General Description
The MAX3370/MAX3371 logic-level translators are ideal
for applications interfacing low-voltage devices to other
logic levels. Externally applied voltages set the logic
levels of the MAX3370/MAX3371. The devices accept
VCC from +2.5V to +5.5V and VLfrom +1.6V to +5.5V,
allowing data transfer between low-voltage ASICs and
higher voltage devices. The MAX3371 features a shut-
down mode that reduces supply current to < 1µA and
puts the I/O pins in a high-impedance state.
The MAX3370/MAX3371 are bidirectional level shifters,
allowing data transfer from the VCC side to the VLside
and from the VLside to the VCC side. Both devices
operate at speeds up to 2Mbps with an active driver
and up to 500kbps with an open-drain driver.
The MAX3370/MAX3371 are available in space-saving
µDFN (1mm x 1.5mm) and SC70 packages.
________________________Applications
Cell Phone Cradles
Cell Phone Hands-Free Kits
Portable POS Systems
Portable Communication Devices
Smart Card Readers
SPI™, MICROWIRE™, and I2C Level Translation
Low-Voltage ASIC Level Translation
RS-232-Compatible Translation
Features
♦Allow Bidirectional Level Translation
♦Miniature µDFN (1mm x 1.5mm) and SC70
Packages
♦Operational Down to 1.6V
♦Low Quiescent Current (< 100µA)
♦Ultra-Low (< 1µA) Shutdown Supply Current
(MAX3371)
♦Three-State Outputs in Shutdown (MAX3371)
♦2Mbps (10pF Load) Push-Pull Driving
♦1Mbps (50pF Load) Push-Pull Driving
♦500kbps (30pF Load) Open-Drain Driving
MAX3370/MAX3371
†
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
________________________________________________________________
Maxim Integrated Products
1
GND
I/O VCC
I/O VL
15VCC
VL
MAX3370
5 SC70
TOP VIEW
2
34
GND
I/O VCC
I/O VL
16VCC
5SHDN
VL
MAX3371
6 SC70
2
34
GND
I/O VCC
I/O VL
16VCC
VL
MAX3370
6 μDFN
(1mm x 1.5mm)
2
34
5N.C.
GND
I/O VCC
I/O VL
16VCC
5SHDN
VL
MAX3371
6 μDFN
(1mm x 1.5mm)
2
34
Pin Configurations
DATA I/O VLI/O VCC
1.8V
SYSTEM
CONTROLLER
+1.8V +3.3V
3.3V SYSTEM
VL
SHDN*
VCC
DATA
GNDGND
*MAX3371 ONLY
GND
MAX3370
MAX3371
Typical Operating Circuit
19-1847; Rev 3; 5/09
Ordering Information
SPI is a trademark of Motorola, Inc.
MICROWIRE is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corp.
PART* PIN-PACKAGE SHDN TOP MARK
MAX3370EXK+T 5 SC70 NO ABV
MAX3370ELT+T 6 μDFN NO KX
MAX3371ELT+T 6 μDFN YES KY
MAX3371EXT+T 6 SC70 YES AAO
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
†
MAX3370/MAX3371 covered by U.S. Patent number 5,894,240.
*
All devices are specified over the -40°C to +85°C operating
temperature range.
