TOP225 - Power Integrations, Inc.

TOP221-227

TOPSwitch-II

Family

Three-terminal Off-line PWM Switch

Figure 1. Typical Flyback Application.

easier. The standard 8L PDIP package option reduces cost in

lower power, high efficiency applications. The internal lead

frame of this package uses six of its pins to transfer heat from

the chip directly to the board, eliminating the cost of a heat sink.

TOPSwitch incorporates all functions necessary for a switched

mode control system into a three terminal monolithic IC: power

MOSFET, PWM controller, high voltage start up circuit, loop

compensation and fault protection circuitry.

Product Highlights

•Lowest cost, lowest component count switcher solution

•Cost competitive with linears above 5W

•Very low AC/DC losses – up to 90% efficiency

•Built-in Auto-restart and Current limiting

•Latching Thermal shutdown for system level protection

•Implements Flyback, Forward, Boost or Buck topology

•Works with primary or opto feedback

•Stable in discontinuous or continuous conduction mode

•Source connected tab for low EMI

•Circuit simplicity and Design Tools reduce time to market

Description

The second generation TOPSwitch-II family is more cost

effective and provides several enhancements over the first

generation TOPSwitch family. The TOPSwitch-II family extends

the power range from 100W to 150W for 100/115/230 VAC

input and from 50W to 90W for 85-265 VAC universal input.

This brings TOPSwitch technology advantages to many new

applications, i.e. TV, Monitor, Audio amplifiers, etc. Many

significant circuit enhancements that reduce the sensitivity to

board layout and line transients now make the design even

PI-1951-091996

CONTROL

TOPSwitch

6 W

10 W

15 W

20 W

TOP221Y

TOP222Y

TOP223Y

TOP224Y

TOP225Y

TOP226Y

TOP227Y

9 W

15 W

25 W

30 W

TOP221P or TOP221G

TOP222P or TOP222G

TOP223P or TOP223G

TOP224P or TOP224G

OUTPUT POWER TABLE

TO-220 (Y) Package18L PDIP (P) or 8L SMD (G) Package2

PMAX5,6

PART

ORDER

NUMBER

Single Voltage Input

100/115/230 VAC ±15%

3Wide Range Input

85 to 265 VAC Single Voltage Input

100/115/230 VAC ±15%

3Wide Range Input

85 to 265 VAC

PMAX5,6

7 W

15 W

30 W

45 W

60 W

75 W

90 W

PMAX4,6

12 W

25 W

50 W

75 W

100 W

125 W

150 W

PMAX4,6

Notes: 1. Package outline: TO-220/3 2. Package Outline: DIP-8 or SMD-8 3. 100/115 VAC with doubler input 4. Assumes appropriate

heat sinking to keep the maximum TOPSwitch junction temperature below 100 °C. 5. Soldered to 1 sq. in.( 6.45 cm 2), 2 oz. copper clad

(610 gm/m2) 6. P MAX is the maximum practical continuous power output level for conditions shown. The continuous power capability

in a given application depends on thermal environment, transformer design, efficiency required, minimum specified input voltage, input

storage capacitance, etc. 7. Refer to key application considerations section when using TOPSwitch-II in an existing TOPSwitch design.

PART

ORDER

NUMBER

July 2001

TOP221-227

7/01

Figure 2. Functional Block Diagram.

Pin Functional Description

DRAIN Pin:

Output MOSFET drain connection. Provides internal bias

current during start-up operation via an internal switched high-

voltage current source. Internal current sense point.

CONTROL Pin:

Error amplifier and feedback current input pin for duty cycle

control. Internal shunt regulator connection to provide internal

bias current during normal operation. It is also used as the

connection point for the supply bypass and auto-restart/

compensation capacitor.

SOURCE Pin:

Y package – Output MOSFET source connection for high

voltage power return. Primary side circuit

common and reference point.

P and G package – Primary side control circuit common and

reference point.

SOURCE (HV RTN) Pin: (P and G package only)

Output MOSFET source connection for high voltage power return.

PI-1935-091696

SHUTDOWN/

AUTO-RESTART

PWM

COMPARATOR

CLOCK

SAW

OSCILLATOR

CONTROLLED

TURN-ON

GATE

DRIVER

INTERNAL

SUPPLY

5.7 V

4.7 V

SOURCE

DMAX

CONTROL

5.7 V

IFB

MINIMUM

ON-TIME

DELAY

VILIMIT

LEADING

EDGE

BLANKING

POWER-UP

RESET

÷ 8

THERMAL

SHUTDOWN

SHUNT REGULATOR/

ERROR AMPLIFIER

DRAIN

PI-2084-040401

CONTROL

DRAIN

SOURCE

Y Package (TO-220/3)

Tab Internally

Connected to SOURCE Pin

CONTROL

DRAIN

SOURCE (HV RTN)

SOURCE

SOURCE (HV RTN)

SOURCE

P Package (DIP-8)

G Package (SMD-8)

Figure 3. Pin Configuration.

