LTC2494 16-Bit 8-/16-Channel DS ADC with PGA and Easy Drive Input Current Cancellation Description Features n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n Up to 8 Differential or 16 Single-Ended Inputs Easy DriveTM Technology Enables Rail-to-Rail Inputs with Zero Differential Input Current Directly Digitizes High Impedance Sensors with Full Accuracy 600nV RMS Noise Programmable Gain from 1 to 256 Integrated High Accuracy Temperature Sensor GND to VCC Input/Reference Common Mode Range Programmable 50Hz, 60Hz or Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection Mode 2ppm INL, No Missing Codes 1ppm Offset and 15ppm Full-Scale Error 2x Speed Mode/Reduced Power Mode (15Hz Using Internal Oscillator and 80A at 7.5Hz Output) No Latency: Digital Filter Settles in a Single Cycle, Even After a New Channel Is Selected Single-Supply 2.7V to 5.5V Operation Internal Oscillator Tiny 5mm x 7mm QFN Package The LTC(R)2494 is a 16-channel (8-differential), 16-bit, No Latency DSTM ADC with Easy Drive technology. The patented sampling scheme eliminates dynamic input current errors and the shortcomings of on-chip buffering through automatic cancellation of differential input current. This allows large external source impedances, and rail-to-rail input signals to be directly digitized while maintaining exceptional DC accuracy. The LTC2494 includes programmable gain, a high accuracy temperature sensor and an integrated oscillator. This device can be configured to measure an external signal (from combinations of 16 analog input channels operating in single-ended or differential modes) or its internal temperature sensor. The integrated temperature sensor offers 1/2C resolution and 2C absolute accuracy. The LTC2494 can be configured to provide a programmable gain from 1 to 256 in 8 steps. The LTC2494 allows a wide common mode input range (0V to VCC), independent of the reference voltage. Any combination of single-ended or differential inputs can be selected and the first conversion, after a new channel is selected, is valid. Applications n n n n Direct Sensor Digitizer Direct Temperature Measurement Instrumentation Industrial Process Control L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks and No Latency and Easy Drive are trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Typical Application Data Acquisition System with Temperature Compensation Absolute Temperature Error 5 2.7V TO 5.5V REF+ IN+ 16-BIT ADC WITH EASY-DRIVE IN- COM TEMPERATURE SENSOR MUXOUT/ ADCIN 4 0.1F VCC MUXOUT/ ADCIN REF- SDI SCK SDO CS 10F 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 3 ABSOLUTE ERROR (C) CH0 CH1 * * * CH7 CH8 16-CHANNEL MUX * * * CH15 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 fO OSC 2494 TA01a -4 -5 -55 -30 -5 20 45 70 TEMPERATURE (C) 95 120 2494 TA01b 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 1 LTC2494 GND GND SDI fO TOP VIEW CS Supply Voltage (VCC).................................... -0.3V to 6V Analog Input Voltage (CH0 to CH15, COM)..................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) REF+, REF -.................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) ADCINN, ADCINP, MUXOUTP, MUXOUTN.................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Input Voltage......................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Digital Output Voltage....................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V) Operating Temperature Range LTC2494C................................................. 0C to 70C LTC2494I..............................................-40C to 85C Storage Temperature Range................... -65C to 150C Pin Configuration SDO (Notes 1, 2) SCK Absolute Maximum Ratings 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 GND 1 31 GND NC 2 30 REF- GND 3 29 REF+ GND 4 28 VCC GND 5 27 MUXOUTN GND 6 26 ADCINN 39 COM 7 25 ADCINP CH0 8 24 MUXOUTP CH1 9 23 CH15 CH2 10 22 CH14 CH3 11 21 CH13 20 CH12 CH4 12 CH11 CH10 CH9 CH8 CH7 CH6 CH5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 UHF PACKAGE 38-LEAD (5mm x 7mm) PLASTIC QFN TJMAX = 125C, JA = 34C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 39) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB order information LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING* PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC2494CUHF#PBF LTC2494CUHF#TRPBF 2494 38-Lead (5mm x 7mm) Plastic QFN 0C to 70C LTC2494IUHF#PBF LTC2494IUHF#TRPBF 2494 38-Lead (5mm x 7mm) Plastic QFN -40C to 85C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for information on non-standard lead based finish parts. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/ 2 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Electrical Characteristics (Normal Speed) The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER Resolution (No Missing Codes) Integral Nonlinearity Offset Error Offset Error Drift Positive Full-Scale Error Positive Full-Scale Error Drift Negative Full-Scale Error Negative Full-Scale Error Drift Total Unadjusted Error Output Noise Internal PTAT Signal Internal PTAT Temperature Coefficient Programmable Gain CONDITIONS 0.1V VREF VCC, -FS VIN +FS (Note 5) 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V (Note 6) 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V (Note 6) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 14) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.25VREF, IN- = 0.75VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.25VREF, IN- = 0.75VREF 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V 2.7V VCC 5.5V, 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 13) TA = 27C (Note 14) MIN 16 TYP MAX 2 1 0.5 10 20 l l 5 32 l 0.1 32 l 0.1 15 15 15 0.6 27.8 l 28.0 93.5 UNITS Bits ppm of VREF ppm of VREF V nV/C ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/C ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/C ppm of VREF ppm of VREF ppm of VREF VRMS 28.2 1 mV V/C 256 Electrical Characteristics (2x Speed) The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Notes 3, 4) PARAMETER Resolution (No Missing Codes) Integral Nonlinearity Offset Error Offset Error Drift Positive Full-Scale Error Positive Full-Scale Error Drift Negative Full-Scale Error Negative Full-Scale Error Drift Output Noise Programmable Gain CONDITIONS 0.1V VREF VCC, -FS VIN +FS (Note 5) 5V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 5V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V (Note 6) 2.7V VCC 5.5V, VREF = 2.5V, VIN(CM) = 1.25V (Note 6) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 14) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.75VREF, IN- = 0.25VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.25VREF, IN- = 0.75VREF 2.5V VREF VCC, IN+ = 0.25VREF, IN- = 0.75VREF 5V VCC 2.5V, VREF = 5V, GND IN+ = IN- VCC MIN 16 l l TYP MAX 2 1 0.2 100 20 2 32 l 0.1 32 l 0.1 0.85 l 1 UNITS Bits ppm of VREF ppm of VREF mV nV/C ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/C ppm of VREF ppm of VREF/C VRMS 128 Converter Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) PARAMETER Input Common Mode Rejection DC Input Common Mode Rejection 60Hz 2% Input Common Mode Rejection 50Hz 2% Input Normal Mode Rejection 50Hz 2% Input Normal Mode Rejection 60Hz 2% Input Normal Mode Rejection 50Hz/60Hz 2% Reference Common Mode Rejection DC Power Supply Rejection DC Power Supply Rejection, 50Hz 2% Power Supply Rejection, 60Hz 2% CONDITIONS 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 5) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 5) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 5) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Notes 5, 7) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Notes 5, 8) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Notes 5, 9) 2.5V VREF VCC, GND IN+ = IN- VCC (Note 5) VREF = 2.5V, IN+ = IN- = GND VREF = 2.5V, IN+ = IN- = GND (Notes 7, 9) VREF = 2.5V, IN+ = IN- = GND (Notes 8, 9) l l l l l l l MIN 140 140 140 110 110 87 120 TYP 120 120 140 120 120 120 MAX UNITS dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 3 LTC2494 Analog Input and Reference The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER IN+ Absolute/Common Mode IN+ Voltage (IN+ Corresponds to the Selected Positive Input Channel) CONDITIONS GND - 0.3V MIN TYP VCC + 0.3V V IN- Absolute/Common Mode IN- Voltage (IN- Corresponds to the Selected Negative Input Channel or COM) GND - 0.3V VCC + 0.3V V VIN Input Voltage Range (IN+ - IN-) -FS +FS V Differential/Single-Ended l Differential/Single-Ended l 0.5VREF/Gain MAX UNITS FS Full-Scale of the Input (IN+ - IN-) LSB Least Significant Bit of the Output Code l REF+ Absolute/Common Mode REF+ Voltage l 0.1 VCC V REF- Absolute/Common Mode REF- Voltage l GND REF+ - 0.1V V l 0.1 V FS/216 VREF Reference Voltage Range (REF+ - REF-) CS(IN+) IN+ Sampling Capacitance CS(IN-) IN- Sampling Capacitance 11 pF CS(VREF) VREF Sampling Capacitance 11 pF IDC_LEAK(IN+) IN+ DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, IN+ = GND l -10 1 10 