+
Denotes lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
2 _______________________________________________________________________________________
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(VCC = +2.5V to +5.5V, VL= +1.6V to +5.5V (Note 1), GND = 0; I/O VL, I/O VCC unconnected; TA= -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise
noted. Typical values are at TA = +25°C.) (Note 2)
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
VCC to GND..............................................................-0.3V to +7V
SHDN to GND ...............................................-0.3V to (VL+ 0.3V)
I/O VLto GND................................................-0.3V to (VL+ 0.3V)
VL, I/O VCC to GND ...................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)
Short-Circuit Duration: I/O VL, I/O VCC to GND..........Continuous
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA= +70°C)
SC70 (derate 3.1mW/°C above +70°C) .......................245mW
6-Pin µDFN (derate 2.1mW/°C above +70°C) ..............168mW
Operating Temperature Range ...........................-40°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range .............................-65°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
POWER SUPPLIES
VL Supply Range VL (Note 1) 1.6 5.5 V
VCC Supply Range VCC 2.5 5.5 V
Supply Current from VCC I
QVCC 70 100 μA
Supply Current from VL I
QVL 5 100 μA
VCC Shutdown Supply Current SHDN = GND, TA = +25°C, MAX3371 0.03 1 μA
VL Shutdown Supply Current SHDN = GND, TA = +25°C, MAX3371 0.03 1 μA
Three-State Output Leakage
Current I/O VL, I/O VCC; SHDN = GND, TA = +25°C,
MAX3371 0.02 1 μA
LOGIC LEVEL THRESHOLDS
I/O VL Input-Voltage High
Threshold VIHL V
L - 0.2 V
I/O VL Input-Voltage Low
Threshold VILL 0.15 V
I/O VCC Input-Voltage High
Threshold VIHC V
CC - 0.4 V
I/O VCC Input-Voltage Low
Threshold VILC 0.2 V
I/O VL Output-Voltage High VOHL
I/O VL sink current = 20μA,
I/O VCC VCC - 0.4V (Note 3)
2/3
VL V
I/O VL Output-Voltage Low VOLL I/O VL sink current = 1mA, I/O VCC 0.2V
(Note 3) 0.4 V
I/O VCC Output-Voltage High VOHC
I/O VCC source current = 20μA,
I/O VL VL - 0.2V (Note 3)
2/3
VCC
V
I/O VCC Output-Voltage Low VOLC
I/O VCC sink current = 1mA,
I/O VL 0.15V (Note 3) 0.4 V
SHDN Input-Voltage High VIH-SHDN 2/3
VL V
VL +1.8V 0.4
SHDN Input-Voltage Low VIL-SHDN VL +1.6V 0.2 V
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VCC = +2.5V to +5.5V, VL= +1.6V to +5.5V (Note 1), GND = 0; I/O VL, I/O VCC unconnected; TA= -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise
noted. Typical values are at TA= +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS (RLOAD = 1M, VCC = +2.5V, VL = +1.6V, I/O test signal rail-to-rail, unless otherwise noted, Figure 1) (Note 3)
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 100
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
I/O VCC Rise Time
(Note 4) tRVCC
CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 50
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
I/O VCC Fall Time
(Note 4) tFVCC CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 100
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
I/O VL Rise Time
(Note 4) tRVL CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 50
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
I/O VL Fall Time
(Note 4) tFVL CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 50
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
HIGH-to-LOW Transition
Propagation Dela y
(Driving I/O VL)
tPD-VCC-HL CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 200
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 400
LOW-to-HIGH Transition
Propagation Dela y
(Driving I/O VL)
tPD-VCC-LH CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 800
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 50
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 200
HIGH-to-LOW Transition
Propagation Dela y
(Driving I/O VCC)
tPD-VL-HL CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 400
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 5) 200
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 400
LOW-to-HIGH Transition
Propagation Dela y
(Driving I/O VCC)
tPD-VL-LH CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 800
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 3) 2
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 4
HIGH-to-LOW Transition
Propagation Dela y
Device-to-Device Skew
(Driving I/O VL)CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 5
ns
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
4 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Note 1: VLmust always be less than or equal to VCC.
Note 2: All units are 100% production tested at TA= +25°C. Limits over the operating temperature range are guaranteed by design
and not production tested.
Note 3: Tested only at worst case: VCC = +2.5V, VL= +1.6V.
Note 4: 10% to 90%.
Note 5: Guaranteed by correlation to CLOAD = 50pF.