TOP221-227

7/01 3

TOPSwitch-II

Family Functional Description

TOPSwitch is a self biased and protected linear control current-

to-duty cycle converter with an open drain output. High

efficiency is achieved through the use of CMOS and integration

of the maximum number of functions possible. CMOS process

significantly reduces bias currents as compared to bipolar or

discrete solutions. Integration eliminates external power

resistors used for current sensing and/or supplying initial start-

up bias current.

During normal operation, the duty cycle of the internal output

MOSFET decreases linearly with increasing CONTROL pin

current as shown in Figure 4. To implement all the required

control, bias, and protection functions, the DRAIN and

CONTROL pins each perform several functions as described

below. Refer to Figure 2 for a block diagram and to Figure 6 for

timing and voltage waveforms of the TOPSwitch integrated

circuit.

PI-2040-050197

DMAX

DMIN

Duty Cycle (%)

IC (mA)

2.0 6.0

Slope = PWM Gain

ICD1

Auto-restart

Figure 4. Relationship of Duty Cycle to CONTROL Pin Current.

DRAIN

VIN

4.7 V

5.7 V

8 Cycles

95% 5%

Off

Switching Switching

Off

Charging CTICD1

Discharging CT

ICD2

Discharging CT

Charging CT

Off

PI-1956-092496

DRAIN

VIN

VC0

4.7 V

5.7 V

Off

Switching

(b)

(a)

is the total external capacitance

connected to the CONTROL pin

Figure 5. Start-up Waveforms for (a) Normal Operation and (b) Auto-restart.

TOP221-227

7/01

Control Voltage Supply

CONTROL pin voltage VC is the supply or bias voltage for the

controller and driver circuitry. An external bypass capacitor

closely connected between the CONTROL and SOURCE pins

is required to supply the gate drive current. The total amount

of capacitance connected to this pin (CT) also sets the auto-

restart timing as well as control loop compensation. VC is

regulated in either of two modes of operation. Hysteretic

regulation is used for initial start-up and overload operation.

Shunt regulation is used to separate the duty cycle error signal

from the control circuit supply current. During start-up,

CONTROL pin current is supplied from a high-voltage switched

current source connected internally between the DRAIN and

CONTROL pins. The current source provides sufficient current

to supply the control circuitry as well as charge the total

external capacitance (CT).

The first time VC reaches the upper threshold, the high-voltage

current source is turned off and the PWM modulator and output

transistor are activated, as shown in Figure 5(a). During normal

operation (when the output voltage is regulated) feedback

control current supplies the VC supply current. The shunt

regulator keeps VC at typically 5.7 V by shunting CONTROL

pin feedback current exceeding the required DC supply current

through the PWM error signal sense resistor RE. The low

dynamic impedance of this pin (ZC) sets the gain of the error

amplifier when used in a primary feedback configuration. The

dynamic impedance of the CONTROL pin together with the

external resistance and capacitance determines the control loop

compensation of the power system.

If the CONTROL pin total external capacitance (CT) should

discharge to the lower threshold, the output MOSFET is turned

off and the control circuit is placed in a low-current standby

mode. The high-voltage current source turns on and charges the

external capacitance again. Charging current is shown with a

negative polarity and discharging current is shown with a

positive polarity in Figure 6. The hysteretic auto-restart

comparator keeps VC within a window of typically 4.7 to 5.7 V

by turning the high-voltage current source on and off as shown

in Figure 5(b). The auto-restart circuit has a divide-by-8

counter which prevents the output MOSFET from turning on

again until eight discharge-charge cycles have elapsed. The

counter effectively limits TOPSwitch power dissipation by

reducing the auto-restart duty cycle to typically 5%. Auto-

restart continues to cycle until output voltage regulation is

again achieved.

Bandgap Reference

All critical TOPSwitch internal voltages are derived from a

temperature-compensated bandgap reference. This reference

is also used to generate a temperature-compensated current

source which is trimmed to accurately set the oscillator frequency

and MOSFET gate drive current.

Oscillator

The internal oscillator linearly charges and discharges the

internal capacitance between two voltage levels to create a

sawtooth waveform for the pulse width modulator. The oscillator

sets the pulse width modulator/current limit latch at the beginning

of each cycle. The nominal frequency of 100 kHz was chosen

to minimize EMI and maximize efficiency in power supply

applications. Trimming of the current reference improves the

frequency accuracy.

Pulse Width Modulator

The pulse width modulator implements a voltage-mode control

loop by driving the output MOSFET with a duty cycle inversely

proportional to the current into the CONTROL pin which

generates a voltage error signal across RE. The error signal

across RE is filtered by an RC network with a typical corner

frequency of 7 kHz to reduce the effect of switching noise. The

filtered error signal is compared with the internal oscillator

sawtooth waveform to generate the duty cycle waveform. As

the control current increases, the duty cycle decreases. A clock

signal from the oscillator sets a latch which turns on the output

MOSFET. The pulse width modulator resets the latch, turning

off the output MOSFET. The maximum duty cycle is set by the

symmetry of the internal oscillator. The modulator has a

minimum ON-time to keep the current consumption of the

TOPSwitch independent of the error signal. Note that a minimum

current must be driven into the CONTROL pin before the duty

cycle begins to change.

