Si9168
Vishay Siliconix
New Product
www.siliconix.com FaxBack 408-970-5600
8Document Number: 70899
S-00022—Rev. A, 10-Jan--00
PWM Mode
With PWM/PSM mode pin in logic high condition, Si9168
operates in constant frequency (PWM) mode. As the load and
input voltage vary, switching frequency remain constant. The
switching frequency is programmed by the ROSC value as
shown by the oscillator curve. In the PWM mode, the
synchronous drive is always enabled, even when the output
current reaches 0 A. In continuous current mode, the transfer
function of the converter remain constant providing fast
transient response. If the converter operates in discontinuous
current mode, overall loop gain decreases and transient
response time can be 10 times longer than if the converter
remain in continuous current mode. This transient response
time advantage can significantly decrease the hold-up
capacitors needed on the output of dc-dc converter to meet the
transient voltage regulation. Therefore, the PWM/PSM pin is
available to dynamically program the controller. If the
synchronous rectifier switch is not used, the converter may not
operate in PWM mode if the load current is low enough to force
the converter into pulse skipping mode.
The maximum duty cycle of the Si9168 can reach 100% in
buck mode. The duty cycle will continue to increase as the
input voltage decreases until it reaches 100%. This allows the
system designers to extract out the maximum stored energy
from the battery. Once the controller delivers 100% duty cycle,
the converter operates like a saturated linear regulator. At
100% duty cycle, synchronous rectification is completely
turned off. At up to 80% duty cycle at 2-MHz switching
frequency, the controller maintains perfect output voltage
regulation. If the input voltage drops below the level where the
converter requires greater than 80% duty cycle, the controller
will deliver 100% duty cycle. This instantaneous jump in duty
cycle is due to fixed BBM time and the internal propagation
delays. In order to maintain regulation, the controller might
fluctuate its duty cycle back and forth from 100% to something
lower than 80% during this input voltage range. If the input
voltage drops further, the controller will remain on for 100%
duty cycle. If the input voltage increases to a point where it’s
requiring less than 80% duty cycle, synchronous rectification
is once again activated.
The maximum duty cycle under boost mode is internally limited
to 75% to prevent inductor saturation. If the converter is turned
on for 100% duty cycle, the inductor never gets a chance to
discharge its energy and eventually saturate. In boost mode, the
synchronous rectifier is always turned on for minimum or greater
duration as long as the switch has been turned on. The controller
will deliver 0% duty cycle, if the input voltage is greater than the
programmed output voltage. Because of fixed BBM time, the
controller will not transition smoothly from minimum controllable
duty cycle to 0% duty cycle. For example, controller may
decrease its duty cycle from 5% to 0% abruptly, instead of the
gradual decrease seen from 75% to 5%.
Pulse Skipping Mode
The gate charge losses produced from the Miller capacitance
of MOSFETs are the dominant power dissipation parameter
during light load (i.e. < 200 mA). Therefore, less gate switching
will improve overall converter efficiency. This is exactly why
the Si9168 is designed with pulse skipping mode. If the
PWM/PSM pin is connected to logic low level, converter
operates in pulse skipping modulation (PSM) mode. During
the pulse skipping mode, quiescent current of the controller is
decreased to approximately 350 A, instead of 900 A during
the PWM mode. This is accomplished by turning off most of the
internal control circuitry and utilizing a simple constant on-time
control with the feedback comparator. The controller is
designed to have a constant on-time and a minimum off-time
acting as the feedback comparator blanking time. If the output
voltage drops below the desired level, the main switch is first
turned on and then off. If the applied on-time is insuf ficient to
provide the desired voltage, the controller will force another on
and off sequence, until the desired voltage is accomplished.
If the applied on-time forces the output to exceed the desired
level, as typically found in the light load condition, the converter
stays off. The excess energy is delivered to the output slowly ,
forcing the converter to skip pulses as needed to maintain
regulation. The on-time and off-time are set internally based
on the inductor used (2-H typical) and the maximum load
current. Therefore, with this control method, duty cycles
ranging from 0 to 100% are possible depending on whether the
boost or buck mode is chosen.
Reference
The reference voltage for the Si9168 is set at 1.3 V. The
reference voltage is internally connected to the non-inverting
inputs of the error amplifier. The REF pin requires a 0.1-F
decoupling capacitor.
Error Amplifier
The error amplifier gain-bandwidth product and slew rate are
critical parameters which determines the transient response of
converter. The transient response is function of both small and
large signal responses. The small signal response is
determined by the feedback compensation network while the
large signal is determined by the error amplifier dv/dt and the
inductor di/dt slew rate. Besides the inductance value, the
error amplifier determines the converter response time. In
order to minimize the response time, Si9168 is designed with
a 2-MHz error amplifier gain-bandwidth product to generate
the widest converter bandwidth and a 3.5-V/sec slew rate for
ultra-fast large signal response.
Oscillator
The oscillator is designed to operate up to 2-MHz minimum.
The 2-MHz operating frequency allows the converter to
minimize the inductor and capacitor size, improving the power
density of the converter. Even with a 2-MHz switching
frequency, quiescent current is only 1100 A (max) with the
unique power saving circuit design. The switching frequency
is easily programmed by attaching a resistor to the ROSC pin.
See oscillator frequency versus Rosc curve to select the
proper timing values for the desired operating frequency . The
tolerance on the operating frequency is "20% with a 1%
tolerance resistor.