 V
VIN = 28 V
8.0
32
-
-
28
60
V(7) (8)
IFET Boost Switch Current Limit 2.3 2.5 2.7 A
tBOOST_TIME Boost Switch Current Limit Timeout -10 -ms
RDS(ON) RDS(ON) of Internal FET (IDRAIN= 1.0 A)( -250 500 m
IBOOST_LEAK
Boost Switch Off-state Leakage Current
VSWA,SWB = 65 V - - 10 mA
VOUTLEAK Feedback pin Off-state Leakage Current (VOUT = 65 V ) -500 700 mA
EFFBOOST Peak Boost Efficiency -90 - % (8)
IOUT/VIN Line Regulation - VIN = 7.0 to 28 V -0.2 -0.2 %/V (8)
IOUT/VLED Load Regulation - VLED = 8.0 to 65 V (all Channels) -0.2 -0.2 %/V (8)
Notes
6. This output is for internal use only and not to be used for other purposes. A 1.0 kresistor between the VDC3 and VDC1 pin is recommended for
<-20 °C operation.
7. Minimum and Maximum output voltages are dependent on Min/Max duty cycle and current limit condition.
8. Guaranteed by design
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
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34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
BOOST (CONTINUED)
VSLOPE Slope compensation voltage ramp - RSLOPE = 68 k-0.49 -V/s
ACSA Current Sense Amplifier Gain -9.0 -
RSENSE Current Sense Resistor -22 - m
GMOTA Transconductance -200 -S
ISS Transconductance Sink and Source Current Capability -100 -A
FAIL PIN
IFAIL_LEAK Off-state Leakage Current - VFAIL = 5.5 V - - 50 A
VOL On-state Voltage Drop - ISINK = 4.0 mA - - 0.4 V
LED CHANNELS
ISINK
Sink Current
ICHx Register = 255, PIN&NIN = Disabled, TA=25 °C
RISET=3.48 k0.1%
78.4 80 81.6 mA
VMIN Regulated minimum voltage across drivers, Pulse Width > 400 ns 625 700 775 mV
IMATCH Current Matching Accuracy -2.0 -2.0 %
VSET
ISET Pin Voltage
RISET=3.48 k0.1% 2.007 2.048 2.069 V
ILEDRES
LED Current Amplitude Resolution
1.0 mA < ILED < 80 mA -1.5 - %
ICH_LEAK Off-state Leakage Current, All channels - (VCH = 45 V) - - 10 A
PIN INPUT
VPIN_DIS Voltage to Disable PIN mode 2.2 - - V
IPIN
PIN Bias Current
PIN = VSET -2.0 -2.0 A
IDIM_PIN
Analog Dimming Current, ICHx Register = 255, RISET=3.48 k 0.1%
PIN = VSET/2
PIN = VSET 36
76
40
80
44
84
mA
NIN INPUT
VNIN_DIS Voltage to Disable NIN mode 2.2 - - V
ININ
NIN Bias Current
NIN = VSET -2.0 -2.0 A
IDIM_NIN
Analog Dimming Current
ICHx Register = 255, RISET=3.48 k 0.1%
NIN = VSET/2
NIN = 0 V
36
76
40
80
44
84
mA
Table 4. Static and Dynamic Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Characteristics noted under conditions VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 42 V, PWM = VDC1, M/~S = VDC1, PIN & NIN = VDC1, -40C TA 105C,
PGND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Unit Notes
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
10 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OVER-TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
OTT
Over-temperature Threshold
Rising
Hysteresis
150
-
165
25
175
-°C
(9)
I2C/SM BUS PHYSICAL LAYER [SCK, SDA]
ADRI2C I2C Address -1110110 -Binary
ADRSMB SM-Bus Address -1110110 -Binary
VILI Input Low Voltage -0.3 -0.8 V
VIHI Input High Voltage 2.1 -5.5 V
VHYSI Input Hysteresis -0.3 - V
VOLI
Output Low Voltage
Sink Current < 4.0 mA - - 0.4 V
IINI Input Current -5.0 -5.0 A
CINI Input Capacitance - - 10 F(9)
LOGIC INPUTS / OUTPUTS (CK, M/~S, PWM, A0/SEN, EN)
VILL Input Low Voltage -0.3 -0.5 V
VIHL Input High Voltage 1.5 -5.5 V
VHYSL Input Hysteresis -0.1 - V
VILL Input Low Voltage (EN) -0.3 -0.5 V
VIHL Input High Voltage (EN) 2.1 -28 V
VOLL
Output Low Voltage (CK)
ISINK < 2.0 mA - - 0.45 V
VOHL
Output High Voltage (CK)
ISOURCE < 2.0 mA 2.2 -5.5 V
IIIL Input Current -5.0 -5.0 A
CINI Input Capacitance - - 5.0 F(9)
OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION
Over-voltage Clamp - OVP Register Table:
OVPFH OVP = Fh (Default) 60.5 62.5 64.5 V
OVPEH OVP = Eh 56.5 58 60 V
OVPDH OVP = Dh 53 54 56 V
OVPCH OVP = Ch 49 51 52.5 V
OVPBH OVP = Bh 45 47 48.5 V
OVPAH OVP = Ah 41 43 44.5 V
OVP9H OVP = 9h 38 39 40.5 V
OVP8H OVP = 8h 34 36 37.5 V
OVP7H OVP = 7h 30.5 32 33.5 V
Notes
9. Guaranteed by design
Table 4. Static and Dynamic Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Characteristics noted under conditions VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 42 V, PWM = VDC1, M/~S = VDC1, PIN & NIN = VDC1, -40C TA 105C,
PGND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Unit Notes
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
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34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OVER-VOLTAGE PROTECTION (CONTINUED)
Over-voltage Clamp - OVP Register Table:
OVP6H OVP = 6h 26 28 30 V
OVP5H OVP = 5h 23 24 25 V
OVPHW
Over-voltage threshold,
Set by Hardware, Voltage at A0/SEN 6.15 6.5 6.85 V
ISINK_OVP A0/SEN Sink Current, TA=25°C 70 100 130 A
BOOST
fSW0 Switching Frequency (BST [1:0]=0) 0.14 0.16 0.18 MHz
fSW1 Switching Frequency (BST [1:0]=1) (Default) 0.29 0.32 0.35 MHz
fSW2 Switching Frequency (BST [1:0]=2) 0.59 0.65 0.72 MHz
fSW3 Switching Frequency (BST [1:0]=3) 1.17 1.30 1.42 MHz
fSW Boost Switching Frequency 0.29 0.32 0.35 MHz
DMIN Minimum Duty Cycle -10 15 %
DMAX Maximum Duty Cycle 80 85 - %
tSS Soft Start Period -6.5 -ms
tTR Boost Switch Rise Time -15 -ns (10)
tFBoost Switch Fall Time -25 -ns (10)
PWM GENERATOR
fPWMS
PWM Frequency Range
M/~S = Low (Slave Mode) 110 -27000 Hz (10)
fPWMM
PWM Frequency, M/~S = High (Master Mode)
FPWM Register = 768
FPWM Register = 192,000
25000
103
27000
110
29000
112
Hz
tfPWM PWM dimming resolution -0.39 - %
PWM PIN (DIRECT PWM CONTROL)
tPWM_IN Input PWM Pin Minimum Pulse 150 - - ns (10)
fPWM Input PWM Frequency Range 110 -27000 Hz
PHASE LOCK LOOP
fCKSCK Slave Mode Frequency Lock Range, M/~S = Low (Slave Mode) 110 -27000 Hz (11)
fCKS_JITTER CK Slave Mode Input Jitter, M/~S = Low (Slave Mode) - - 0.1 %(10)
TS_ACQ
Slave Mode Acquisition Time, M/~S = Low (Slave Mode)
FPWMS=27 kHz
FPWMS=110 Hz
-
-
50
2000
-
-
ms
fCKMASTER
CK Frequency (Master Mode)
FPWM Register = 768
FPWM Register = 192,000
25000
103
27000
110
29000
112
Hz
Notes
10. Guaranteed by design
11. Special considerations should be made for frequencies between 110 Hz to 1.0 KHz. Please refer to Functional Device Operation for further details.