Gate Driver

The gate driver is designed to turn the output MOSFET on at a

controlled rate to minimize common-mode EMI. The gate drive

current is trimmed for improved accuracy.

Error Amplifier

The shunt regulator can also perform the function of an error

amplifier in primary feedback applications. The shunt regulator

voltage is accurately derived from the temperature compensated

bandgap reference. The gain of the error amplifier is set by the

CONTROL pin dynamic impedance. The CONTROL pin

clamps external circuit signals to the VC voltage level. The

CONTROL pin current in excess of the supply current is

separated by the shunt regulator and flows through RE as a

voltage error signal.

Cycle-By-Cycle Current Limit

The cycle by cycle peak drain current limit circuit uses the

output MOSFET ON-resistance as a sense resistor. A current

limit comparator compares the output MOSFET ON-state drain-

source voltage, VDS(ON) with a threshold voltage. High drain

current causes VDS(ON) to exceed the threshold voltage and turns

the output MOSFET off until the start of the next clock cycle.

The current limit comparator threshold voltage is temperature

TOPSwitch-II

Family Functional Description (cont.)

TOP221-227

7/01 5

PI-2030-042397

VIN

VOUT 0

IOUT 0

1 2 131

DRAIN

VIN

VC0

•

••

•

12 12 81

•

••

•

812 81

VC(reset)

compensated to minimize variation of the effective peak current

limit due to temperature related changes in output MOSFET

RDS(ON).

The leading edge blanking circuit inhibits the current limit

comparator for a short time after the output MOSFET is turned

on. The leading edge blanking time has been set so that current

spikes caused by primary-side capacitances and secondary-side

rectifier reverse recovery time will not cause premature

termination of the switching pulse.

The current limit can be lower for a short period after the leading

edge blanking time as shown in Figure 12. This is due to

dynamic characteristics of the MOSFET. To avoid triggering

the current limit in normal operation, the drain current waveform

should stay within the envelope shown.

Shutdown/Auto-restart

To minimize TOPSwitch power dissipation, the shutdown/

auto-restart circuit turns the power supply on and off at an auto-

restart duty cycle of typically 5% if an out of regulation

condition persists. Loss of regulation interrupts the external

current into the CONTROL pin. VC regulation changes from

shunt mode to the hysteretic auto-restart mode described above.

When the fault condition is removed, the power supply output

becomes regulated, VC regulation returns to shunt mode, and

normal operation of the power supply resumes.

Overtemperature Protection

Temperature protection is provided by a precision analog

circuit that turns the output MOSFET off when the junction

temperature exceeds the thermal shutdown temperature

(typically 135 °C). Activating the power-up reset circuit by

removing and restoring input power or momentarily pulling the

CONTROL pin below the power-up reset threshold resets the

latch and allows TOPSwitch to resume normal power supply

operation. VC is regulated in hysteretic mode and a 4.7 V to

5.7 V (typical) sawtooth waveform is present on the CONTROL

pin when the power supply is latched off.

High-voltage Bias Current Source

This current source biases TOPSwitch from the DRAIN pin and

charges the CONTROL pin external capacitance (CT) during

start-up or hysteretic operation. Hysteretic operation occurs

during auto-restart and overtemperature latched shutdown.

The current source is switched on and off with an effective duty

cycle of approximately 35%. This duty cycle is determined by

the ratio of CONTROL pin charge (IC) and discharge currents

(ICD1 and ICD2). This current source is turned off during normal

operation when the output MOSFET is switching.

Figure 6. Typical Waveforms for (1) Normal Operation, (2) Auto-restart, and (3) Power Down Reset.

TOP221-227

7/01

Figure 7. Schematic Diagram of a 4 W TOPSwitch-II Standby Power Supply using an 8 lead PDIP.

Application Examples

Following are just two of the many possible TOPSwitch

implementations. Refer to the Data Book and Design Guide

for additional examples.

4 W Standby Supply using 8 Lead PDIP

Figure 7 shows a 4 W standby supply. This supply is used in

appliances where certain standby functions (e.g. real time

clock, remote control port) must be kept active even while the

main power supply is turned off.

The 5 V secondary is used to supply the standby function and

the 12 V non-isolated output is used to supply power for the

PWM controller of the main power supply and other primary

side functions.

For this application the input rectifiers and input filter are sized

for the main supply and are not shown. The input DC rail may

vary from 100 V to 380 V DC which corresponds to the full

universal AC input range. The TOP221 is packaged in an 8 pin

power DIP package.

The output voltage (5 V) is directly sensed by the Zener diode

(VR1) and the optocoupler (U2). The output voltage is determined

by the sum of the Zener voltage and the voltage drop across the

LED of the optocoupler (the voltage drop across R1 is negligible).

The output transistor of the optocoupler drives the CONTROL

pin of the TOP221. C5 bypasses the CONTROL pin and provides

control loop compensation and sets the auto-restart frequency.

The transformer’s leakage inductance voltage spikes are snubbed

by R3 and C1 through diode D1. The bias winding is rectified

and filtered by D3 and C4 providing a non-isolated 12 V output

which is also used to bias the collector of the optocoupler’s

output transistor. The isolated 5 V output winding is rectified by

D2 and filtered by C2, L1 and C3.