nA IDC_LEAK(IN-) IDC_LEAK(REF+) IDC_LEAK(REF-) IN- DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, IN- = GND l -10 1 10 nA REF+ DC Leakage Current Sleep Mode, REF+ = VCC Sleep Mode, REF- = GND l -100 1 100 nA l -100 1 100 nA REF- DC Leakage Current tOPEN MUX Break-Before-Make QIRR MUX Off Isolation VCC V 11 VIN = 2VP-P DC to 1.8MHz pF 50 ns 120 dB Digital Inputs And Digital Outputs The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN VIH High Level Input Voltage (CS, fO, SDI) 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Note 18) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage (CS, fO, SDI) 2.7V VCC 5.5V l VIH High Level Input Voltage (SCK) 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Notes 10, 15) l VIL Low Level Input Voltage (SCK) 2.7V VCC 5.5V (Notes 10, 15) l TYP MAX UNITS VCC - 0.5 V 0.5 V 0.5 V VCC - 0.5 V IIN Digital Input Current (CS, fO, SDI) 0V VIN VCC l -10 10 A IIN Digital Input Current (SCK) 0V VIN VCC (Notes 10, 15) l -10 10 A CIN Digital Input Capacitance (CS, fO, SDI) CIN Digital Input Capacitance (SCK) (Notes 10, 15) VOH High Level Output Voltage (SDO) IO = -800A l VOL Low Level Output Voltage (SDO) IO = 1.6mA l VOH High Level Output Voltage (SCK) IO = -800A (Notes 10, 17) l VOL Low Level Output Voltage (SCK) IO = 1.6mA (Notes 10, 17) l IOZ Hi-Z Output Leakage (SDO) l 10 pF 10 pF VCC - 0.5 V 0.4 V 0.4 V 10 A VCC - 0.5 V -10 Power Requirements The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER VCC Supply Voltage ICC Supply Current 4 CONDITIONS MIN l Conversion Current (Note 12) Temperature Measurement (Note 12) Sleep Mode (Note 12) l l l TYP MAX 5.5 V 160 200 1 275 300 2 A A A 2.7 UNITS 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Digital Inputs And Digital Outputs The l denotes the specifications which apply over the full operating temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C. (Note 3) SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS fEOSC External Oscillator Frequency Range (Note 16) MAX UNITS l tHEO tLEO tCONV_1 Conversion Time for 1x Speed Mode tCONV_2 Conversion Time for 2x Speed Mode MIN 10 TYP 1000 kHz External Oscillator High Period l 0.125 50 s External Oscillator Low Period l 0.125 50 s 50Hz Mode 60Hz Mode Simultaneous 50/60Hz Mode External Oscillator l l l 157.2 131 144.1 160.3 133.6 146.9 41036/fEOSC (in kHz) 163.5 136.3 149.9 ms ms ms ms 50Hz Mode 60Hz Mode Simultaneous 50/60Hz Mode External Oscillator l l l 78.7 65.6 72.2 80.3 66.9 73.6 81.9 68.2 75.1 ms ms ms ms 20556/fEOSC (in kHz) fISCK Internal SCK Frequency Internal Oscillator (Notes 10, 17) External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11, 15) DISCK Internal SCK Duty Cycle (Notes 10, 17) l fESCK External SCK Frequency Range (Notes 10, 11, 15) l tLESCK External SCK LOW Period (Notes 10, 11, 15) l 125 ns tHESCK External SCK HIGH Period (Notes 10, 11, 15) l 125 ns tDOUT_ISCK Internal SCK 24-Bit Data Output Time Internal Oscillator (Notes 10, 17) External Oscillator (Notes 10, 11, 15) l 0.61 tDOUT_ESCK External SCK 24-Bit Data Output Time (Notes 10, 11, 15) t1 CS to SDO LOW l 0 200 ns t2 CS to SDO Hi-Z l 0 200 ns t3 CS to SCK Internal SCK Mode l 0 200 ns External SCK Mode l 50 t4 CS to SCK tKQMAX SCK to SDO Valid tKQMIN SDO Hold After SCK t5 SCK Set-Up Before CS t7 SDI Setup Before SCK t8 SDI Hold After SCK 38.4 fEOSC/8 45 0.625 192/fEOSC (in kHz) kHz kHz 55 % 4000 kHz 0.64 24/fESCK (in kHz) ms ns 200 l ms ms ns l 15 ns l 50 ns (Note 5) l 100 ns (Note 5) l 100 ns (Note 5) Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: All voltage values are with respect to GND. Note 3: VCC = 2.7V to 5.5V unless otherwise specified. VREFCM = VREF/2, fS = 0.5VREF/Gain VIN = IN+ - IN-, VIN(CM) = (IN+ - IN-)/2, where IN+ and IN- are the selected input channels. Note 4: Use internal conversion clock or external conversion clock source with fEOSC = 307.2kHz unless other wise specified. Note 5: Guaranteed by design, not subject to test. Note 6: Integral nonlinearity is defined as the deviation of a code from a straight line passing through the actual endpoints of the transfer curve. The deviation is measured from the center of the quantization band. Note 7: 50Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 256kHz 2% (external oscillator). Note 8: 60Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 307.2kHz 2% (external oscillator). Note 9: Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz mode (internal oscillator) or fEOSC = 280kHz 2% (external oscillator). Note 10: The SCK can be configured in external SCK mode or internal SCK mode. In external SCK mode, the SCK pin is used as a digital input and the driving clock is fESCK. In the internal SCK mode, the SCK pin is used as a digital output and the output clock signal during the data output is fISCK. Note 11: The external oscillator is connected to the fO pin. The external oscillator frequency, fEOSC, is expressed in kHz. Note 12: The converter uses its internal oscillator. Note 13: The output noise includes the contribution of the internal calibration operations. Note 14: Guaranteed by design and test correlation. Note 15: The converter is in external SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as a digital input. The frequency of the clock signal driving SCK during the data output is fESCK and is expressed in Hz. Note 16: Refer to Applications Information section for performance vs data rate graphs. Note 17: The converter is in internal SCK mode of operation such that the SCK pin is used as a digital output. Note 18: For VCC < 3V, VIH is 2.5V for Pin fO. For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 2494fe 5 LTC2494 Typical Performance Characteristics 3 -45C 1 2 INL (ppm OF VREF) 2 25C 0 85C -1 -2 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 1 -45C, 25C, 85C 0 -1 -2 2 -3 -1.25 2.5 -0.75 4 0 25C VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 8 85C -45C -4 2 12 85C -4 12 NUMBER OF READINGS (%) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) 12 -0.75 -4 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0 -3 -2.4 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0 0.6 OUTPUT READING (V) 1.25 2494 G06 Long-Term ADC Readings VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V, VIN = 0V, VIN(CM) = 2.5V 4 TA = 25C, RMS NOISE = 0.60V, GAIN = 256 3 4 0 2494 G07 -0.75 5 6 2 1.8 85C -45C -12 -1.25 1.25 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS RMS = 0.59V VCC = 2.7V AVERAGE = -0.19V VREF = 2.5V 10 VIN = 0V TA = 25C 8 GAIN = 256 2 1.2 25C 0 Noise Histogram (7.5sps) 14 -3 -2.4 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0 0.6 OUTPUT READING (V) 4 2494 G05 14 4 1.25 2494 G03 -8 Noise Histogram (6.8sps) 6 8 -45C 0 2494 G04 6 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 25C 4 -12 -1.25 2.5 10,000 CONSECUTIVE READINGS RMS = 0.60V VCC = 5V AVERAGE = -0.69V VREF = 5V 10 VIN = 0V TA = 25C 8 GAIN = 256 -0.75 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) -8 -8 -12 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) -1 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 12 TUE (ppm OF VREF) TUE (ppm OF VREF) 8 -45C, 25C, 85C 0 2494 G02 Total Unadjusted Error (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND 1 -3 -1.25 1.25 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2494 G01 12 VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND -2 TUE (ppm OF VREF) -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) 2 ADC READING (V) INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) INL (ppm OF VREF) Integral Nonlinearity (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1.2 1.8 2494 G08 -5 0 10 30 40 20 TIME (HOURS) 50 60 2494 G09 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Typical Performance Characteristics RMS Noise vs Input Differential Voltage 0.9 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V TA = 25C 0.8 RMS NOISE (V) 0.7 0.6 RMS Noise vs Temperature (TA) 1.0 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C GAIN = 256 0.9 0.8 RMS NOISE (V) RMS Noise vs VIN(CM) 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.4 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 INPUT DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE (V) 0.4 2.5 -1 0 2 1 3 5 4 1.0 VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C GAIN = 256 0.6 0.3 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C GAIN = 256 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 0.4 5.5 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 0.1 0.3 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 0.2 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 90 2494 G16 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V TA = 25C 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -1 0 1 3 2 VIN(CM) (V) 5 4 0.2 0.1 Offset Error vs VCC 0.3 REF+ = 2.5V - = GND REF VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0 -0.1 Offset Error vs VREF VCC = 5V REF- = GND VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND TA = 25C 0.2 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 