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(VCC = +2.5V to +5.5V, VL= +1.6V to +5.5V (Note 1), GND = 0; I/O VL, I/O VCC unconnected; TA= -40°C to +85°C, unless otherwise
noted. Typical values are at TA= +25°C.) (Note 2)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 3) 5
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 8
LOW-to-HIGH Transition
Propagation Dela y
Device-to-Device Skew
(Driving I/O VL)CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 80
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 3) 2
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 4
HIGH-to-LOW Transition
Propagation Dela y
Device-to-Device Skew
(Driving I/O VCC)CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 5
ns
CLOAD = 10pF, data rate = 2Mbps (Note 3) 7
CLOAD = 50pF, data rate = 1Mbps 8
LOW-to-HIGH Transition
Propagation Dela y
Device-to-Device Skew
(Driving I/O VCC)CLOAD = 30pF, data rate = 500kbps,
open-drain drive 50
ns
CLOAD = 10pF (Note 5) 2 3
CLOAD = 50pF 1 2
Maximum Data Rate
CLOAD = 30pF, open-drain drive 0.5 1
Mbps
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5
+2.5V+1.6V
GND
I/O VL
I/O VL
I/O VCC
I/O VCC
VLVCC
tPD-VCC-LH tPD-VCC-HL
MAX3370
MAX3371
tRVCC tFVCC
DATA
CLOAD
RLOAD
tRISE, tFALL ≤ 10ns
+2.5V+1.6V
GND
I/O VL
I/O VCC
I/O VL
I/O VCC
VLVCC
tPD-VL-LH tPD-VL-HL
MAX3370
MAX3371
tRVL tFVL
DATA
RLOAD
CLOAD
tRISE, tFALL ≤ 10ns
+2.5V+1.6V
GND
I/O VL
I/O VL
I/O VCC
I/O VCC
VLVCC
tPD-VCC-LH tPD-VCC-HL
MAX3370
MAX3371
tRVCC tFVCC
DATA
CLOAD
RLOAD
tRISE, tFALL ≤ 10ns
+2.5V+1.6V
GND
I/O VL
I/O VCC
I/O VL
I/O VCC
VLVCC
tPD-VL-LH tPD-VL-HL
MAX3370
MAX3371
tRVL tFVL
DATA
RLOAD
CLOAD
tRISE, tFALL ≤ 10ns
Figure 1a. Rail-to-Rail Driving I/O VLFigure 1b. Rail-to-Rail Driving I/O VCC
Figure 1c. Open-Drain Driving I/O VLFigure 1d. Open-Drain Driving I/O VCC
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
6 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Typical Operating Characteristics
(Driving I/O VLrail-to-rail, RL= 1MΩ,T
A = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
IVL (μA)
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
2.5 3.53.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
VL SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. POWER-SUPPLY VOLTAGE
MAX3370-01
VCC (V)
RATE = 2Mbps, CLOAD = 10pF
RATE = 1Mbps, CLOAD = 50pF
RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
VL = 1.8V
0
200
100
400
300
500
600
2.5 3.5 4.03.0 4.5 5.0 5.5
MAX3370-02
VCC (V)
IVCC (μA)
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. POWER-SUPPLY VOLTAGE
RATE = 2Mbps, CLOAD = 10pF
RATE = 1Mbps, CLOAD = 50pF
VL = 1.8V
RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
89
92
91
90
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
-40 10-15 356085
MAX3370-03
TEMPERATURE (°C)
IVL (μA)
VL SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
VCC = 2.5V
VCC = 3.3V
VCC = 5.0V
VL = 1.8V, RATE = 500kbps,
CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
100
200
150
300
250
400
350
450
-40 10-15 35 60 85
MAX3370-04
TEMPERATURE (°C)
IVCC (μA)
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. TEMPERATURE
VCC = 2.5V
VCC = 3.3V
VCC = 5.0V
VL = 1.8V, RATE = 500kbps,
CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
80
90
85
100
95