Wide-Range

DC Input

CONTROL

PI-2115-040401

47 kΩ

UF4005

2.2 nF

1 kV

UF5401

TOP221P

3.3 µH

1N4148

100 µF

16 V U2

PC817A

10 Ω

100 µF

10 V

+5 V

47 µF

10 V

330 µF

10 V

100 Ω

VR1

TOPSwitch-II

RTN

12 V Non-Isolated

TOP221-227

7/01 7

20 W Universal Supply using 8 Lead PDIP

Figure 8 shows a 12 V, 20 W secondary regulated flyback power

supply using the TOP224P in an eight lead PDIP package and

operating from universal 85 to 265 VAC input voltage. This

example demonstrates the advantage of the higher power 8 pin

leadframe used with the TOPSwitch-II family. This low cost

package transfers heat directly to the board through six source

pins, eliminating the heatsink and the associated cost. Efficiency

is typically 80% at low line input. Output voltage is directly

sensed by optocoupler U2 and Zener diode VR2. The output

voltage is determined by the Zener diode (VR2) voltage and the

voltage drops across the optocoupler (U2) LED and resistor R1.

Other output voltages are possible by adjusting the transformer

turns ratio and value of Zener diode VR2.

AC power is rectified and filtered by BR1 and C1 to create the

high voltage DC bus applied to the primary winding of T1. The

other side of the transformer primary is driven by the integrated

TOPSwitch-II high-voltage MOSFET. D1 and VR1 clamp

leading-edge voltage spikes caused by transformer leakage

inductance. The power secondary winding is rectified and

filtered by D2, C2, L1, and C3 to create the 12 V output voltage.

R2 and VR2 provide a slight pre-load on the 12 V output to

improve load regulation at light loads. The bias winding is

rectified and filtered by D3 and C4 to create a TOPSwitch bias

voltage. L2 and Y1-safety capacitor C7 attenuate common

mode emission currents caused by high voltage switching

waveforms on the DRAIN side of the primary winding and the

primary to secondary capacitance. Leakage inductance of L2

with C1 and C6 attenuates differential-mode emission currents

caused by the fundamental and harmonics of the trapezoidal or

triangular primary current waveform. C5 filters internal

MOSFET gate drive charge current spikes on the CONTROL

pin, determines the auto-restart frequency, and together with

R1 and R3, compensates the control loop.

Figure 8. Schematic Diagram of a 20 W Universal Input TOPSwitch-II Power Supply using an 8 lead PDIP.

PI-2019-033197

MUR420

1N4148

330 µF

35 V

220 µF

35 V

BYV26C

VR1

P6KE200

VR2

1N5241B

11 V

220 Ω

BR1

400 V

47 µF

400 V

3.15 A

0.1 µF

250 VAC

22 mH

47 µF

TOP224P

CONTROL

TOPSwitch-II

6.8 Ω

3.3 µH

0.1 µF

PC817A

100 Ω

1 nF

250 VAC

+12 V

RTN

TOP221-227

7/01

Key Application Considerations

General Guidelines

• Keep the SOURCE pin length very short. Use a Kelvin

connection to the SOURCE pin for the CONTROL pin

bypass capacitor. Use single point grounding techniques at

the SOURCE pin as shown in Figure 9.

• Minimize peak voltage and ringing on the DRAIN voltage

at turn-off. Use a Zener or TVS Zener diode to clamp the

drain voltage below the breakdown voltage rating of

TOPSwitch under all conditions, including start-up and

overload. The maximum recommended clamp Zener

voltage for the TOP2XX series is 200 V and the

corresponding maximum reflected output voltage on the

primary is 135 V. Please see Step 4: AN-16 in the 1996-97

Data Book and Design Guide or on our Web site.

• The transformer should be designed such that the rate of

change of drain current due to transformer saturation is

within the absolute maximum specification (∆ID in 100 ns

before turn off as shown in Figure 13). As a guideline, for

most common transformer cores, this can be achieved by

maintaining the Peak Flux Density (at maximum ILIMIT

current) below 4200 Gauss (420 mT). The transformer

spreadsheets Rev. 2.1 (or later) for continuous and Rev.1.0

(or later) for discontinuous conduction mode provide the

necessary information.

• Do not plug TOPSwitch into a “hot” IC socket during test.

External CONTROL pin capacitance may be charged to

excessive voltage and cause TOPSwitch damage.

• While performing TOPSwitch device tests, do not exceed

maximum CONTROL pin voltage of 9 V or maximum

CONTROL pin current of 100 mA.

• Under some conditions, externally provided bias or supply

current driven into the CONTROL pin can hold the

TOPSwitch in one of the 8 auto-restart cycles indefinitely

and prevent starting. To avoid this problem when doing

bench evaluations, it is recommended that the VC power

supply be turned on before the DRAIN voltage is applied.

TOPSwitch can also be reset by shorting the CONTROL

pin to the SOURCE pin momentarily.

• CONTROL pin currents during auto-restart operation are

much lower at low input voltages (< 36 V) which increases

the auto-restart cycle time (see the IC vs. DRAIN Voltage

Characteristic curve).