Table 4. Static and Dynamic Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Characteristics noted under conditions VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 42 V, PWM = VDC1, M/~S = VDC1, PIN & NIN = VDC1, -40C TA 105C,
PGND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Unit Notes
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
12 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
STATIC AND DYNAMIC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
I2C/SM BUS PHYSICAL LAYER [SCK, SDA]
fSCK Interface Frequency Range 400 kHz
tRST SM Bus Power-on-Reset Time -100 -ms
tSHUTDOWN SM Bus Shut down mode Timeout -30 -ms
tF
Output fall time
10 F < CL < 400 F40 -160 ns (12)
tR
Output rise time
10 F<CL<400 F20 -80 ns (12)
LOGIC OUTPUT (CK)
tR/tF
Output Rise and Fall time
CL<100 F-25 -ns
LED CHANNELS
tR/tFChannels Rise and Fall Time -23 50 ns (12)
Notes
12. Guaranteed by design
Table 4. Static and Dynamic Electrical Characteristics (continued)
Characteristics noted under conditions VIN = 12 V, VOUT = 42 V, PWM = VDC1, M/~S = VDC1, PIN & NIN = VDC1, -40C TA 105C,
PGND = 0 V, unless otherwise noted.
Symbol Characteristic Min Typ Max Unit Notes
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 13
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
LED backlighting is very popular for small and medium LCDs, due to some advantages over other backlighting schemes, such as the
widely used cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL). The advantages of LED backlighting are low cost, long life, immunity to vibration, low
operational voltage, and precise control over its intensity. However, there is an important drawback of this method. It requires more power
than most of the other methods, and this is a major problem if the LCD size is large enough.
To address the power consumption problem, solid state optoelectronics technologies are evolving to create brighter LEDs with lower
power consumption. These new technologies together with highly efficient power management LED drivers are turning LEDs, a more
suitable solution for backlighting of almost any size of LCD panel, with really conservative power consumption.
One of the most common schemes for backlighting with LED is the one known as “Array backlighting”. This creates a matrix of LEDs
all over the LCD surface, using defraction and diffused layers to produce an homogenous and even light at the LCD surface. Each row or
column is formed by a number of LEDs in series, forcing a single current to flow through all LEDs in each string.
Using a current control driver, per row or column, helps the system to maintain a constant current flowing through each line, keeping a
steady amount of light even with the presence of line or load variations. They can also be use as a light intensity control by increasing or
decreasing the amount of current flowing through each LED string.
To achieve enough voltage to drive a number of LEDs in series, a boost converter is implemented to produce a higher voltage from a
smaller one, which is typically used by the logical blocks to do their function. The 34844 implements a single channel boost converter
together with 10 input channels, for driving up to 16 LEDs per string to create a matrix of more than 160 LEDs. Together with its 90%
efficiency and I2C programmable or external current control, among other features, makes the 34844 a perfect solution for backlighting
small and medium size LCD panels, on low power portable and high definition devices.
FUNCTIONAL PIN DESCRIPTION
INPUT VOLTAGE SUPPLY (VIN)
IC Power input supply voltage, is used internally to produce internal voltage regulation (VDC1, VDC3) for logic functioning, and also as
an input voltage for the boost regulator.
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR 1 (VDC1)
This pin is for internal use only, and not to be used for other purposes. A capacitor of 2.2 F should be connected between this pin and
ground for decoupling purposes.
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR 2 (VDC2)
This pin is for internal use only, and not to be used for other purposes. A capacitor of 2.2 F should be connected between this pin and
ground for decoupling purposes.
INTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR 3 (VDC3)
This pin is for internal use only, and not to be used for other purposes. A capacitor of 2.2 F should be connected between this pin and
ground for decoupling purposes. A 1.0 kresistor between the VDC3 and VDC1 pin is recommended for <-20 °C operation.
BOOST COMPENSATION PIN (COMP)
Passive terminal used to compensate the boost converter. Add a capacitor and a resistor in series to GND to stabilize the system.
IC ENABLE (EN)
The active high enable terminal is internally pulled high through pull-up resistors. Applying 0V to this terminal would stop the IC from
working.
INPUT/OUTPUT CLOCK SIGNAL (CK)
This terminal can be used as an output clock signal (master mode), or input clock signal (slave mode), to synchronize more than one
device.
MASTER/SLAVE MODE SELECTION (M/~S)
Setting this pin high puts the device into Master mode, producing an output synchronization clock at the CK terminal. Setting this pin
low, puts the device in Slave mode, using the CK pin as an input clock.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
14 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL PIN DESCRIPTION
EXTERNAL PWM INPUT (PWM)
This terminal is internally pulled down. An external PWM signal can be applied to modulate the LED channel directly in absence of an
I2C interface.
CLOCK I2C SIGNAL (SCK)
Clock line for I2C communication.
ADDRESS I2C SIGNAL (SDA)
Address line for I2C communication.
A0/SEN
Address select, device select pin, or hardware overvoltage protection (OVP) control.
CURRENT SET (ISET)
Each LED string can drive up to 50 mA. The maximum current can be set by using a resistor from this pin to GND.
POSITIVE CURRENT SCALING (PIN)
Positive current scaling factor for the external analog current control. Applying 0 V to this pin, scales the current to near 0%, and in the
same way, applying VSET (2.048 V Typ.), the scale factor is 100%. By applying a voltage higher than 2.2 V, the scaling factor is disabled,
and the internal pull-ups are activated.
If PIN pin and NIN pin are used at the same time then by applying 0 V to the PIN pin and VSET to NIN pin, scales the current to near
0%, and in the same way, applying VSET to the PIN pin and 0 V to NIN pin, scales the current to 100%. By applying a voltage higher than
2.2 V, the scaling factor is disabled and the internal pull-ups are activated in both pins.
NEGATIVE CURRENT SCALING (NIN)
Negative current scaling factor for the external analog current control. Setting 0 V to this pin scales the current to 100%, in the same
way, setting VSET (2.048 V Typ.) the scale factor is near 0%. By applying a voltage higher than 2.2 V, the scaling factor is disabled and
the internal pull-ups are activated.
If the PIN and NIN pin are used at the same time, then by applying 0 V to the PIN pin and VSET to NIN pin, it scales the current to near
0%, and in the same way, applying VSET to the PIN pin and 0 V to NIN pin, scales the current to 100%. By applying a voltage higher than
2.2 V, the scaling factor is disabled and the internal pull-ups are activated in both pins.
GROUND (GND)
Ground Reference for all internal circuits other than the Boost FET. The Exposed Pad (EP) should be used for thermal heat dissipation.
I0-I9
Current LED driver, each line has the capability of driving up to 50 mA.