2.7 6 2494 G15 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) Offset Error vs Temperature VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 5 90 Offset Error vs VIN(CM) 2494 G14 2494 G13 0.3 75 2494 G12 RMS Noise vs VREF 0.9 0.7 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 2494 G11 RMS Noise vs VCC 0.4 2.7 0.4 -45 -30 -15 6 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) RMS NOISE (V) 0.8 0.6 VIN(CM) (V) RMS NOISE (V) 0.9 0.7 0.5 2494 G10 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND GAIN = 256 0.9 RMS NOISE (V) 1.0 -0.2 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 VCC (V) 4.7 5.1 5.5 2494 G17 -0.3 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 5 2494 G18 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 7 LTC2494 Typical Performance Characteristics On-Chip Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 310 VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 308 FREQUENCY (kHz) 306 304 VCC = 4.1V VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 300 -45 -30 -15 75 306 304 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 VCC (V) 4.5 5.0 -60 -80 200 -80 -120 -120 -140 30600 30650 30700 VCC = 5V 1.0 0.8 VCC = 2.7V 0.4 0 -45 -30 -15 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) 75 90 2494 G25 8 400 350 300 250 VCC = 2.7V 140 120 100 3 2 VCC = 5V 200 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) VCC = 3V 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 75 90 30 2494 G26 Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V fO = GND 1 0 25C, 85C -1 -2 150 0.2 VCC = 5V 2494 G24 VREF = VCC IN+ = GND IN- = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC SDI = GND CS GND fO = EXT OSC TA = 25C 450 SUPPLY CURRENT (A) SLEEP MODE CURRENT (A) 500 1M 160 Conversion Current vs Output Data Rate 2.0 0.6 180 fO = GND CS = GND SCK = NC SDO = NC SDI = GND 2494 G23 Sleep Mode Current vs Temperature 1.2 10k 100k 1k 100 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 100 -45 -30 -15 30800 30750 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 2494 G22 fO = GND 1.8 CS = VCC SCK = NC 1.6 SDO = NC 1.4 SDI = GND 10 Conversion Current vs Temperature PSRR vs Frequency at VCC -60 -100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 1 2494 G21 VCC = 4.1V DC 0.7V = 2.5V V -20 INREF + = GND - = GND IN -40 fO = GND TA = 25C -100 -140 -140 CONVERSION CURRENT (A) REJECTION (dB) -40 0 REJECTION (dB) -20 5.5 2494 G20 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC VCC = 4.1V DC 1.4V VREF = 2.5V IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -80 -120 2494 G19 0 -60 -100 300 90 VCC = 4.1V DC VREF = 2.5V IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -40 302 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) PSRR vs Frequency at VCC -20 INL (ppm OF VREF) FREQUENCY (kHz) 308 0 REJECTION (dB) 310 302 On-Chip Oscillator Frequency vs VCC -45C -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 2 2.5 2494 G27 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Typical Performance Characteristics 3 1 85C 0 -45C, 25C -1 16 1 85C 0 -45C, 25C -1 -2 -2 -3 -1.25 -0.75 -3 -1.25 1.25 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 200 -0.75 -0.25 0.25 0.75 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 0.6 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C GAIN = 128 240 194 192 190 188 186 180 5 -1 1 0 3 2 VIN(CM) (V) 4 OFFSET ERROR (V) OFFSET ERROR (V) 220 4 3.5 VCC (V) 4.5 5 5.5 2494 G34 90 VCC = 4.1V DC REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C -20 -40 210 200 190 160 75 2494 G33 0 -60 -80 -100 -120 170 3 0 15 30 45 60 TEMPERATURE (C) PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) 180 50 2.5 160 -45 -30 -15 6 5 VCC = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 230 100 2 190 2494 G32 240 150 0 200 Offset Error vs VREF (2x Speed Mode) VREF = 2.5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND TA = 25C 200 210 170 REJECTION (dB) 250 220 180 2494 G31 Offset Error vs VCC (2x Speed Mode) 188.6 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V VIN(CM) = GND fO = GND 230 182 4 183.8 186.2 OUTPUT READING (V) Offset Error vs Temperature (2x Speed Mode) 184 3 2 VREF (V) 181.4 2494 G30 OFFSET ERROR (V) 196 OFFSET ERROR (V) RMS NOISE (V) 0.8 1 4 0 179 1.25 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = GND TA = 25C 198 0 6 Offset Error vs VIN(CM) (2x Speed Mode) 1.0 0.2 8 2494 G29 RMS Noise vs VREF (2x Speed Mode) 0.4 RMS = 0.85V 10,000 CONSECUTIVE AVERAGE = 0.184mV 14 READINGS VCC = 5V 12 VREF = 5V VIN = 0V GAIN = 128 10 TA = 25C 2 2494 G28 0 Noise Histogram (2x Speed Mode) VCC = 2.7V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND 2 INL (ppm OF VREF) 2 INL (ppm OF VREF) 3 VCC = 5V VREF = 2.5V VIN(CM) = 1.25V fO = GND Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 2.7V, VREF = 2.5V) NUMBER OF READINGS (%) Integral Nonlinearity (2x Speed Mode; VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V) 0 1 2 3 VREF (V) 4 5 2494 G35 -140 1 10 10k 100k 1k 100 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 1M 2494 G36 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 9 LTC2494 Typical Performance Characteristics PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) RREJECTION (dB) -20 -40 -60 0 VCC = 4.1V DC 1.4V REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND IN- = GND fO = GND TA = 25C VCC = 4.1V DC 0.7V REF+ = 2.5V REF- = GND IN+ = GND -40 IN- = GND fO = GND -60 TA = 25C -20 REJECTION (dB) 0 PSRR vs Frequency at VCC (2x Speed Mode) -80 -80 -100 -100 -120 -120 -140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) -140 30600 30650 30700 30750 FREQUENCY AT VCC (Hz) 30800 2494 G38 2494 G37 Pin Functions GND (Pins 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 31, 32, 33): Ground. Multiple ground pins internally connected for optimum ground current flow and VCC decoupling. Connect each one of these pins to a common ground plane through a low impedance connection. All eight pins must be connected to ground for proper operation. NC (Pin 2): No Connection. This pin can be left floating or tied to GND. COM (Pin 7): The Common Negative Input (IN-) for All Single-Ended Multiplexer Configurations. The voltage on CH0 to CH15 and COM pins can have any value between GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V. Within these limits, the two selected inputs (IN+ and IN-) provide a bipolar input range VIN = (IN+ - IN-) from -0.5 * VREF/Gain to 0.5 * VREF /Gain. Outside this input range, the converter produces unique overrange and underrange output codes. CH0 to CH15 (Pins 8 to 23): Analog Inputs. May be programmed for single-ended or differential mode. MUXOUTP (Pin 24): Positive Multiplexer Output. Used to drive an external buffer/amplifier or can be shorted directly to ADCINP. 10 ADCINP (Pin 25): Positive ADC Input. Tie to the output of a buffer/amplifier driven by MUXOUTP or tie directly to MUXOUTP. ADCINN (Pin 26): Negative ADC Input. Tie to the output of a buffer/amplifier driven by MUXOUTN or tie directly to MUXOUTN. MUXOUTN (Pin 27): Negative Multiplexer Output. Used to drive an external buffer/amplifier or can be shorted directly to ADCINN. VCC (Pin 28): Positive Supply Voltage. Bypass to GND with a 10F tantalum capacitor in parallel with a 0.1F ceramic capacitor as close to the part as possible. REF+ (Pin 29), REF- (Pin 30): Differential Reference Input. The voltage on these pins can have any value between GND and VCC as long as the reference positive input, REF+, remains more positive than the negative reference input, REF-, by at least 0.1V. The differential voltage VREF = (REF+ - REF-) sets the full-scale range (-0.5 * VREF/ Gain to 0.5 * VREF/Gain) for all input channels. When performing an on-chip temperature measurement, the minimum value of REF = 2V. 