110
105
115
MAX3370-05
CLOAD (pF)
IVL (μA)
0 50 100 150 200
VL SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. LOAD CAPACITANCE
RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
RATE = 2Mbps, CLOAD = 10pF
RATE = 1Mbps, CLOAD = 50pF
VL = 1.8V
VCC = 3.3V
80
280
180
480
380
680
580
780
MAX3370-06
CLOAD (pF)
IVCC (μA)
0 50 100 150 200
VCC SUPPLY CURRENT
vs. LOAD CAPACITANCE
RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVE
RATE = 2Mbps, CLOAD = 10pF
RATE = 1Mbps, CLOAD = 50pF
VL = 1.8V
VCC = 3.3V
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7
0
15
10
5
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 50 100 150 200
MAX3370-07
CLOAD (pF)
PROPAGATION DELAY (ns)
PROPAGATION DELAY
vs. LOAD CAPACITANCE (DRIVING I/O VL)
LOW-TO-HIGH TRANSITION
HIGH-TO-LOW TRANSITION
VL = 1.8V
VCC = 3.3V
0
10
5
20
15
30
25
35
0 50 100 150 200
MAX3370-08
CLOAD (pF)
PROPAGATION DELAY (ns)
PROPAGATION DELAY
vs. LOAD CAPACITANCE (DRIVING I/O VCC)
LOW-TO-HIGH TRANSITION
HIGH-TO-LOW TRANSITION
VL = 1.8V
VCC = 3.3V
I/O VCC
0
1V/div
0
I/O VL
100ns/div
RAIL-TO-RAIL DRIVING
(RATE = 2Mbps, CLOAD = 10pF,
VCC = 3.3V, VL = 1.8V)
MAX3370-09
I/O VCC
0
1V/div
0
I/O VL
200ns/div
RAIL-TO-RAIL DRIVING
(RATE = 1Mbps, CLOAD = 50pF,
VCC = 3.3V, VL = 1.8V)
MAX3370-10
I/O VCC
0
1V/div
0
I/O VL
400ns/div
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVING
(RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
VCC = 3.3V, VL = 1.8V)
MAX3370-11
I/O VCC
0
2V/div
0
I/O VL
400ns/div
OPEN-DRAIN DRIVING
(RATE = 500kbps, CLOAD = 30pF,
VCC = 5V, VL = 2.5V)
MAX3370-12
0
2V/div
0
I/O VCC
100ns/div
MAX3371
EXITING SHUTDOWN
MAX3370-13
I/O VL
VSHDN
0
Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)
(Driving I/O VL rail-to-rail, RL= 1MΩ, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
8 _______________________________________________________________________________________
Pin Description
PIN
MAX3370
(SC70-5) (μDFN-6)
MAX3371
(SC70-6 AND
μDFN-6)
NAME FUNCTION
1 1 1 VL Logic Supply Voltage
2 2 2 GND Ground
3 3 3 I/O VLInput/Output Referred to VL
4 4 4 I/O VCC Input/Output Referred to VCC
5 6 6 VCC Power-Supply Voltage
— — 5 SHDN
Shutdown. A high turns on the device. A low shuts
down the device. I/O VCC and I/O VL are high impedance
in shutdown.
— 5 — N.C. No Connection
Detailed Description
The MAX3370/MAX3371 provide the necessary level
translation to allow data transfer in a multivoltage sys-
tem. These devices transmit data between an I/O pin
referenced to VCC and an I/O pin referenced to VL. The
VCC supply voltage range is from +2.5V to +5.5V, and
the VLsupply voltage range is between +1.6V and
+5.5V. The MAX3371 features a shutdown mode in
which I/O VCC and I/O VL are placed in a high-imped-
ance state and supply current drops to 1µA.
The MAX3370/MAX3371 are bidirectional level shifters
allowing data transfer from the VCC side to the VLside,
and from the VLside to the VCC side. Both devices
operate at speeds up to 2Mbps with an active driver
and up to 500kbps with an open-drain driver.
Level Translation
The MAX3370/MAX3371 provide bidirectional level
translation between I/O pins referred to VCC and VL.
I/O VCC and I/O VLare internally pulled up to their
respective power-supply rails through 10kΩresistors.