FAULT DETECTION PIN (FAIL)
When a fault situation is detected, this pin goes into high-impedance.
BOOST SLOPE COMPENSATION SETTING RESISTOR (SLOPE)
The resistor to be used for the SLOPE depends on the Input and Output voltage difference as well as the inductor value. Use the formula
shown in the Components Calculation section to calculate the value accordingly.
POWER GROUND TERMINALS (PGNDA, PGNDB)
Ground terminal for the internal Boost FET.
OUTPUT VOLTAGE SENSE TERMINAL (VOUT)
Input terminal to monitor the output voltage. It supplies the input voltage for the internal regulator 2 (VDC2).
SWITCHING NODE TERMINALS (SWA, SWB)
Switching node of boost converter.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 15
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
Figure 5. Functional Internal Block Diagram
REGULATORS
The 34844 is designed to operate from input voltages in the 7.0 to 28 V range. This is stepped down internally by LDOs to 2.5 V (VDC1
and VDC3) and 6 V (VDC3) for powering internal circuitry. If the input voltage falls below the UVLO threshold, the device automatically
enters in shutdown mode.
Power UP Sequence:
The power up sequence for applying VIN, with respect to the ENABLE and PWM signals is very important to assure a good performance
of the part.
It is recommended to follow this sequence:
1. Apply VIN first
2. Wait for a couple of milliseconds (~2.0 ms) to let the logic and internal regulators get settled
3. Take the EN pin high, or keep it low depending on the operating mode
4. Apply the PWM signal
Operating Modes:
The device can be operated by the EN pin and/or SDA/SCK bus lines, resulting in three distinct operation modes:
• Manual mode, there is no I2C capability, the bus line pins must be tied low, and the EN pin controls the ON/OFF operation. To shutdown
the part in Manual mode, first the PWM pin should be taken low followed by the EN pin. The part will not shutdown unless VOUT
collapses to a voltage below 30 V.
• SM Bus mode, EN pin must be tied low and the device is turned ON by any activity on the bus lines. The part shuts down if the bus
lines are held low for more than 30 ms, the 30 ms watchdog timer can be disabled by I2C (setting SETI2C bit high) or tying the EN pin
high. In Sleep mode (EN bit=0) the device reduces the power consumption by leaving “alive” only the blocks required for I2C
communication.To shutdown the part in SM Bus mode, the EN bit should first be a '0', then the SCK and SDA should be taken low.
MC34844 - Functional Block Diagram
Regulator / Power down Protection / Failure Detection
LED Channels
LED Channels
Logic Control
Regulators / Power Down
Three Internal Regulators
Protection / Failure Detection
Logic Control
Serial Interface Control
Boost
Boost
Optical and Temperature Control
PWM Dimming
Overtemperature Protection
LED Open Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Undervoltage Protection
Overvoltage Protection
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
16 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
•I
2C mode, has to be configured by I2C communication (SETI2C bit = 1) right after the IC is turned ON, it prevents the part from being
turned ON/OFF by the bus. Sleep mode is also present and it is intended to save power, but still keep the IC prepared to communicate
by I2C. By taking the EN bit low and then the EN pin low, the part enters into a shutdown mode.
BOOST
The integrated boost converter operates in non-synchronous mode and integrates a 2.5 A FET. An integrated sense circuit is used to
sense the voltage at the LED current mirror inputs and automatically sets the boost output voltage (DHC) to the minimum voltage needed
to keep all LEDs biased with the required current. The DHC is designed to operate for pulse widths > 400 ns in the LED drivers.
If the pulse widths are shorter than specified, the DHC circuit will not operate and the voltage across the LED drivers increase to a value
given by the OVP minus the total LED voltage in the LED string. Therefore it is imperative to select the proper OVP level to minimize power
dissipation.
The user can program the boost frequency by I2C (BST[1:0]) only after the IC is powered up and before the boost circuit is turned ON
for the first time (PWM pin low to high). This sequence avoids boost frequency to be changed inadvertently during operation. The first I2C
command has to wait for 5.0 ms after the part is turned ON, to allow sufficient time for the device power up sequence to be completed.
Please follow this sequence to change the Boost frequency thru I2C:
1. Take PWM pin low
2. Disable the part by software (EN bit = low)
3. Write the new Boost frequency data (BST[1:0])
4. Enable the part by software (EN bit = high)
5. Reconfigure all registers
6. Take PWM pin High
The boost controller has an integral track and hold amplifier with indefinite hold time capability, to enable immediate LED on cycles after
extended off times. During extended off times, the external LEDs cool down from their normal quiescent operating temperature and
thereby experience a forward voltage change, typically an increase in the forward voltage. This change can be significant for applications
with a large number of series LEDs in a string operating at high current. If the boost controller did not track this increased change, the
potential on the LED drivers would saturate for a few cycles once the LED channels are re-enabled.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE OVP:
The OVP value should be set to a higher value than the maximum LED voltage over the whole temperature range. A good practice is
to set it 5.0 V or so above the max LED voltage.
The OVP can be set from 11 to 62 V, ~4.0 V spaced, using the I2C interface (OVP Register). If the I2C capability is not present, the
OVP can be controlled either by a resistor divider connected from VOUT to GND, with its mid point tied to the A0/SEN pin, or by a zener
diode from VOUT to the A0/SEN pin (threshold = 6.5 V). During an OVP condition, the output voltage goes to the OVP level, which is
programmed via the I2C interface or settled by a resistor divider on A0/SEN pin, or by a zener diode. The formulas to calculate the
hardware OVP using any of the two methods are as follows:
Table 5. Operation Current Consumption Modes
MODE EN Pin SCK/SDA Pins I2C Bit Command Current Consumption Mode Comments
Manual Low Low N/A Shutdown PWM pin = Low
High Low N/A Operational
SM Bus
Low Low (> 27 ms) EN bit = 0 Shutdown
Low Active EN bit = 0 Sleep
Low Active EN bit = 1 Operational
I2C
Low X
SETI2C bit = 1
I2C Low Power (Shutdown) Part Doesn’t
Wake-up
CLRI2C bit = 0
EN bit = 0
High X
SETI2C bit = 1
SleepCLRI2C bit = 0
EN bit = 0
High X
SETI2C bit = 1
OperationalCLRI2C bit = 0
EN bit = 1
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 17
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION (OCP)
The boost converter also features internal overcurrent protection (OCP) and has a user programmable overvoltage protection (OVP).
The OCP operates on a cycle by cycle basis. However, if the OCP condition remains for more than 10 ms then the device turns off the
LED Drivers, the Boost goes to Sleep mode and the output FAULT pin goes into high-impedance. The device can only be restarted by
recycling the enable or creating a Power On Reset (POR).
CURRENT MIRROR
The programmable current mirror matches the current in 10 LED strings to within 2%. The maximum current is set using a resistor to
GND from the ISET pin. This can be scaled down using the I2C interface to 255 levels.
Zero current is achieved by turning off the LED Driver by I2C (registers CHENx = 0h) for a duty cycle from 0% to 99%, or by pulling
PWM pin low regardless of the duty cycle.
I2C capability allows the channels to be controlled individually or in parallel.
Current on LED Channel (PIN and NIN mode disabled) Eqn. 1
Default ICH[RegisterValue]=255
In the off state, the LEDs current is set to 0 and the boost converter stops switching.