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Pin Functions SDI (Pin 34): Serial Data Input. This pin is used to select the gain, line frequency rejection mode, 1x or 2x speed mode, temperature sensor, as well as the input channel. The serial data input is applied under control of the serial clock (SCK) during the data output/input operation. The first conversion following a new input or mode change is valid. fO (Pin 35): Frequency Control Pin. Digital input that controls the internal conversion clock rate. When fO is connected to GND, the converter uses its internal oscillator running at 307.2kHz. The conversion clock may also be overridden by driving the fO pin with an external clock in order to change the output rate and the digital filter rejection null. CS (Pin 36): Active LOW Chip Select. A LOW on this pin enables the digital input/output and wakes up the ADC. Following each conversion, the ADC automatically enters the sleep mode and remains in this low power state as long as CS is HIGH. A LOW-to-HIGH transition on CS during the data output aborts the data transfer and starts a new conversion. SDO (Pin 37): Three-State Digital Output. During the data output period, this pin is used as the serial data output. When the chip select pin is HIGH, the SDO pin is in a high impedance state. During the conversion and sleep periods, this pin is used as the conversion status output. When the conversion is in progress this pin is HIGH; once the conversion is complete SDO goes LOW. The conversion status is monitored by pulling CS LOW. SCK (Pin 38): Bidirectional, Digital I/O, Clock Pin. In internal serial clock operation mode, SCK is generated internally and is seen as an output on the SCK pin . In external serial clock operation mode, the digital I/O clock is externally applied to the SCK pin. The serial clock operation mode is determined by the logic level applied to the SCK pin at power-up and during the most recent falling edge of CS. Exposed Pad (Pin 39): Ground. This pin is ground and must be soldered to the PCB ground plane. For prototyping purposes, this pin may remain floating. Functional Block Diagram TEMP SENSOR VCC INTERNAL OSCILLATOR MUXOUTP ADCINP GND CH0 CH1 CH15 COM - * * * + DIFFERENTIAL 3RD ORDER MODULATOR MUX fO (INT/EXT) AUTOCALIBRATION AND CONTROL REF+ REF- SERIAL INTERFACE SDI SCK SDO CS DECIMATING FIR ADDRESS 2494 BD MUXOUTN ADCINN Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 11 LTC2494 Test Circuits VCC SDO 1.69k 1.69k CLOAD = 20pF SDO Hi-Z TO VOH VOL TO VOH VOH TO Hi-Z CLOAD = 20pF 2494 TC01 Hi-Z TO VOL VOH TO VOL VOL TO Hi-Z 2494 TC02 Timing Diagrams Timing Diagram Using Internal SCK (SCK HIGH with CS) CS t1 SDO t2 Hi-Z Hi-Z tKQMIN t3 tKQMAX SCK t7 t8 SDI 2494 TD01 SLEEP DATA IN/OUT CONVERSION Timing Diagram Using External SCK (SCK LOW with CS) CS t1 SDO t2 Hi-Z Hi-Z t5 tKQMIN t4 tKQMAX SCK t7 t8 SDI 2494 TD02 SLEEP 12 DATA IN/OUT CONVERSION 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information Converter Operation Converter Operation Cycle The LTC2494 is a multichannel, low power, delta-sigma, analog-to-digital converter with an easy to use, 4-wire interface and automatic differential input current cancellation. Its operation is made up of four states (See Figure 2). The converter's operating cycle begins with the conversion, followed by the sleep state, and ends with the data input/ output cycle. The 4-wire interface consists of serial data output (SDO), serial clock (SCK), chip select (CS) and serial data input (SDI). The interface, timing, operation cycle and data output format is compatible with Linear's entire family of converters. Initially, at power-up, the LTC2494 performs a conversion. Once the conversion is complete, the device enters the sleep state. While in this sleep state, if CS is HIGH, power consumption is reduced by two orders of magnitude. The part remains in the sleep state as long as CS is HIGH. The conversion result is held indefinitely in a static shift register while the part is in the sleep state. Once CS is pulled LOW, the device powers up, exits the sleep state, and enters the data input/output state. If CS is brought HIGH before the first rising edge of SCK, the device returns to the sleep state and the power is reduced. If CS is brought HIGH after the first rising edge of SCK, the POWER UP IN+= CH0, IN-= CH1 GAIN = 1, 50/60Hz,1X data output cycle is aborted and a new conversion cycle begins. The data output corresponds to the conversion just completed. This result is shifted out on the serial data output pin (SDO) under the control of the serial clock pin (SCK). Data is updated on the falling edge of SCK allowing the user to reliably latch data on the rising edge of SCK (see Figure 3). The configuration data for the next conversion is also loaded into the device at this time. Data is loaded from the serial data input pin (SDI) on each rising edge of SCK. The data input/output cycle is concluded once 24 bits are read out of the ADC or when CS is brought HIGH. The device automatically initiates a new conversion and the cycle repeats. Through timing control of the CS and SCK pins, the LTC2494 offers several flexible modes of operation (internal or external SCK and free-running conversion modes). These various modes do not require programming and do not disturb the cyclic operation described above. These modes of operation are described in detail in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section. Ease of Use The LTC2494 data output has no latency, filter settling delay, or redundant data associated with the conversion cycle. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the conversion and the output data. Therefore, multiplexing multiple analog inputs is straightforward. Each conversion, immediately following a newly selected input or mode, is valid and accurate to the full specifications of the device. The LTC2494 automatically performs offset and full-scale calibration every conversion cycle independent of the input channel selected. This calibration is transparent to the user and has no effect with the operation cycle previously described. The advantage of continuous calibration is extreme stability of offset and full-scale readings with respect to time, supply voltage variation, input channel and temperature drift. CONVERT SLEEP CS = LOW AND SCK Easy Drive Input Current Cancellation CHANNEL SELECT CONFIGURATION SELECT DATA OUTPUT 2494 F02 Figure 2. LTC2494 State Transition Diagram The LTC2494 combines a high precision, delta-sigma ADC with an automatic, differential, input current cancellation front end. A proprietary front end passive sampling network transparently removes the differential input current. 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 13 LTC2494 Applications Information This enables external RC networks and high impedance sensors to directly interface to the LTC2494 without external amplifiers. The remaining common mode input current is eliminated by either balancing the differential input impedances or setting the common mode input equal to the common mode reference (see the Automatic Differential Input Current Cancellation section). This unique architecture does not require on-chip buffers, thereby enabling signals to swing beyond ground or up to VCC. Moreover, the cancellation does not interfere with the transparent offset and full-scale auto-calibration and the absolute accuracy (full-scale + offset + linearity + drift) is maintained even with external RC networks. Power-Up Sequence The LTC2494 automatically enters an internal reset state when the power supply voltage, VCC, drops below approximately 2V. This feature guarantees the integrity of the conversion result, input channel selection and serial clock mode. When VCC rises above this threshold, the converter creates an internal power-on reset (POR) signal with a duration of approximately 4ms. The POR signal clears all internal registers. The conversion immediately following a POR cycle is performed on the input channels IN+ = CH0 and IN- = CH1 with simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection 1x output rate, and gain = 1. The first conversion following a POR cycle is accurate within the specification of the device if the power supply voltage is restored to (2.7V to 5.5V) before the end of the POR interval. A new input channel, rejection mode, speed mode, temperature selection, or gain can be programmed into the device during this first data input/output cycle. Reference Voltage Range This converter accepts a truly differential external reference voltage. The absolute/common mode voltage range for the REF+ and REF- pins covers the entire operating range of the device (GND to VCC). For correct converter operation, VREF must be positive (REF+ > REF-). 14 The LTC2494 differential reference input range is 0.1V to VCC. For the simplest operation, REF+ can be shorted to VCC and REF- can be shorted to GND. The converter output noise is determined by the thermal noise of the front end circuits, and as such, its value in nanovolts is nearly constant with reference voltage. A decrease in reference voltage will not significantly improve the converter's effective resolution. On the other hand, a decreased reference will improve the converter's overall INL performance. Input Voltage Range The LTC2494 input measurement range is -0.5 * VREF to +0.5 * VREF in both differential and single-ended configurations as shown in Figure 39. Highest linearity is achieved with Fully Differential drive and a constant common mode voltage (Figure 39b). Other drive schemes may incur an INL error of approximately 50ppm. This error can be calibrated out using a three point calibration and a second-order curve fit. The analog input is truly differential with an absolute, common mode range for CH0 to CH15 and COM input pins extending from GND - 0.3V to VCC + 0.3V. Outside these limits, the ESD protection devices begin to turn on and the errors due to input leakage current increase rapidly. Within these limits, the LTC2494 converts the bipolar differential input signal VIN = IN+ - IN- (where IN+ and IN- are the selected input channels), from -FS = -0.5 * VREF/Gain to +FS = 0.5 * VREF/Gain where VREF = REF+ - REF-. Outside this range, the converter indicates the overrange or the underrange condition using distinct output codes. Signals applied to the input (CH0 to CH15, COM) may extend 300mV below ground and above VCC. In order to limit any fault current, resistors of up to 5k may be added in series with the input. The effect of series resistance on the converter accuracy can be evaluated from the curves presented in the Input Current/Reference Current sections. In addition, series resistors will introduce a temperature dependent error due to input leakage current. A 1nA input leakage current will develop a 1ppm offset error on a 5k resistor if VREF = 5V. This error has a very strong temperature dependency. 