• Short interruptions of AC power may cause TOPSwitch to

enter the 8-count auto-restart cycle before starting again.

This is because the input energy storage capacitors are not

completely discharged and the CONTROL pin capacitance

has not discharged below the internal power-up reset

voltage.

• In some cases, minimum loading may be necessary to keep

a lightly loaded or unloaded output voltage within the

desired range due to the minimum ON-time.

ReplacingTOPSwitch with TOPSwitch-II

There is no external latching shutdown function in

TOPSwitch-II. Otherwise, the functionality of the

TOPSwitch-II devices is same as that of the TOPSwitch family.

However, before considering TOPSwitch-II as a 'drop in'

replacement in an existing TOPSwitch design, the design

should be verified as described below.

The new TOPSwitch-II family offers more power capability

than the original TOPSwitch family for the same MOSFET

RDS(ON). Therefore, the original TOPSwitch design must be

reviewed to make sure that the selected TOPSwitch-II

replacement device and other primary components are not over

stressed under abnormal conditions.

The following verification steps are recommended:

• Check the transformer design to make sure that it meets the

∆ID specification as outlined in the General Guidelines

section above.

• Thermal: Higher power capability of the TOPSwitch-II

would in many instances allow use of a smaller MOSFET

device (higher RDS(ON)) for reduced cost. This may affect

TOPSwitch power dissipation and power supply efficiency.

Therefore thermal performance of the power supply must

be verified with the selected TOPSwitch-II device.

• Clamp Voltage: Reflected and Clamp voltages should be

verified not to exceed recommended maximums for the

TOP2XX Series: 135 V Reflected/200 V Clamp. Please

see Step 4: AN-16 in the Data Book and Design Guide and

readme.txt file attached to the transformer design

spreadsheets.

• Agency Approval: Migrating to TOPSwitch-II may require

agency re-approval.

TOP221-227

7/01 9

Figure 9. Recommended TOPSwitch Layout.

PI-2021-041798

PC Board

Kelvin-connected

auto-restart/bypass capacitor C5

and/or compensation network

Bias/Feedback Input

Bias/Feedback Return

High-voltage Return

Bend DRAIN pin

forward if needed

for creepage.

DRAIN

SOURCE

CONTROL

Do not bend SOURCE pin.

Keep it short.

High Voltage

Return

Bias/Feedback

Return

Bias/Feedback

Input

CONTROL

SOURCE

DRAIN

TOP VIEW

High Voltage

Return

Bias/Feedback

Return

Bias/Feedback

Input

DIP-8/SMD-8 PACKAGE

TO-220 PACKAGE

TOP VIEW

Kelvin-connected

auto-restart/bypass capacitor C5

and/or compensation network

Kelvin-connected

auto-restart/bypass

capacitor C5

and/or compensation

network

Design Tools

The following tools available from Power Integrations greatly

simplify TOPSwitch based power supply design.

• Data Book and Design Guide includes extensive application

information

• Excel Spreadsheets for Transformer Design - Use of this

tool is strongly recommended for all TOPSwitch designs.

• Reference design boards – Production viable designs that

are assembled and tested.

All data sheets, application literature and up-to-date versions of

the Transformer Design Spreadsheets can be downloaded from

our Web site at www.powerint.com. A diskette of the

Transformer Design Spreadsheets may also be obtained by

sending in the completed form provided at the end of this data

sheet.

TOP221-227

7/01

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS(1)

DRAIN Voltage ............................................ -0.3 to 700 V

DRAIN Current Increase (∆ID) in 100 ns except during

blanking time ......................................... 0.1 x ILIMIT(MAX)(2)

CONTROL Voltage ..................................... - 0.3 V to 9 V

CONTROL Current ...............................................100 mA

Storage Temperature .....................................-65 to 150 °C

Notes:

1. All voltages referenced to SOURCE, TA = 25 °C.

2. Related to transformer saturation – see Figure 13.

3. Normally limited by internal circuitry.

4. 1/16" from case for 5 seconds.

Operating Junction Temperature(3) ................ -40 to 150 °C

Lead Temperature(4) ................................................ 260 °C

Thermal Impedance: Y Package (θJA)(5) .................70 °C/W

(θJC)(6) ...................2 °C/W

P/G Package:

(θJA) .........45 °C/W(7); 35 °C/W(8)

(θJC)(6)...............................11 °C/W

5. Free standing with no heatsink.

6. Measured at tab closest to plastic interface or SOURCE pin.

7. Soldered to 0.36 sq. inch (232 mm

), 2 oz. (610 gm/m

) copper clad.