This feature allows driving more than 80 mA of current by connecting the LED string to two or more LED channels in parallel. For
example; if the application requires to drive a channels at 160 mA, then the bottom of each LED string should be connected to two
channels to duplicate the current capability (Example: CH0+CH1 = 160 mA).
PWM GENERATOR
The PWM generator can operate in either master or slave modes, as set by the M/~S pin.
In master mode, the internal PWM generator frequency is programmed through the I2C interface (registers FPWM). The default
programmed value set the number of 27 kHz clocks (40 s) in one PWM cycle. The 18-bit resolution allows minimum PWM frequencies
of 110 Hz to be programmed. The resulting frequency is output on the CK pin.
PWM Frequency Eqn. 2
In slave mode, the CK pin acts as an input. The internal digital PLL uses this frequency as the PWM frequency. By setting one device
as master, and connecting the CK output to the input on a number of slave configured devices, all PWM frequencies are synchronized.
The duty cycle of the PWM waveform in both master and slave modes is set using a second register on the I2C interface (register
DPWM), and can be controlled from 100% duty cycle to 1/256 tPWM = 0.39%. Zero percent of duty cycle is achieved by turning LED drivers
off (register CHENx = 0h) or pulling PWM pin low.
An external PWM can also be used. The PWM input is 'AND'ed with the internal signal. By setting the serial interface to 100% duty
cycle (default), the external pin has full control of the PWM duty cycle. This pin can also be used to modulate the LED at a lower frequency
than the PWM dimming frequency (DHC Minimum pulse width = 400 ns).
VOUT
Method 1 Method 2
A0/SEN
A0/SEN
OVP = VZENER2 + 6.5 V
OVP = 6.5 V [(RUPPER / RLOWER) + 1] + (100E-6 x RUPPER)
RUPPER
RLOWER
VZENER2
VOUT
ISINK A VSET V 136
RISET
------------------------------------------ ICH RegisterValue
255
-----------------------------------------------------------
=
FPWM Hz 20.736Mhz
FPWM RegisterValue
--------------------------------------------------------------------=
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
18 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
POWER OFF AND POWER ON LED CHANNELS
The 34844 allows the user to Power OFF and Power ON any channel independently thru I2C/SM-BUS mode.
The POWER ON function reconnects the LED driver and the feedback circuit to the channel to allow functionality to that channel again.
On an opposite way when the channel is POWER OFF, the LED driver and feedback circuit are disconnected to the channels.
This function is very useful for applications where one or more channel has to be shutdown to avoid the output voltages goes to OVP
during the start up of the part.
The sequence to make these functions work is the following:
To POWER ON LED channels:
1. Take PWM pin low
2. Set POWER ON bit high (MSB of Register 09)
3. Set high all Channels that should be power on by writing “1” on CHENx bits (Registers 08 & 09)
4. Clear POWER ON bit
5. Take PWM pin high
To POWER OFF LED channels:
1. Take PWM pin low
2. Set POWER OFF bit high (MSB of Register 08)
3. Clear all Channels that should be power off by writing “0” on CHENx bits (Registers 08 & 09)
4. Clear POWER OFF bit
5. Take PWM pin high
POWER ON bit and POWER OFF bits shouldn’t be set at the same time to avoid damage to the part.
POWER ON/OFF channels should be reconfigured every time the part recovered from a POR or shutdown condition. This also applies
if the part is reenabled by software.
If the part is reenabled by software, it is recommended to take PWM pin low, reenable the part, then follow the corresponding sequence
shown above.
DISABLING LED CHANNELS
The 34844 allows the user to enable and disable each of the 10 channels separately by writing the corresponding CHENx bit on
Registers 08 and 09 thru I2C.
Since the enable and disable functions reconnects the feedback circuit of the LED drivers, this shouldn’t be used on any channel that
shuts down, because an open LED channel condition or because is was previously POWER OFF. This could cause instability issues,
since the voltage on this open LED driver is not substantially above the DHC regulation voltage (0.75 V typ) and may interfere with the
operation of the dynamic headroom control (DHC), leading to erratic output voltage regulation
FAIL PIN
If an LED fails to open in any of the LED strings, the voltage in that particular LED channel is close to ground and the LED open failure
is detected. When this happens, a failure is registered, the FAIL pin is set to its high-impedance stage, and the channel is shutdown.
The FAIL pin cannot be cleared for Manual mode unless a complete power on reset is applied.
However for I2C/SMBUS mode, the FAIL pin can be cleared by cycling the clear fail bit (CLRFAIL bit = 0 - 1 - 0). This allows the user
to waive any known failure and set the device to able to detect any other failure during operation.
If the fail pin cannot be cleared by software, it indicates the failure is because of an overcurrent in the Boost. Since this is a critical
failure, the only way to clear it is by releasing the part from the overcurrent condition and shutting down the part (Refer to Table 5)
If I2C communication is not present, the FAIL condition should be reset by removing the failure and re-enabling the device thru the EN
pin.
OPTICAL AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL LOOP
The 34844 supports both optical and temperature loop control.
The LED brightness can be adjusted for temperature loop control, depending on the temperature of the LEDs.
For optical loop control, the 34844 supports both optical closed loop backlight control, where the brightness of the backlight is
maintained at a required level by adjusting the light output until the desired level is achieved, or with ambient light control, where the
backlight brightness increases as ambient light increases.
Both temperature and optical loops are supported through the PIN and NIN pins. Each pin supports a 0 V to VSET (2.048 V typ.) input
range which affects the current through the LEDs. The PIN pin increases current as the voltage rises from 0 to VSET. The NIN pin reduces
current as the voltage rises from 0 - VSET.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 19
34844
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONAL INTERNAL BLOCK DESCRIPTION
A 6.98 kresistor or higher value must be used at the ISET pin if the part is configured to use PIN+NIN control loop functionality. The
80 mA maximum current is achieved at the higher allowed level of PIN/NIN pins, ensuring the maximum current of the LED Drivers are
not exceeded.
The optical and temperature control loop can be disabled by the I2C setting bits (PINEN & NINEN), or by tying PIN and NIN pins high
(>2.2 V). The LED Driver maximum current is set to 80 mA by using a 3.48 k resistor at the ISET pin.
Current on LED Channel (PIN mode) Eqn. 3
Current on LED Channel (NIN mode) Eqn. 4
Current on LED Channel (PIN+NIN mode) Eqn. 5
VPIN and VNIN is the voltage applied on PIN and NIN pins correspondingly.
For ISINK formula, refer to Equation 1.
LED FAILURE PROTECTION
Open LED Protection
If an LED fails open in any of the LED strings, the voltage on that channel is pulled close to zero, which causes the channel to be
disabled. As a result, the boost output voltage goes to the OVP level and comes down to the regulation level, to continue powering the
rest of the LED strings.
Short LED Protection
If an LED is shorted in any of the LED strings, the device continues to operate without interruption. However, if the shorted LED happens
to be in the LED string with the highest forward voltage, the DHC circuit automatically regulates the output voltage with respect to the new
highest LED voltage. If more LEDs are shorted in the same LED string, it may cause excessive power dissipation in the channel, which
may cause the OTT circuit to trip completely shutting down the device.
OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
The 34844 has an on-chip temperature sensor measuring die temperature. If the IC temperature exceeds the OTT threshold, the IC
turns off all power sources inside the IC (LED drivers, boost and internal regulators) until the temperature falls below the falling OTT
threshold. Once the chip is back on, it operates with the default configuration (refer to Table 7).