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information MUXOUT/ADCIN The output of the multiplexer (MUXOUT) and the input to the ADC (ADCIN) can be used to perform input signal conditioning on any of the selected input channels or simply shorted together for direct digitization. If an external amplifier is used, the LTC2494 automatically calibrates both the offset and drift of this circuit and the Easy Drive sampling scheme enables a wide variety of amplifiers to be used. In order to achieve optimum performance, if an external amplifier is not used, short these pins directly together (ADCINP to MUXOUTP and ADCINN to MUXOUTN) and minimize their capacitance to ground. Serial Interface Pins The LTC2494 transmits the conversion result, reads the input configuration, and receives a START of conversion command through a synchronous 3- or 4-wire interface. During the conversion and sleep states, this interface can be used to access the converter status. During the data output state, it is used to read the conversion result, program the input channel, rejection frequency, speed multiplier, select the temperature sensor and set the gain. Serial Clock Input/Output (SCK) The serial clock pin (SCK) is used to synchronize the data input/output transfer. Each bit is shifted out of the SDO pin on the falling edge of SCK and data is shifted into the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK. The serial clock pin (SCK) can be configured as either a master (SCK is an output generated internally) or a slave (SCK is an input and applied externally). Master mode (internal SCK) is selected by simply floating the SCK pin. Slave mode (external SCK) is selected by driving SCK LOW during power-up and each falling edge of CS. Specific details of these SCK modes are described in the Serial Interface Timing Modes section. Serial Data Output (SDO) The serial data output pin (SDO) provides the result of the last conversion as a serial bit stream (MSB first) during the data output state. In addition, the SDO pin is used as an end of conversion indicator during the conversion and sleep states. When CS is HIGH, the SDO driver is switched to a high impedance state in order to share the data output line with other devices. If CS is brought LOW during the conversion phase, the EOC bit (SDO pin) will be driven HIGH. Once the conversion is complete, if CS is brought LOW, EOC will be driven LOW indicating the conversion is complete and the result is ready to be shifted out of the device. Chip Select (CS) The active LOW CS pin is used to test the conversion status, enable I/O data transfer, initiate a new conversion, control the duration of the sleep state and set the SCK mode. At the conclusion of a conversion cycle, while CS is HIGH, the device remains in a low power sleep state where the supply current is reduced several orders of magnitude. In order to exit the sleep state and enter the data output state, CS must be pulled LOW. Data is now shifted out the SDO pin under control of the SCK pin as described previously. A new conversion cycle is initiated either at the conclusion of the data output cycle (all 24 data bits read) or by pulling CS HIGH any time between the first and 24th rising edges of the serial clock (SCK). In this case, the data output is aborted and a new conversion begins. Serial Data Input (SDI) The serial data input (SDI) is used to select the input channel, rejection frequency, speed multiplier, gain, and to access the integrated temperature sensor. Data is shifted into the device during the data output/input state on the rising edge of SCK while CS is LOW. OUTPUT DATA FORMAT The LTC2494 serial output stream is 24 bits long. The first bit indicates the conversion status, the second bit is always zero, and the third bit conveys sign information. The next 17 bits are the conversion result, MSB first. The remaining 4 bits are always LOW. Bit 23 (first output bit) is the end of conversion (EOC) indicator. This bit is available on the SDO pin during the 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 15 LTC2494 Applications Information conversion and sleep states whenever CS is LOW. This bit is HIGH during the conversion cycle, goes LOW once the conversion is complete, and is Hi-Z when CS is HIGH. Bit 22 (second output bit) is a dummy bit (DMY) and is always LOW. Bit 21 (third output bit) is the conversion result sign indicator (SIG). If the selected input (VIN = IN+ - IN-) is greater than or equal to 0V, this bit is HIGH. If VIN < 0, this bit is LOW. Bit 20 (fourth output bit) is the most significant bit (MSB) of the result. This bit in conjunction with Bit 21 also provides underrange and overrange indication. If both Bit 21 and Bit 20 are HIGH, the differential input voltage is above +FS. If both Bit 21 and Bit 20 are LOW, the differential input voltage is below -FS. The function of these bits is summarized in Table 1. Table 1. LTC2494 Status Bits Input Range VIN 0.5 * VREF/Gain Bit 23 EOC Bit 22 DMY Bit 21 SIG Bit 20 MSB 0 0 1 1 0V VIN < 0.5 * VREF/Gain 0 0 1/0 0 -0.5 * VREF/Gain VIN < 0V 0 0 0 1 VIN < -0.5 * VREF/Gain 0 0 0 0 Bits 20 to 4 are the 16-bit plus sign conversion result MSB first. Bit 4 is the least significant bit (LSB16). Bits 3 to 0 are always LOW. Data is shifted out of the SDO pin under control of the serial clock (SCK) (see Figure 3). Whenever CS is HIGH, SDO remains high impedance and SCK is ignored. In order to shift the conversion result out of the device, CS must first be driven LOW. EOC is seen at the SDO pin of the device once CS is pulled LOW. EOC changes in real time from HIGH to LOW at the completion of a conversion. This signal may be used as an interrupt for an external microcontroller. Bit 23 (EOC) can be captured on the first rising edge of SCK. Bit 22 is shifted out of the device on the first falling edge of SCK. The final data bit (Bit 0) is shifted out on the on the falling edge of the 23rd SCK and may be latched on the rising edge of the 24th SCK pulse. On the falling edge of the 24th SCK pulse, SDO goes HIGH indicating the initiation of a new conversion cycle. This bit serves as EOC (Bit 23) for the next conversion cycle. Table 2 summarizes the output data format. As long as the voltage on the IN+ and IN- pins remains between -0.3V and VCC + 0.3V (absolute maximum operating range) a conversion result is generated for any differential input voltage VIN from -FS = -0.5 * VREF /Gain to +FS = 0.5 * VREF /Gain. For differential input voltages greater than +FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value corresponding to +FS + 1LSB. For differential input voltages below -FS, the conversion result is clamped to the value -FS - 1LSB. CS 1 2 3 4 5 1 0 EN SGL ODD EOC "0" SIG MSB 6 7 8 9 A2 A1 A0 EN2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 24 SCK (EXTERNAL) DON'T CARE SDI SDO Hi-Z IM FA FB Hi-Z BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 10 CONVERSION SLEEP DON'T CARE DATA INPUT/OUTPUT BIT 9 BIT 0 CONVERSION 2494 F03 Figure 3. Channel Selection, Configuration Selection and Data Output Timing 16 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information Table 2. LTC2494 Output Data Format DIFFERENTIAL INPUT VOLTAGE VIN* BIT 23 EOC BIT 22 DMY BIT 21 SIG BIT 20 MSB BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 ... BIT 4 BITS 3 TO 0 VIN* FS** 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0000 FS** - 1LSB 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 ... 1 0000 0.5 * FS** 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 ... 0 0000 0.5 * FS** - 1LSB 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ... 1 0000 0 0 0 1/0*** 0 0 0 0 ... 0 0000 -1LSB 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 ... 1 0000 -0.5 * FS** 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ... 0 0000 -0.5 * FS** - 1LSB 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 ... 1 0000 -FS** 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ... 0 0000 VIN* < -FS** 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ... 