VCC must be between +2.5V and +5.5V, and VLmust
be between +1.6V and +5.5V. For proper operation, VL
can not exceed VCC.
The MAX3370/MAX3371 can operate at data rates up
to 2Mbps when driven by an active (push-pull) driver
with a 10pF load, 1Mbps when driven by an active dri-
ver with a 50pF load, or 500kbps when driven by an
open-drain driver with a 30pF load. The internal pullups
allow these devices to be driven by open-drain drivers.
MAX3371 Shutdown Mode
The MAX3371 enters a low-power shutdown mode
when SHDN is driven low. Connect SHDN to VLor drive
high for normal operation. Activating shutdown mode
disconnects the internal 10kΩpullup resistors on I/O
VCC and I/O VL. As a result, the supply current
decreases to < 1µA, and the I/O lines are high imped-
ance. The high impedance I/O lines in shutdown allow
use in a multidrop network. When in shutdown, I/O VL
can be driven to VLand I/O VCC can be driven to VCC.
Functional Diagram
SPEEDUP
MNSW
R1
S1
S2
R2
GND
I/O VCC
I/O VL
VCC
VL
MAX3370
MAX3370/MAX3371
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9
Speed-Up
The speed-up circuit is a one-shot generator that helps
the rise time of the output waveform in the low-to-high
transition. When triggered, switches S1and S2turn on
for 320ns to pull up I/O VLand I/O VCC. This greatly
reduces the rise time and propagation delay for the
low-to-high transition as well as improves the duty cycle
(closer to 50% for an ideal square-wave input). See the
scope plots in the
Typical Operating Characteristics
for
the speed-up circuitry in operation.
Applications Information
Power-Supply Decoupling
To reduce ripple and the chance of transmitting incor-
rect data, decouple VCC and VL to ground with a 0.1µF
capacitor as close to the device as possible.
I2C Level Translation
The MAX3370/MAX3371 are ideal for level translation
between a low-voltage ASIC and an I2C device. The
devices’ bidirectional natures allow their use in the data
line of I2C communications. A typical application is
interfacing a low-voltage microprocessor to a 3V or 5V
D/A converter, such as the MAX517.
The I/O lines on the MAX3370/MAX3371 are bidirec-
tional, can be level-shifted up to +5.5V, and contain
internal 10kΩpullup resistors to allow open-drain dri-
ving (see the
Typical Operating Circuit
).
Push-Pull vs. Open-Drain Driving
The MAX3370/MAX3371 I/O pins can be driven by a
push-pull or open-drain device. When using a push-pull
driver, the MAX3370/MAX3371 operate up to 2Mbps
with a 10pF load or 1Mbps with a 50pF load. The inter-
nal pullup resistors on the I/O pins allow use with open-
drain devices. The MAX3370/MAX3371 operate up to
500kbps with a 30pF load when driven by an open-
drain device.
Data rates higher than those listed in the
Electrical
Characteristics
table can be achieved. The maximum
data rate is limited to 3Mbps by the speed-up circuitry.
Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional Level Translator
The MAX3370/MAX3371 may also be used to translate
unidirectional signals without signal inversion. The
devices provide the smallest solution (SC70 package)
for unidirectional level translation without inversion.
Chip Information
PROCESS: BiCMOS
Package Information
For the latest package outline information and land patterns, go
to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.
PACKAGE TYPE PACKAGE CODE DOCUMENT NO.
5 SC70 X5+1 21-0076
6 SC70 X6SN+1 21-0077
6 µDFN L611+2 21-0147
MAX3370/MAX3371
†
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70
1µA, 2Mbps, Low-Voltage Level
Translators in SC70 and µDFN
Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are
implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.
10
____________________Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600
© 2009 Maxim Integrated Products Maxim is a registered trademark of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc.
Revision History
REVISION
NUMBER
REVISION
DATE DESCRIPTION PAGES
CHANGED
0 10/00 Initial release —
3 5/09 Updated Ordering Information, style edits. 1, 5, 8, 9, 11