SERIAL INTERFACE CONTROL
The 34844 uses an I2C interface capable of operating in standard (100 kHz) or fast (400 kHz) modes. The A0/SEN pin can be used as
an address select pin to allow more than two devices in the system. The A0/SEN pin should be held low on all chips except the one to be
addressed, where it is taken HIGH.
IDIM A ISINK A VPIN V
2
------------------------
=
IDIM A ISINK A VSET VNIN–V
2
----------------------------------------------------
=
IDIM A ISINK A VSET VPIN VNIN–+V
2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
20 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
FUNCTIONAL DEVICE OPERATION
OPERATIONAL MODES
FUNCTIONAL DEVICE OPERATION
OPERATIONAL MODES
NORMAL MODE
In normal operation, the 34844 is programed via I2C to drive up to 50 mA of current through each one of the LED channels. The 34844
can be configured in master or slave mode as set by the M/~S pin.
In Master mode, the internal PWM generator frequency is programmed through the I2C interface. The programmed value sets the
number of 27 kHz clocks (37s) in one PWM cycle. The 18-bit resolution allows minimum PWM frequencies of 110 Hz to be programmed.
The resulting frequency is output on the CK pin.
In slave mode, the CK pin acts as an input. The internal digital PLL uses this frequency as the PWM frequency.
By setting one device as a master, and connecting the CK output to the input on a number of slave configured devices, all PWM
frequencies are synchronized together. For this application A0/SEN pin indicates which device is enabled for I2C control.
In Slave mode, an internal phase lock loop locks the internal PWM generator period to the period of the signal present at the CK pin.
The PLL can lock to any frequency from 110 Hz to 27 KHz, provided the jitter is below 1000 ppm. At frequencies above 1.0 KHz, the PLL
maintains the lock regardless of the transient power conditions imposed by the user (i.e. going from 0% duty cycle to 100% at 20 W LED
display power). Below 1.0 kHz, thermal time constants on the die are such that the PLL may momentarily lose lock if the die temperature
changes substantially during a large load power step. As explained further, this anomaly can be avoided by controlling the rate of change
in PWM duty cycle.
To better understand this issue, consider the on chip PLL uses a VCO which is subject to thermal drift on the order of 1000 ppm/C.
Furthermore, the thermal time constant of the chip is on the order of single digit milliseconds. Therefore, if a large power load step is
imposed by the user (i.e. going from 0% duty cycle to 100% duty cycle with a load power of 20 W), the die experiences a large temperature
wave gradient propagating across the chip surface, and thereby affects the instantaneous frequency of the VCO. As long as such changes
are within the bandwidth of the PLL, the PLL is able to track and maintain lock. Exceeding this rate of change may cause the PLL to lose
lock and the backlight is momentarily blanked until lock is reacquired.
At 110 Hz lock, the PLL has a bandwidth of approximately 10 Hz. This means that temperature changes on the order of 100 ms are
tolerable without losing lock. Full load power changes on the order of 10 ms (i.e. 110 Hz PWM) are not tracked out and the PLL can
momentarily lose lock. If this happens, as stated previously, the LED drivers are momentarily disabled until lock is reacquired. This is
manifested as a perceivable short flash on the backlight immediately after the load change.
To avoid this problem, one can simply limit large instantaneous changes in die temperature by invoking only small power steps when
raising or lowering the display power at low PWM frequencies. For example, to maintain lock while transitioning from 0% to 100% duty
cycle at 20 W load power and a PWM frequency of 110 Hz would entail stepping the power at a rate not to exceed 1% per 10 ms. If a load
of less than 20 W is used, the rate of rise can be increased. As the locked PWM frequency increases (i.e. use 600 Hz instead of 110 Hz),
the step rate can be further increased to approximately 4% per 2.0 ms. The exact step rate to avoid loss of PLL lock is a function of
essentially three things: (a) the composite thermal resistance of the user's PCB assembly, (b) the load power, and (c) the PWM frequency.
For all cases below 1.0 KHz, simply using a rate of 1% duty cycle change per PWM period is adequate. If this is too slow, the value can
be optimized experimentally once the hardware design is complete. At PWM rates above 1.0 KHz, it is not necessary to control the rate
of change in PWM duty cycle.
It is important to point out when operating in the master mode, one does not need to concern themselves with loss of lock since the
reference clock and the VCO clock are collocated on the die, and therefore experience the same thermal shift. Hence in master mode,
once lock is initially acquired, it is not lost and no blanking of the display occurs.
The duty cycle of the PWM in both master and slave mode is set using a second register on the I2C interface. An external PWM signal
can also be applied in the PWM pin. This pin is AND’ed with the internal signal, giving the ability to control the duty cycle either via I2C or
externally by setting any of the 2 signals to 100% duty cycle.
MANUAL MODE
The 34844 can also be used in Manual mode without using the I2C interface. By setting the pin M/~S High, the LED dimming is
controlled by the external PWM signal. The overvoltage protection limit can be settled by a resistor divider or a zener diode on A0/SEN pin.
During manual mode, all internal Registers are in Default Configuration. Refer to Table 7. Under this configuration, the PIN and NIN
pins are enabled to scale the current capability per string and may be disable by setting 2.2 V in the corresponding terminal.
In this mode, the device can also be enabled as follows:
• EN pin + PWM signal (Two Signals):
In this configuration, the PWM signal applied to PWM pin is in charge of controlling the LED dimming and a second signal enables or
disables the chip through the EN pin.
• PWM Signal tied to SDA pin (Just ONE signal):
In this configuration, the PWM pin should be tied to the SDA pin. The PWM signal applied to PWM pin is in charge of controlling LED
dimming and enabling the device every time the PWM is active. For this configuration the EN pin should be LOW.
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 21
34844
FUNCTIONAL DEVICE OPERATION
I2C BUS SPECIFICATION
I2C BUS SPECIFICATION
The 34844 is a unidirectional device that can only be written by an external control unit. Since the device is a 7 bit address device
(1110110), the control unit needs to follow a specific data transfer format which is shown in Table 6.
Figure 6. A Complete Data Transfer
For a complete data transfer, use this format in the following order:
1. START condition
2. 34844 device address and Write instruction (R/W = 0)
3. First data pack, it corresponds to the 34844 register needing to be written. (refer to Table 6)
4. Second data pack, it corresponds to the value which should be written to that register. (refer to Table 6)
5. STOP condition
I2C variables description:
• START: this condition occurs when SDA changes from HIGH to LOW while SCK is HIGH.
• ACKNOWLEDGE: The acknowledge clock pulse is generated by the Master (Control Unit).
• The transmitter releases the SDA line (HIGH) during the acknowledge clock pulse.The receiver (34844) must pull down the SDA line
during this acknowledge pulse to indicate that the data was correctly written.
• Bits in the first byte: The first seven bits of the first bite make up the slave address. The eighth bit is the LSB (least significant bit), which
determines the direction of the message (Write = 0)
For the 34844 device, when an address is sent, each of the devices in a system compares the first seven bits after the START condition
with its address. If they match, the device considers itself addressed by the control unit as a slave-receiver.
• STOP: this condition occurs when SDA changes from LOW to HIGH while SCK is HIGH
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
22 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
FUNCTIONAL DEVICE OPERATION
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
All registers and POWER ON/OFF channels should be reconfigured every time the part gets recovered from a POR or shutdown
condition.