1 0000 *The differential input voltage VIN = IN+ - IN-. **The full-scale voltage FS = 0.5 * VREF /Gain. ***The sign bit changes state during the 0 output code when the device is operating in the 2x speed mode. Input Data Format The LTC2494 serial input word is 16 bits long and contains two distinct sets of data. The first set (SGL, ODD, A2, A1, A0) is used to select the input channel. The second set of data (IM, FA, FB, SPD, GS2, GS1, GS0) is used to select the frequency rejection, speed mode (1x, 2x), temperature measurement and gain. After power-up, the device initiates an internal reset cycle which sets the input channel to CH0 - CH1 (IN+ = CH0, IN- = CH1), the frequency rejection to simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz, 1x output rate (auto-calibration enabled), and gain = 1. The first conversion automatically begins at power-up using this default configuration. Once the conversion is complete, a new word may be written into the device. The first three bits shifted into the device consist of two preamble bits and an enable bit. These bits are used to enable the device configuration and input channel selection. Valid settings for these three bits are 000, 100 and 101. Other combinations should be avoided. If the first three bits are 000 or 100, the following data is ignored (don't care) and the previously selected input channel and configuration remain valid for the next conversion. If the first three bits shifted into the device are 101, then the next five bits select the input channel for the next conversion cycle (see Table 3). The first input bit following the 101 sequence (SGL) determines if the input selection is differential (SGL = 0) or single-ended (SGL = 1). For SGL = 0, two adjacent channels can be selected to form a differential input. For SGL = 1, one of 16 channels is selected as the positive input. The negative input is COM for all single-ended operations. The remaining 4 bits (ODD, A2, A1, A0) determine which channel(s) is/are selected and the polarity (for a differential input). The next serial input bit immediately following the input channel selection is the enable bit for the conversion configuration (EN2). If this bit is set to 0, then the next conversion is performed using the previously selected converter configuration. This is useful in systems using the same rejection/speed for all input channels and for backward compatibility with the LTC2418/LTC2414 families of delta-sigma ADCs. The second set of configuration data can be loaded into the device by setting EN2 = 1 (see Table 4). The first bit (IM) is used to select the internal temperature sensor. If IM = 1, the following conversion will be performed on the internal temperature sensor rather than the selected input channel. The next 2 bits (FA and FB) are used to set the rejection frequency. The next bit (SPD) is used to select either the 1x output rate if SPD = 0 (auto-calibration is enabled and the offset is continuously calibrated and removed from the final conversion result) or the 2x output rate if SPD 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 17 LTC2494 Applications Information Table 3. Channel Selection MUX ADDRESS CHANNEL SELECTION ODD/ SGL SIGN A2 A1 A0 0 1 *0 0 0 0 0 IN+ IN- 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 IN- 2 3 IN+ IN- 4 5 IN+ IN- 6 7 IN+ IN- 8 9 IN+ IN- 10 11 IN+ IN- 12 13 IN+ IN- 14 15 IN+ IN- IN- IN+ COM IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- IN+ IN- *Default at power-up 18 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information Table 4. Converter Configuration 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 0 X 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Any 1 1 Input Channel 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IM X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 FA X X FB X X Any Rejection Mode 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 SPD X X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GS2 GS1 GS0 X X X X X X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Any Speed Any Gain X X X X = 1 (offset calibration disabled, multiplexing output rates up to 15Hz with no latency). When IM = 1 (temperature measurement), SPD, GS2, GS1, GS0 will be ignored and the device will operate in 1x mode. The final 3 bits (GS2, GS1, GS0) are used to select the gain. The configuration remains valid until a new input word with EN = 1 (the first 3 bits are 101) and EN2 = 1 is shifted into the device. Rejection Mode (FA, FB) The LTC2494 includes a high accuracy on-chip oscillator with no required external components. Coupled with an integrated 4th order digital low pass filter, the LTC2494 rejects line frequency noise. In the default mode, the LTC2494 simultaneously rejects 50Hz and 60Hz by at least 87dB. If more rejection is required, the LTC2494 can be configured to reject 50Hz or 60Hz to better than 110dB. X X X X X X X X X X X X CONVERTER CONFIGURATION Keep Previous Keep Previous External Input, Gain = 1, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 4, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 8, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 16, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 32, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 64, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 128, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 256, Auto-Calibration External Input, Gain = 1, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 2, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 4, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 8, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 16, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 32, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 64, 2x Speed External Input, Gain = 128, 2x Speed External Input, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection External Input, 50Hz Rejection External Input, 60Hz Rejection Reserved, Do Not Use Temperature Input, Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection Temperature Input, 50Hz Rejection Temperature Input, 60Hz Rejection Reserved, Do Not Use Speed Mode (SPD) Every conversion cycle, two conversions are combined to remove the offset (default mode). This result is free from offset and drift. In applications where the offset is not critical, the auto-calibration feature can be disabled with the benefit of twice the output rate. While operating in the 2x mode (SPD = 1), the linearity and full-scale errors are unchanged from the 1x mode performance. In both the 1x and 2x mode there is no latency. This enables input steps or multiplexer changes to settle in a single conversion cycle easing system overhead and increasing the effective conversion rate. During temperature measurements, the 1x mode is always used independent of the value of SPD. 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 19 LTC2494 Applications Information Table 5a. Performance vs Gain in Normal Speed Mode (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) GAIN 1 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 Input Span 2.5 0.625 0.312 0.156 78m 39m 19.5m 9.76m V LSB 38.1 9.54 4.77 2.38 1.19 0.596 0.298 0.149 V 65536 65536 65536 65536 65536 65536 32768 16384 Counts Noise Free Resolution* UNIT Gain Error 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 Offset Error 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 ppm of FS V UNIT Table 5b. Performance vs Gain in 2x Speed Mode (VCC = 5V, VREF = 5V) GAIN Input Span LSB Noise Free Resolution* 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 2.5 1.25 0.625 0.312 0.156 78m 39m 19.5m V 38.1 19.1 9.54 4.77 2.38 1.19 0.596 0.298 V 65536 65536 65536 65536 65536 65536 45875 22937 Counts Gain Error 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Offset Error 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 ppm of FS V *The resolution in counts is calculated as the FS divided by LSB or the RMS noise value, whichever is larger. GAIN (GS2, GS1, GS0) The input referred gain of the LTC2494 is adjustable from 1 to 256 (see Tables 5a and 5b). With a gain of 1, the differential input range is VREF/2 and the common mode input range is rail-to-rail. As the gain is increased, the differential input range is reduced to 0.5 * VREF/Gain but the common mode input range remains rail-to-rail. As the differential gain is increased, low level voltages are digitized with greater resolution. At a gain of 256, the LTC2494 digitizes an input signal range of 9.76mV with over 16,000 counts. Temperature Sensor The LTC2494 includes an integrated temperature sensor. The temperature sensor is selected by setting IM = 1. During temperature readings, MUXOUTN/MUXOUTP remains connected to the selected input channel. The ADC internally connects to the temperature sensor and performs a conversion. The digital output is proportional to the absolute temperature of the device. This feature allows the converter to perform cold junction compensation for external thermocouples or continuously remove the temperature effects of external sensors. 