8. Soldered to 1 sq. inch (645 mm2), 2 oz. (610 gm/m2) copper clad.

90 100 110

64 67 70

0.7 1.7 2.7

-21 -16 -11

-0.05

0.8 2.0 3.3

10 15 22

0.18

-2.4 -1.9 -1.2

-2 -1.5 -0.8

0.4

fOSC

DMAX

DMIN

CONTROL FUNCTIONS

Output

Frequency

Maximum

Duty Cycle

Minimum

Duty Cycle

PWM

Gain

PWM Gain

Temperature Drift

External

Bias Current

Dynamic

Impedance

Dynamic Impedance

Temperature Drift

CONTROL Pin

Charging Current

Temperature Drift

kHz

%/mA

%/mA/°C

Ω

%/°C

SHUTDOWN/AUTO-RESTART

Conditions

(Unless Otherwise Specified)

See Figure 14

SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C

Min Typ Max

Parameter Symbol Units

IC = 4 mA, TJ = 25 °C

IC = ICD1 + 0.4 mA, See Figure 10

IC = 10 mA, See Figure 10

IC = 4 mA, TJ = 25 °C

See Figure 4

See Note A

See Figure 4

IC = 4 mA, TJ = 25 °C

See Figure 11

VC = 0 V

TJ = 25 °CVC = 5 V

See Note A

TOP221-227

7/01 11

5.7

4.4 4.7 5.0

0.6 1.0

259

258

1.2

0.23 0.25 0.28

0.45 0.50 0.55

0.90 1.00 1.10

1.35 1.50 1.65

1.80 2.00 2.20

2.25 2.50 2.75

2.70 3.00 3.30

0.75 x

ILIMIT(MIN)

180

VC(AR)

ILIMIT

IINIT

tLEB

SHUTDOWN/AUTO-RESTART (cont.)

Auto-restart

Threshold Voltage

UV Lockout

Threshold Voltage

Auto-restart

Hysteresis Voltage

Auto-restart

Duty Cycle

Auto-restart

Frequency

Self-protection

Current Limit

Initial Current

Limit

Leading Edge

Blanking Time

CIRCUIT PROTECTION

≤ 85 VAC

(Rectified Line Input)

265 VAC

(Rectified Line Input) 0.6 x

ILIMIT(MIN)

Conditions

(Unless Otherwise Specified)

See Figure 14

SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C

Min Typ Max

Parameter Symbol Units

TOP221-222

TOP223-227

S1 open

di/dt = 40 mA/µs, TOP221Y

TJ = 25 °C TOP221P or G

di/dt = 80 mA/µs, TOP222Y

TJ = 25 °C TOP222P or G

di/dt = 160 mA/µs, TOP223Y

TJ = 25 °C TOP223P or G

di/dt = 240 mA/µs, TOP224Y

TJ = 25 °C TOP224P or G

di/dt = 320 mA/µs,

TOP225Y

TJ = 25 °C

di/dt = 400 mA/µs,

TOP226Y

TJ = 25 °C

di/dt = 480 mA/µs,

TOP227Y

TJ = 25 °C

See Figure 12

TJ = 25 °C

IC = 4 mA,

TJ = 25 °C

TOP221-227

7/01

tILD

VC(RESET)

RDS(ON)

IDSS

BVDSS

100

125 135

2.0 3.3 4.3

31.2 36.0

51.4 60.0

15.6 18.0

25.7 30.0

7.8 9.0

12.9 15.0

5.2 6.0

8.6 10.0

3.9 4.5

6.4 7.5

3.1 3.6

5.2 6.0

2.6 3.0

4.3 5.0

250

700

100

Current Limit

Delay

Thermal Shutdown

Temperature

Power-up Reset

Threshold Voltage

ON-State

Resistance

OFF-State

Current

Breakdown

Voltage

Rise

Time

Fall

Time

°C

Ω

µA

CIRCUIT PROTECTION (cont.)

OUTPUT

Conditions

(Unless Otherwise Specified)

See Figure 14

SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C

Min Typ Max

Parameter Symbol Units

IC = 4 mA

S2 open

TOP221 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 25 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP222 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 50 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP223 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 100 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP224 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 150 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP225 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 200 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP226 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 250 mA TJ = 100 °C

TOP227 TJ = 25 °C

ID = 300 mA TJ = 100 °C

See Note B

VDS = 560 V, TA = 125 °C

See Note B

ID = 100 µA, TA = 25 °C

Measured in a Typical Flyback

Converter Application.

TOP221-227

7/01 13

VC(SHUNT)

ICD1

ICD2

5.5 5.7 6.0

±50

0.6 1.2 1.6

0.7 1.4 1.8

0.5 0.8 1.1

DRAIN Supply

Voltage

Shunt Regulator

Voltage

Shunt Regulator

Temperature Drift

CONTROL Supply/

Discharge Current

ppm/°C

OUTPUT (cont.)

NOTES:

A. For specifications with negative values, a negative temperature coefficient corresponds to an increase in

magnitude with increasing temperature, and a positive temperature coefficient corresponds to a decrease in

magnitude with increasing temperature.

B. The breakdown voltage and leakage current measurements can be accomplished as shown in Figure 15 by using

the following sequence:

i. The curve tracer should initially be set at 0 V. The base output should be adjusted through a voltage sequence

of 0 V, 6.5 V, 4.3 V, and 6.5 V, as shown. The base current from the curve tracer should not exceed 100 mA. This

CONTROL pin sequence interrupts the Auto-restart sequence and locks the TOPSwitch internal MOSFET in the

OFF State.

ii. The breakdown and the leakage measurements can now be taken with the curve tracer. The maximum

voltage from the curve tracer must be limited to 700 V under all conditions.