The configuration sequence every time the part is power up should be as follows:
1. Take the PWM pin low
2. Power up the part
3. Configure all registers
4. Take the PWM pin High
For configuring the part once in operation it is recommended to follow this sequence:
1. Take the PWM pin low
2. Configure the registers
3. Take the PWM pin High
Special considerations should be taken for re-configuring POWER ON/OFF functions, please refer to the POWER OFF and POWER
ON LED CHANNELS section.
Table 6. Write Registers
reg / db D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
00 OVP3 OVP2 OVP1 OVP0 NINEN PINEN EN
01 CLRI2C SETI2C
04 FPWM5 FPWM4 FPWM3 FPWM2 FPWM1 FPWM0
05 FPWM11 FPWM10 FPWM9 FPWM8 FPWM7 FPWM6
06 FPWM17 FPWM16 FPWM15 FPWM14 FPWM13 FPWM12
07 DPWM7 DPWM6 DPWM5 DPWM4 DPWM3 DPWM2 DPWM1 DPWM0
08 PWR_OFF CHEN4 CHEN3 CHEN2 CHEN1 CHEN0
09 PWR_ON CLRFAIL ALL_OFF CHEN9 CHEN8 CHEN7 CHEN6 CHEN5
14 BST1 BST0
F0 ICH0_7 ICH0_6 ICH0_5 ICH0_4 ICH0_3 ICH0_2 ICH0_1 ICH0_0
F1 ICH1_7 ICH1_6 ICH1_5 ICH1_4 ICH1_3 ICH1_2 ICH1_1 ICH1_0
F2 ICH2_7 ICH2_6 ICH2_5 ICH2_4 ICH2_3 ICH2_2 ICH2_1 ICH2_0
F3 ICH3_7 ICH3_6 ICH3_5 ICH3_4 ICHG_3 ICH3_2 ICH3_1 ICH3_0
F4 ICH4_7 ICH4_6 ICH4_5 ICH4_4 ICH4_3 ICH4_2 ICH4_1 ICH4_0
F5 ICH5_7 ICH5_6 ICH5_5 ICH5_4 ICH5_3 ICH5_2 ICH5_1 ICH5_0
F6 ICH6_7 ICH6_6 ICH6_5 ICH6_4 ICH6_3 ICH6_2 ICH6_1 ICH6_0
F7 ICH7_7 ICH7_6 ICH7_5 ICH7_4 ICH7_3 ICH7_2 ICH7_1 ICH7_0
F8 ICH8_7 ICH8_6 ICH8_5 ICH8_4 ICH8_3 ICH8_2 ICH8_1 ICH8_0
F9 ICH9_7 ICH9_6 ICH9_5 ICH9_4 ICH9_3 ICH9_2 ICH9_1 ICH9_0
FA ICHG_7 ICHG_6 ICHG_5 ICHG_4 ICHG_3 ICHG_2 ICHG_1 ICHG_0
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 23
34844
FUNCTIONAL DEVICE OPERATION
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
Table 7. Register Description
Register Name Default Value (Hex) Description
EN 1Chip Enable by software.
PINEN 1PIN pin enable (0 = OFF, 1 = ON)
NINEN 1NIN pin enable (0 = OFF, 1 = ON)
OVP[3:0] FOVP voltage
SETI2C 0SET I2C communication (Disable SM Bus mode)
CLRI2C 0Clear set I2C
FPWM[17:0] 300 PWM Frequency
DPWM[7:0] FF PWM Duty Cycle (FFh = 100%)
CHEN[9:0] 3FF Channel Enable (0 = OFF, 1 = ON)
ALL_OFF 0All 10 channels OFF at the same. To reactivate channels this bit should be clear.
CLRFAIL 0Clear fail if channels are re-enable.
PWR_OFF 0POWER OFF LED channels (0 = disable, 1 = enable)
PWR_ON 0POWER ON LED channels (0 = disable, 1 = enable)
BST[1:0] 2Boost Frequency (160, 320, 650, 1300 kHz) [0h = 160 Hz]
ICH#[7:0] FF Channel Current Program (FFh = Maximum Current)
ICHG[7:0] FF Global Current Program
Table 8. Overvoltage Protection
Register (hex) OVP Value (vOLTS)
211
315
419
523
627
731
835
939
A43
B47
C51
D55
E59
F62
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
24 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
Figure 7. Manual Mode (Single Wire Control)
Conditions: VIN = 24 V, VOUT = 47 V, Load = 16S10P, ILED = 60 mA, OVP = 53V, fSW = 300 kHz
Figure 8. Manual Mode (Two Wire Control)
Conditions: VIN = 24 V, VOUT = 47 V, Load = 16S10P, ILED = 60 mA, OVP = 53V, fSW = 300 kHz
VIN = 24V
0
0
0
VOUT
0
0
0
0
VDC1
VDC1
VCC
0
VOUT
Master CK
LED MATRIX (16S10P)
MANUAL MODE (Single Wire Control)
Output
OVP = 55V
5.6K5.6K
+
47uF
+
47uF
2.2uF2.2uF
3.3K3.3K
20K20K
309K309K
5.1K5.1K
+
13.8uF
+
13.8uF
150K150K
1.8nF1.8nF
U1
34844
U1
34844
VIN
1
VDC1
28
COMP
29
EN
7CK
24
M/~S
30
PWM
25
SCK
27
SDA
26
A0/SEN
6
ISET
19
PIN
20
NIN
21
SWA 4
SWB 3
VOUT 32
PGNDA 5
PGNDB 2
VDC2
31
FAIL 18
I0 8
I1 9
I2 10
I3 11
I4 12
I5 13
I6 14
I7 15
I8 16
I9 17
VDC3
23
SLOPE
22
GND 33
56pF56pF
CLKCLK
D1D1
2 1
2.2uF2.2uF
22uH22uH
1 2
2.2uF2.2uF
1.0K
VIN = 24V
0
0
0
0
VCC
VOUT
VOUT
0
VDC1
VDC1
0
0
0
Master CK
Output
LED MATRIX (16S10P)
OVP = 55V
MANUAL MODE (Two Wire Control)
Unit
Control
EN
PWM
2.2uF2.2uF
D5D5
2 1
22uH22uH
1 2
1.8nF1.8nF
2.2uF2.2uF
3.3K3.3K
150K150K
+
13.8uF
+
13.8uF
U2
34844
U2
34844
VIN
1
VDC1
28
COMP
29
EN
7CK
24
M/~S
30
PWM
25
SCK
27
SDA
26
A0/SEN
6
ISET
19
PIN
20
NIN
21
SWA 4
SWB 3
VOUT 32
PGNDA 5
PGNDB 2
VDC2
31
FAIL 18
I0 8
I1 9
I2 10
I3 11
I4 12
I5 13
I6 14
I7 15
I8 16
I9 17
VDC3
23
SLOPE
22
GND 33
2.2uF2.2uF
20K20K
5.1K5.1K
5.6K5.6K
56pF56pF
+
47uF
+
47uF
309K309K
1.0K
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 25
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
Figure 9. I2C (Master Mode)
Conditions: VIN = 24 V, VOUT = 47 V, Load = 16S10P, ILED = 60 mA, OVP = 53V, fSW = 300 kHz
Figure 10. I2C (Slave Mode)
Conditions: VIN = 24 V, VOUT = 47 V, Load = 16S10P, ILED = 60 mA, OVP = 53V, fSW = 300 kHz
SDA
SCK
A0SEN_Master
EN_Master
0
0
0
VCC
VOUT
0
VDC1
VDC1
0
0
0
VIN = 24V
0
VDC1
MASTER CK
I2C MODE (Master Mode)
OUTPUT
ISET = 60mA
LED MATRIX (16S10P)
CONTROL UNIT
* FOR I2C MODE - SETI2C bit should be set High.
* FOR SM-BUS MODE - EN pin should be connected to
GND or taken low by the Control Unit.
4.64K4.64K
100pF100pF
100K100K
220pF220pF 220pF220pF
2.2uF2.2uF
220pF220pF
2.2uF2.2uF
3.3K3.3K
10uF10uF
5.6K5.6K
4.7uF4.7uF
220pF220pF
220pF220pF
+
30uF
+
30uF
220pF220pF
U9
MC34844A
U9
MC34844A
VIN
1
VDC1
28
COMP
29
EN
7CK
24
M/~S
30
PWM
25
SCK
27
SDA
26
A0/SEN
6
ISET
19
PIN
20
NIN
21
SWA 4
SWB 3
VOUT 32
PGNDA 5
PGNDB 2
VDC2
31
FAIL 18
I0 8
I1 9
I2 10
I3 11
I4 12
I5 13
I6 14
I7 15
I8 16
I9 17
VDC3
23
SLOPE
22
GND 33
D533D533
2 1
47uH47uH
1 2
+
47uF
+
47uF
4700pF4700pF
220pF220pF 220pF220pF
2.2uF2.2uF
220pF220pF 220pF220pF
1.0K
EN_Slave
SDA
SCK
A0SEN_Slave
0
0
0
VCC
VOUT
0
VDC1
0
0
0
VIN = 24V
0
VDC1
0
MASTER CK
I2C MODE (Slave Mode)
INPUT
ISET = 60mA
LED MATRIX (16S10P)
CONTROL UNIT
* FOR I2C MODE - SETI2C bit should be set High.
* FOR SM-BUS MODE - EN pin should be connected to
GND or taken low by the Control Unit.
220pF220pF
100pF100pF
3.3K3.3K
47uH47uH
12
220pF220pF
220pF220pF
220pF220pF
220pF220pF
2.2uF2.2uF
220pF220pF
+
30uF
+
30uF
D553D553
2 1
5.6K5.6K
2.2uF2.2uF
4.7uF4.7uF
2.2uF2.2uF
4.64K4.64K
4700pF4700pF
10uF10uF
220pF220pF
100K100K
220pF220pF
U11
MC34844A
U11
MC34844A
VIN
1
VDC1
28
COMP
29
EN
7CK
24
M/~S
30
PWM
25
SCK
27
SDA
26
A0/SEN
6
ISET
19
PIN
20
NIN
21
SWA 4
SWB 3
VOUT 32
PGNDA 5
PGNDB 2
VDC2
31
FAIL 18
I0 8
I1 9
I2 10
I3 11
I4 12
I5 13
I6 14
I7 15
I8 16
I9 17
VDC3
23
SLOPE
22
GND 33
220pF220pF
+
47uF
+
47uF
220pF220pF
1.0K
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
26 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LOGIC COMMANDS AND REGISTERS
Figure 11. HIGH VOUT application (Manual Mode)
Conditions: VIN = 60 to 72V, VOUT = 120 V, Load = 40S8P, ILED = 60 mA, OVP = 125 V, fSW = 300 kHz
EN_DLY
VDC2
EN_DLY
PWM = 200Hz (5V)
0
VIN = 60V to 72V
0
0
0
0
VOUT = 120V
VOUT
0
VDC1
VDC1
0
0
0
0
0
0
ISET =
60mA
LED MATRIX (40S8P)
OVP = 125V
1010
PDS3200PDS3200
1
3
2
4.64K4.64K
220pF220pF220pF220pF 220pF220pF
0.1UF0.1UF3SMBJ5941B-TP
47V
3SMBJ5941B-TP
47V
2 1
18K18K
6.8K6.8K
27K27K
100pF100pF 200k200k
270K270K
+
10uF
250V
+
10uF
250V
2.2uF2.2uF
MMSZ5268BT1G
82V
MMSZ5268BT1G
82V
2 1
10uF
100V
10uF
100V
FDS2572FDS2572
1
2
3
5
8
6
4
7
2.2uF2.2uF
150UH
7447709151
150UH
7447709151
220pF220pF
3.3nF3.3nF
+
47uF
100V
+
47uF
100V
220pF220pF
+
10uF
250V
+
10uF
250V
+
10uF
250V
+
10uF
250V
220pF220pF
10.0K10.0K
0.1UF
100V
0.1UF
100V
MC34844AMC34844A
VIN
1
VDC1
28
COMP
29
EN
7CK
24
M/~S
30
PWM
25
SCK
27
SDA
26
A0/SEN
6
ISET
19
PIN
20
NIN
21
SWA 4
SWB 3
VOUT 32
PGNDA 5
PGNDB 2
VDC2
31
FAIL 18
I0 8
I1 9
I2 10
I3 11
I4 12
I5 13
I6 14
I7 15
I8 16
I9 17
VDC3
23
SLOPE
22
GND 33
220pF220pF
2.2uF2.2uF
2.2uF2.2uF
1uF
250V
1uF
250V
220pF220pF
1.0k
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 27
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
COMPONENTS CALCULATION
COMPONENTS CALCULATION
The following formulas are intended for the calculation of all external components related with the Boost converter and Network
compensation. To calculate a Duty Cycle, the internal losses of the MOSFET and Diode should be taken into consideration.
The average input current depends directly to the output current when the internal switch is off.
Inductor
For calculating the Inductor we should consider the losses of the internal switch and winding resistance of the inductor.
It is important to look for an inductor rated at least for the maximum input current.
Input Capacitor
The input capacitor should handle at least the following RMS current.
Output Capacitor
For the output capacitor selection the internal current sense gain (CSG) and the Transconductance should be taken in consideration.
The CSG is the internal RSENSE times the current sense amplifier gain (ACSA).
The output voltage ripple (VOUT) depends on the ESR of the Output capacitor. For a low output voltage ripple, it is recommended to
use Ceramic capacitors usually having very low ESR. Since ceramic capacitor are expensive, Electrolytic or Tantalum capacitors can be
mixed with ceramic capacitors for an inexpensive solution.
D
Vout VDVin–+
Vout VDVSW
–+
------------------------------------------------
=
Iinavg
Iout
1D–
-------------
=
L
Vin VSW
–Iin
avg rw–D
Iinavg rFSW
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
Iinmax Iinavg
Vin Vout Vin–
2LF
SW Vout
----------------------------------------------------
+=
IrmsCin
Vin Vout Vin–
2LF
SW Vout
----------------------------------------------------
0.3=
CSG ACSA RSense
=
Cout
RComp 5G
M
Iout L
1D–Vout CSG
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
28 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
COMPONENTS CALCULATION
The output capacitor should handle at least the following RMS current.
Network Compensation
Since this Boost converter is current controlled, Type II compensation is needed.
To calculate the Network Compensation, first calculate all Boost Converter components.
For this type of compensation, push out the Right Half Plane Zero to higher frequencies where they can’t significantly affect the overall
loop.
The Crossover frequency must be set much lower than the location of the Right half plane zero
Since the system has a fixed Slope, compensation set by RSLOPE, RCOMP should be fixed for all configurations.