C.It is possible to start up and operate TOPSwitch at DRAIN voltages well below 36 V. However, the CONTROL pin

charging current is reduced, which affects start-up time, auto-restart frequency, and auto-restart duty cycle. Refer

to the characteristic graph on CONTROL pin charge current (IC) vs. DRAIN voltage for low voltage operation

characteristics.

Conditions

(Unless Otherwise Specified)

See Figure 14

SOURCE = 0 V; TJ = -40 to 125 °C

Min Typ Max

Parameter Symbol Units

See Note C

IC = 4 mA

Output TOP221-224

MOSFET Enabled TOP225-227

Output MOSFET Disabled

TOP221-227

7/01

Figure 11. TOPSwitch CONTROL Pin I-V Characteristic.

Figure 10. TOPSwitch Duty Cycle Measurement.

Figure 12. Self-protection Current Limit Envelope.

PI-2031-040401

∆ID

100 ns

tLEB

DRAIN

CURRENT

0 A

Figure 13. Example of

∆

ID on Drain Current Waveform with

Saturated Transformer.

0.8

1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8

1.0

0012 6 83

Time (µs)

DRAIN Current (normalized)

PI-2022-033001

45 7

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

ILIMIT(MAX) @ 25 °C

ILIMIT(MIN) @ 25 °C

IINIT(MIN) @ 85 VAC

IINIT(MIN) @ 265 VAC

tLEB (Blanking Time)

PI-2039-040401

DRAIN

VOLTAGE

0 V

90%

10%

90%

D = t1

120

100

00246810

CONTROL Pin Voltage (V)

CONTROL Pin Current (mA)

PI-1939-091996

Slope

Dynamic

Impedance =

TOP221-227

7/01 15

PI-1964-110696

0.1 µF47 µF 0-50 V 40 V

470 Ω

5 W S2

470 Ω

NOTES: 1. This test circuit is not applicable for current limit or output characteristic measurements.

2. For P package, short all SOURCE and SOURCE (HV RTN) pins together.

CONTROL

TOPSwitch

Figure 14. TOPSwitch General Test Circuit.

Figure 15. Breakdown Voltage and Leakage Current Measurement Test Circuit.

PI-2109-040401

Curve

Tracer

NOTE: This CONTROL pin sequence interrupts the Auto-restart sequence and

locks the TOPSwitch internal MOSFET in the OFF State.

CONTROL

TOPSwitch

6.5 V

4.3 V

TOP221-227

7/01

The following precautions should be followed when testing

TOPSwitch by itself outside of a power supply. The schematic

shown in Figure 14 is suggested for laboratory testing of

TOPSwitch.

When the DRAIN supply is turned on, the part will be in the

Auto-restart mode. The CONTROL pin voltage will be

oscillating at a low frequency from 4.7 to 5.7 V and the DRAIN

is turned on every eighth cycle of the CONTROL pin oscillation.

If the CONTROL pin power supply is turned on while in this

BENCH TEST PRECAUTIONS FOR EVALUATION OF ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Typical Performance Characteristics

Auto-restart mode, there is only a 12.5% chance that the control

pin oscillation will be in the correct state (DRAIN active state)

so that the continuous DRAIN voltage waveform may be

observed. It is recommended that the VC power supply be

turned on first and the DRAIN power supply second if continuous

drain voltage waveforms are to be observed. The 12.5% chance

of being in the correct state is due to the 8:1 counter. Temporarily

shorting the CONTROL pin to the SOURCE pin will reset

TOPSwitch, which then will come up in the correct state.

1.2

1.6

0020 40 60 80 100

DRAIN Voltage (V)

CONTROL Pin

Charging Current (mA)

IC vs. DRAIN VOLTAGE

PI-1145-103194

0.4

0.8

VC = 5 V

1.1

1.0

0.9 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Junction Temperature (°C)

Breakdown Voltage (V)

(Normalized to 25 °C)

BREAKDOWN vs. TEMPERATURE

PI-176B-051391

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Junction Temperature (°C)

CURRENT LIMIT vs. TEMPERATURE

PI-1125-033001

Current Limit

(Normalized to 25 °C)

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0-50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Junction Temperature (°C)

FREQUENCY vs. TEMPERATURE

PI-1123A-033001

Output Frequency

(Normalized to 25 °C)

TOP221-227

7/01 17

Typical Performance Characteristics (cont.)

00246810

DRAIN Voltage (V)

DRAIN Current (A)

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS

PI-1940-033001

TCASE=25 °C

TCASE=100 °C

TOP227 1.00

TOP226 0.83

TOP225 0.67

TOP224 0.50

TOP223 0.33

TOP222 0.17

TOP221 0.09

Scaling Factors:

1000

10 0 400200 600

DRAIN Voltage (V)

DRAIN Capacitance (pF)

COSS vs. DRAIN VOLTAGE

100

PI-1941-033001

TOP227 1.00

TOP226 0.83

TOP225 0.67

TOP224 0.50

TOP223 0.33

TOP222 0.17

TOP221 0.09

Scaling Factors:

500

300

400

100

200

00 200 400 600

DRAIN Voltage (V)

Power (mW)

DRAIN CAPACITANCE POWER

PI-1942-033001

TOP227 1.00

TOP226 0.83

TOP225 0.67

TOP224 0.50

TOP223 0.33

TOP222 0.17

TOP221 0.09

Scaling Factors:

TOP221-227

7/01

DIM

PI-1848-040901

inches

.460-.480

.400-.415

.236-.260

.240 - REF.