CCOMP1 and CCOMP2 should be calculated as follows:
To improve the transient response of the boost, on the 34844, a resistor divider is implemented from the PWM pin to ground with a
connection to the compensation network. This configuration should inject a 1.0 V signal to the COMP pin and the Thevenin-equivalent
resistance of the divider is close to RCOMP, i.e. RCOMP = 6.8 k and RPCOMP= 27 k for a 5.0 V PWM signal.
ESRCout
Vout Vout FSW L
Vout 1 D–
------------------------------------------------------------------
=
IrmsCout Iout D
1D–
-------------=
fRHPZ
Vout 1 D–
2
Iout 2 L
-----------------------------------------
=
fCross
fRHPZ
5
------------------
=
RComp 5.6kohm=
CComp1
2
fCross RComp 2
---------------------------------------------------------------
=
CComp2
GM
6.28 FSW
-----------------------------
=
PWM
COMP PIN
R
PCOMP
R
COMP
C
COMP1
C
COMP2
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 29
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
COMPONENTS CALCULATION
Slope Compensation
Slope Compensation can be expressed either in terms of Ampers/Second or as Volts/Second, through the use of the transfer
resistance.
The following formula express the Slope Compensation in terms of V/s:
To have this slope compensation, the following resistor should be set.
Variable Definition
D = Boost duty cycle
VOUT = Output voltage
VD = Diode forward voltage
VIN = Input voltage
VSW = VDROP of internal switch
VOUT = Output voltage ripple ratio
IINAVG = Average input current
IOUT = Output current
r = Input current ratio
IINMAX = Maximum input current
IRMSCIN = RMS current for input capacitor
IRMSCOUT = RMS current for output capacitor
L = Inductor
RW = Inductor winding DC resistance
fSW = Boost switching frequency
CSG = Current sense gain = 0.2 V/A
ACSA = Current sense amplifier gain = 9
RSENSE = Current sense resistor = 22 m
COUT = Output capacitor
RCOMP = Compensation resistor
GM = OTA transconductance
ESRCOUT = ESR of output capacitor
fRHPZ = Right half plane zero frequency
fCROSS = Crossover frequency
CCOMP1 = Compensation capacitor
CCOMP2 = Shunt compensation capacitor
VSLOPE = Slope compensation (V/s)
RSLOPE = External resistor for slope compensation
VSLOPE
Vout Vin–CSG
L2
-----------------------------------------------------
=
Where “L” is in H
RSLOPE
33 3
10
VSLOPE 5
----------------------------------
=
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
30 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
RECOMMENDED STACK-UP
Table 9 shows the recommended layer stack-up for the signals to have good shielding and Thermal Dissipation.
DECOUPLING CAPS
It is recommended to place decoupling caps of 100 pf at the beginning and at the end of any power signal traces to filter high frequency
noise. Decoupling caps of 100 pf should also be placed at the end of any long trace to cancel antenna effects. These caps should be
located as closed as possible to the point to be decoupled and the connection to GND should be as short as possible.
SM-BUS/I2C COMMUNICATION AND CLOCK SIGNALS (SDA, SCK AND CK)
To avoid contamination of these signals by nearby high power or high frequency signals, it is a good practice to shield them with ground
planes placed on adjacent layers. Make sure the ground plane is uniform through the whole signal trace length.
Figure 12. Recommended shielding for critical signals.
These signals should not run parallel to power signals or other clock signals in the same routing layer. If they have to cross or to be
routed close to a power signal, it is a good practice to trace them perpendicularly or at 45° on a different layer to avoid coupling noise.
SWITCHING NODE (SWA & SWB)
The components associated to this node must be placed as close as possible to each other to keep the switching loop small enough
so it does not contaminate other signals. However, care must be taken to ensure the copper traces used to connect these components
together on this node, and are capable of handling the necessary current and voltage.
As a reference, a 10 mils trace with a thickness of 1.0 oz. of copper is capable of handling one ampere.
Traces for connecting the inductor, input and output caps should be as wide and short as possible to avoid adding inductance or
resistance to the loop. The placement of these components should be selected far away from sensitive signals like compensation,
feedback, and internal regulators to avoid power noise coupling.
COMPENSATION COMPONENTS
Components related with COMP pin need to be placed as close as possible to the pin.
FEEDBACK SIGNAL
The trace of the feedback signal (VOUT) should be routed perpendicularly or at 45° on a different layer to avoid coupling noise,
preferably between ground or power planes.
Table 9. Layer Stacking Recommendations
Stack-Up
Layer 1 (Top) Signal
Layer 2 (Inner 1) Ground
Layer 3(Inner 2) Signal
Layer 4 (Bottom) Ground
Signal
Ground Plane
Ground Planes
Signal
DO
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 31
34844
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
LAYOUT GUIDELINES
Figure 13. Feedback Signal Tracing
S
S
Sw
w
wi
i
it
t
tc
c
ch
h
hi
i
in
n
ng
g
g
N
N
No
o
od
d
de
e
e
I
I
In
n
np
p
pu
u
ut
t
tC
C
Ca
a
ap
p
p
O
O
Ou
u
ut
t
t
p
p
pu
u
ut
t
tC
C
Ca
a
ap
p
p
On State
Off State
C
C
C
o
o
om
m
mp
p
pe
e
en
n
ns
s
sa
a
at
t
ti
iio
o
on
n
n
F
F
Fe
e
ee
e
ed
d
d
b
b
ba
a
ac
c
ck
k
k
S
S
Si
i
ig
g
gn
n
na
a
al
ll
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
32 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
PACKAGING
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
PACKAGING
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
Package dimensions are provided in package drawings. To find the most current package outline drawing, go to www.freescale.com
and perform a keyword search for the drawing’s document number.
Table 10. Packaging Information
Package Suffix Package Outline Drawing Number
32-Pin LQFP-EP EP 98ASA10800D
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 33
34844
PACKAGING
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
34 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
PACKAGING
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
Freescale Semiconductor 35
34844
PACKAGING
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
Analog Integrated Circuit Device Data
36 Freescale Semiconductor
34844
REVISION HISTORY
PACKAGE MECHANICAL DIMENSIONS
REVISION HISTORY
REVISION DATE DESCRIPTION OF CHANGES
3.0 11/2008 • Initial Release
4.0 3/2009
• Added PWM Pin to Maximum Voltages in Maximum Rating Table.
• Added Disabling LED Channels
• Rewrote Fail Pin section
• Added I2C Bus Specification
5.0 5/2009 • Corrected Compensation Components paragraph on page 32.
6.0 9/2009 • Added Part Number MC34844AEP/R2.
7.0 3/2010 • Combined Complete Data sheet for Part Numbers MC34844 and MC34844A to this data
sheet.
8.0 7/2010 • Removed OVP=4h, OVP=3h and OVP=2h rows from Table 11.
• PWM and CK Frequency range changed in Electrical Characteristics table.
9.0 3/2012 • Added resistor between VDC1 and VDC3 on the application drawings. Added to notes
for VDC3 on pages 9, 14, 37, and 42.
10 8/2014
• Removed MC34844EP from the ordering information
• Upgraded Freescale form and style to current standard
• Updated back page
Document Number: MC34844
Rev. 10.0
8/2014
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There are no express or implied copyright licenses granted hereunder to design or fabricate any integrated circuits based
on the information in this document.
Freescale reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. Freescale makes no
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may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “typicals,” must be validated for each customer application by
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