.520-.560

.028-.038

.045-.055

.090-.110

.165-.185

.045-.055

.095-.115

.015-.020

.705-.715

.146-.156

.103-.113

11.68-12.19

10.16-10.54

5.99-6.60

6.10 - REF.

13.21-14.22

.71-.97

1.14-1.40

2.29-2.79

4.19-4.70

1.14-1.40

2.41-2.92

.38-.51

17.91-18.16

3.71-3.96

2.62-2.87

Notes:

1. Package dimensions conform to

JEDEC specification TO-220 AB for

standard flange mounted, peripheral

lead package; .100 inch lead spacing

(Plastic) 3 leads (issue J, March 1987)

2. Controlling dimensions are inches.

3. Pin numbers start with Pin 1, and

continue from left to right when

viewed from the top.

4. Dimensions shown do not include

mold flash or other protrusions. Mold

flash or protrusions shall not exceed

.006 (.15 mm) on any side.

5. Position of terminals to be

measured at a position .25 (6.35 mm)

from the body.

6. All terminals are solder plated.

Y03A

TO-220/3

PI-2076-040901

P08A

DIP-8

D S .004 (.10)

-E-

-D-

-F-

DIM

inches

0.370-0.385

0.245-0.255

0.125-0.135

0.015-0.040

0.120-0.135

0.060 (NOM)

0.014-0.022

0.010-0.012

0.090-0.110

0.030 (MIN)

0.300-0.320

0.300-0.390

0.300 BSC

9.40-9.78

6.22-6.48

3.18-3.43

0.38-1.02

3.05-3.43

1.52 (NOM)

0.36-0.56

0.25-0.30

2.29-2.79

0.76 (MIN)

7.62-8.13

7.62-9.91

7.62 BSC

Notes:

1. Package dimensions conform to JEDEC

specification MS-001-AB for standard dual

in-line (DIP) package .300 inch row spacing

(PLASTIC) 8 leads (issue B, 7/85)..

2. Controlling dimensions are inches.

3. Dimensions shown do not include mold

flash or other protrusions. Mold flash or

protrusions shall not exceed .006 (.15) on

any side.

4. D, E and F are reference datums on the

molded body.

TOP221-227

7/01 19

PI-2077-042601

G08A

SMD-8

D S .004 (.10)

E S .010 (.25)

-E-

-D-

-F-

DIM

inches

0.370-0.385

0.245-0.255

0.125-0.135

0.004-0.012

0.036-0.044

0.060 (NOM)

0.048-0.053

0.032-0.037

0.007-0.011

0.010-0.012

0.100 BSC

0.030 (MIN)

0.372-0.388

0-8°

9.40-9.78

6.22-6.48

3.18-3.43

0.10-0.30

0.91-1.12

1.52 (NOM)

1.22-1.35

0.81-0.94

0.18-0.28

0.25-0.30

2.54 BSC

0.76 (MIN)

9.45-9.86

0-8°

Notes:

1. Package dimensions conform to JEDEC

specification MS-001-AB (issue B, 7/85)

except for lead shape and size.

2. Controlling dimensions are inches.

3. Dimensions shown do not include mold

flash or other protrusions. Mold flash or

protrusions shall not exceed .006 (.15) on

any side.

4. D, E and F are reference datums on the

molded body.

.004 (.10)

.010 (.25) M A S

Heat Sink is 2 oz. Copper

As Big As Possible

.420

.046 .060 .060 .046

.080

Pin 1

.086

.186

.286

Solder Pad Dimensions

TOP221-227

7/01

Notes

1) Updated package references.

2) Corrected Spelling.

3) Corrected Storage Temperature θJC and updated nomenclature in parameter table.

4) Added G package references to Self-Protection Current Limit parameter.

5) Corrected font sizes in figures.

Date

12/97

7/01

Revision

KOREA

Power Integrations

International Holdings, Inc.

Rm# 402, Handuk Building

649-4 Yeoksam-Dong,

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Seoul, Korea

Phone: +82-2-568-7520

Fax: +82-2-568-7474

e-mail: koreasales@powerint.com

WORLD HEADQUARTERS

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Main: +1 408-414-9200

Customer Service:

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Fax: +1 408-414-9765

e-mail: usasales@powerint.com

For the latest updates, visit our Web site: www.powerint.com

Power Integrations reserves the right to make changes to its products at any time to improve reliability or manufacturability.

Power Integrations does not assume any liability arising from the use of any device or circuit described herein, nor does it

convey any license under its patent rights or the rights of others.

The PI Logo,

TOPSwitch

TinySwitch

and

EcoSmart

are registered trademarks of Power Integrations, Inc.

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Power Integrations, K.K.

Keihin-Tatemono 1st Bldg.

12-20 Shin-Yokohama 2-Chome

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