20 The internal temperature sensor output is 28mV at 27C (300K), with a slope of 93.5V/C independent of VREF . Slope calibration is not required if the reference voltage (VREF) is known. A 5V reference has a slope of 2.45 LSBs16/C. The temperature is calculated from the output code (where DATAOUT16 is the decimal representation of the 16-bit result) for a 5V reference using the following formula: TK = DATAOUT16/2.45 in Kelvin If a different value of VREF is used, the temperature output is: TK = DATAOUT16 * VREF/12.25 in Kelvin If the value of VREF is not known, the slope is determined by measuring the temperature sensor at a known temperature TN (in K) and using the following formula: SLOPE = DATAOUT16/TN This value of slope can be used to calculate further temperature readings using: TK = DATAOUT16/SLOPE All Kelvin temperature readings can be converted to TC (C) using the fundamental equation: TC = TK - 273 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information 5 1020 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V 960 SLOPE = 2.45 LSB /K 16 4 ABSOLUTE ERROR (C) 3 DATAOUT16 800 640 480 320 1 0 -1 -2 -3 160 0 2 -4 0 100 200 300 TEMPERATURE (K) -5 -55 400 -30 2494 F04 -5 20 45 70 TEMPERATURE (C) 95 120 2494 F05 Figure 5. Absolute Temperature Error Figure 4. Internal PTAT Digital Output vs Temperature Table 6. LTC2494 Interface Timing Modes CONFIGURATION SCK CONVERSION DATA OUTPUT CONNECTION AND SOURCE CYCLE CONTROL CONTROL WAVEFORMS External SCK, Single Cycle Conversion External CS and SCK CS and SCK Figures 6, 7 External SCK, 3-Wire I/O External SCK SCK Figure 8 Internal SCK, Single Cycle Conversion Internal CS CS Figures 9, 10 Internal SCK, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion Internal Continuous Internal Figure 11 Serial Interface Timing Modes The LTC2494's 4-wire interface is SPI and MICROWIRE compatible. This interface offers several flexible modes of operation. These include internal/external serial clock, 3- or 4-wire I/O, single cycle or continuous conversion. The following sections describe each of these timing modes in detail. In all cases, the converter can use the internal oscillator (fO = LOW) or an external oscillator connected to the fO pin. For each mode, the operating cycle, data input format, data output format and performance remain the same. Refer to Table 6 for a summary. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation This timing mode uses an external serial clock to shift out the conversion result and CS to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle (see Figure 6). The external serial clock mode is selected during the power-up sequence and on each falling edge of CS. In order to enter and remain in the external SCK mode of operation, SCK must be driven LOW both at power-up and on each CS falling edge. If SCK is HIGH on the falling edge of CS, the device will switch to the internal SCK mode. The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. While CS is LOW, EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC = 1 while a conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the conversion is complete and the device is in the sleep state. Independent of CS, the device automatically enters the sleep state once the conversion is complete; however, in order to reduce the power, CS must be HIGH. When the device is in the sleep state, its conversion result is held in an internal static shift register. The device remains in the sleep state until the first rising edge of SCK is seen while CS is LOW. The input data is then shifted in via the SDI pin on each rising edge of SCK (including the first rising 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 21 LTC2494 Applications Information 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 29 REF+ 30 - 8 * * * ANALOG INPUTS fO 15 16 * * * 23 7 REF SDI SCK CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 34 38 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * CH15 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 EOC "0" SIG MSB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 24 SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI SDO DON'T CARE Hi-Z IM FA SLEEP DON'T CARE Hi-Z 2494 F06 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 CONVERSION FB BIT 12 BIT 11 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT BIT 10 BIT 9 BIT 0 CONVERSION Figure 6. External Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation edge). The channel selection and converter configuration mode will be used for the following conversion cycle. If the input channel or converter configuration is changed during this I/O cycle, the new settings take effect on the conversion cycle following the data input/output cycle. The output data is shifted out the SDO pin on each falling edge of SCK. This enables external circuitry to latch the output on the rising edge of SCK. EOC can be latched on the first rising edge of SCK and the last bit of the conversion result can be latched on the 24th rising edge of SCK. On the 24th falling edge of SCK, the device begins a new conversion and SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) indicating a conversion is in progress. At the conclusion of the data cycle, CS may remain LOW and EOC monitored as an end-of-conversion interrupt. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output/input state. However, the data output state may be aborted by 22 pulling CS HIGH any time between the 1st falling edge and the 24th falling edge of SCK (see Figure 7). On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. In order to program a new input channel, 8 SCK clock pulses are required. If the data output sequence is aborted prior to the 8th falling edge of SCK, the new input data is ignored and the previously selected input channel remains valid. If the rising edge of CS occurs after the 8th falling edge of SCK, the new input channel is loaded and valid for the next conversion cycle. If CS goes HIGH between the 8th falling edge and the 16th falling edge of SCK, the new channel is still loaded, but the converter configuration remains unchanged. In order to program both the input channel and converter configuration, CS must go HIGH after the 16th falling edge of SCK (at this point all data has been shifted into the device). 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 fO LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 29 REF+ 30 REF- 8 * * * * * * 38 SCK CH0 * * * 15 16 ANALOG INPUTS 34 SDI CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * 23 CH15 7 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EOC "0" SIG MSB SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE SDO DON'T CARE Hi-Z 2494 F07 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 CONVERSION SLEEP BIT 15 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT CONVERSION SLEEP Figure 7. External Serial Clock, Reduced Output Data Length and Valid Channel Selection 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC fO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF+ 30 REF- 8 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 29 15 16 * * * 23 7 SDI SCK CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 34 38 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * CH15 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 EOC "0" SIG MSB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 24 SCK (EXTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE SDO IM FA SLEEP DON'T CARE 2494 F08 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 CONVERSION FB BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 10 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT BIT 9 BIT 0 CONVERSION Figure 8. External Serial Clock, 3-Wire Operation (CS = 0) 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 23 LTC2494 Applications Information External Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O is loading into an internal static shift register. The output data can now be shifted out the SDO pin under control of the externally applied SCK signal. Data is updated on the falling edge of SCK. The input data is shifted into the device through the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK. On the 24th falling edge of SCK, SDO goes HIGH, indicating a new conversion has begun. This data now serves as EOC for the next conversion. This timing mode uses a 3-wire serial I/O interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an externally generated serial clock (SCK) signal (see Figure 8). CS is permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or isolation barrier. The external serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is typically concluded 4ms after VCC exceeds 2V. The level applied to SCK at this time determines if SCK is internally generated or externally applied. In order to enter the external SCK mode, SCK must be driven LOW prior to the end of the POR cycle. Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation This timing mode uses the internal serial clock to shift out the conversion result and CS to monitor and control the state of the conversion cycle (see Figure 9). In order to select the internal serial clock timing mode, the serial clock pin (SCK) must be floating or pulled HIGH before the conclusion of the POR cycle and prior to each falling edge of CS. An internal weak pull-up resistor is active on the SCK pin during the falling edge of CS; therefore, the internal SCK mode is automatically selected if SCK is not externally driven. Since CS is tied LOW, the end-of-conversion (EOC) can be continuously monitored at the SDO pin during the convert and sleep states. EOC may be used as an interrupt to an external controller. EOC = 1 while the conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 once the conversion is complete. On the falling edge of EOC, the conversion result 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 fO LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 29 REF+ 30 - 8 * * * 15 16 ANALOG INPUTS * * * 23 7 <tEOCTEST VCC SDI SCK REF 34 CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS OPTIONAL 10k 38 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * CH15 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 EOC "0" SIG MSB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 24 SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE SDO IM FA SLEEP DON'T CARE Hi-Z 2494 F09 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 CONVERSION FB BIT 12 BIT 11 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT BIT 10 BIT 9 BIT 0 CONVERSION Figure 9. Internal Serial Clock, Single Cycle Operation 24 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information The serial data output pin (SDO) is Hi-Z as long as CS is HIGH. At any time during the conversion cycle, CS may be pulled LOW in order to monitor the state of the converter. Once CS is pulled LOW, SCK goes LOW and EOC is output to the SDO pin. EOC= 1 while the conversion is in progress and EOC = 0 if the device is in the sleep state. After the 24th rising edge of SCK a new conversion automatically begins. SDO goes HIGH (EOC = 1) and SCK remains HIGH for the duration of the conversion cycle. Once the conversion is complete, the cycle repeats. Typically, CS remains LOW during the data output state. However, the data output state may be aborted by pulling CS HIGH any time between the 1st rising edge and the 24th falling edge of SCK (see Figure 10). On the rising edge of CS, the device aborts the data output state and immediately initiates a new conversion. In order to program a new input channel, 8 SCK clock pulses are required. If the data output sequence is aborted prior to the 8th falling edge of SCK, the new input data is ignored and the previously selected input channel remains valid. If the rising edge of CS occurs after the 8th falling edge of SCK, the new input channel is loaded and valid for the next conversion cycle. If CS goes HIGH between the 8th falling edge and the 16th falling edge of SCK, the new channel is still loaded, but the converter configuration remains unchanged. In order to program When testing EOC, if the conversion is complete (EOC = 0), the device will exit sleep state. In order to return to the sleep state and reduce the power consumption, CS must be pulled HIGH before the device pulls SCK HIGH. When the device is using its own internal oscillator (fO is tied LOW), the first rising edge of SCK occurs 12s (tEOCTEST = 12s) after the falling edge of CS. If fO is driven by an external oscillator of frequency fEOSC, then tEOCTEST = 3.6/fEOSC. If CS remains LOW longer than tEOCTEST, the first rising edge of SCK will occur and the conversion result is shifted out the SDO pin on the falling edge of SCK. The serial input word (SDI) is shifted into the device on the rising edge of SCK. 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC 29 REF+ 30 REF- 8 * * * ANALOG INPUTS fO 15 16 * * * 23 7 <tEOCTEST VCC SDI SCK CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 34 OPTIONAL 10k 38 4-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * CH15 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 EOC "0" SIG MSB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE SDO IM FA SLEEP DON'T CARE Hi-Z 2494 F10 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 CONVERSION FB BIT 12 BIT 11 BIT 10 BIT 9 BIT 8 BIT 7 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT CONVERSION Figure 10. Internal Serial Clock, Reduced Data Output Length with Valid Channel and Configuration Selection 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 25 LTC2494 Applications Information 2.7V TO 5.5V 10F 28 VCC fO = EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR = INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 35 LTC2494 0.1F REFERENCE VOLTAGE 0.1V TO VCC REF+ 30 - 8 * * * ANALOG INPUTS 29 15 16 * * * 23 7 REF VCC SDI SCK CH0 * * * CH7 SDO CH8 * CS 34 OPTIONAL 10k 38 3-WIRE SPI INTERFACE 37 36 * * CH15 COM GND 1,3,4,5,6,31,32,33,39 CS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 EN SGL ODD A2 A1 A0 EN2 EOC "0" SIG MSB 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SPD GS2 GS1 GS0 24 SCK (INTERNAL) SDI DON'T CARE SDO IM FA FB DON'T CARE 2494 F11 BIT 23 BIT 22 BIT 21 BIT 20 BIT 19 BIT 18 BIT 17 BIT 16 BIT 15 BIT 14 BIT 13 BIT 12 BIT 11 DATA INPUT/OUTPUT CONVERSION BIT 10 BIT 9 BIT 0 CONVERSION Figure 11. Internal Serial Clock, Continuous Operation both the input channel and converter configuration, CS must go HIGH after the 16th falling edge of SCK (at this point all data has been shifted into the device). Internal Serial Clock, 3-Wire I/O, Continuous Conversion. This timing mode uses a 3-wire interface. The conversion result is shifted out of the device by an internally generated serial clock (SCK) signal (see Figure 11). In this case, CS is permanently tied to ground, simplifying the user interface or transmission over an isolation barrier. The internal serial clock mode is selected at the end of the power-on reset (POR) cycle. The POR cycle is concluded approximately 4ms after VCC exceeds 2V. An internal weak pull-up is active during the POR cycle; therefore, the internal serial clock timing mode is automatically selected if SCK is floating or driven HIGH. During the conversion, the SCK and the serial data output pin (SDO) are HIGH (EOC = 1). Once the conversion is complete, SCK and SDO go LOW (EOC = 0) indicating 26 the conversion has finished and the device has entered the sleep state. The device remains in the sleep state a minimum amount of time (1/2 the internal SCK period) then immediately begins outputting and inputting data. The input data is shifted through the SDI pin on the rising edge of SCK (including the first rising edge) and the output data is shifted out the SDO pin on the falling edge of SCK. The data input/output cycle is concluded and a new conversion automatically begins after the 24th rising edge of SCK. During the next conversion, SCK and SDO remain HIGH until the conversion is complete. The Use of a 10k Pull-Up on SCK for Internal SCK Selection If CS is pulled HIGH while the converter is driving SCK LOW, the internal pull-up is not available to restore SCK to a logic HIGH state if SCK is floating. This will cause the device to exit the internal SCK mode on the next falling edge of CS. This can be avoided by adding an external 10k pull-up resistor to the SCK pin. For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 2494fe LTC2494 Applications Information Whenever SCK is LOW, the LTC2494's internal pull-up at SCK is disabled. Normally, SCK is not externally driven if the device is operating in the internal SCK timing mode. However, certain applications may require an external driver on SCK. If the driver goes Hi-Z after outputting a LOW signal, the internal pull-up is disabled. An external 10k pull-up resistor prevents the device from exiting the internal SCK mode under this condition. A similar situation may occur during the sleep state when CS is pulsed HIGH-LOW-HIGH in order to test the conversion status. If the device is in the sleep state (EOC = 0), SCK will go LOW. If CS goes HIGH before the time tEOCtest, the internal pull-up is activated. If SCK is heavily loaded, the internal pull-up may not restore SCK to a HIGH state before the next falling edge of CS. The external 10k pull-up resistor prevents the device from exiting the internal SCK mode under this condition. Preserving The Converter Accuracy The LTC2494 is designed to reduce as much as possible sensitivity to device decoupling, PCB layout, anti-aliasing circuits, line frequency perturbations and temperature sensitivity. In order to achieve maximum performance a few simple precautions should be observed. Digital Signal Levels The LTC2494's digital interface is easy to use. Its digital inputs SDI, fO, CS and SCK (in external serial clock mode) accept standard CMOS logic levels. Internal hysteresis circuits can tolerate edge transition times as slow as 100s. The digital input signal range is 0.5V to VCC - 0.5V. During transitions, the CMOS input circuits draw dynamic current. For optimal performance, application of signals to the serial data interface should be reserved for the sleep and data output periods. During the conversion period, overshoot and undershoot of fast digital signals applied to both the serial digital interface and the external oscillator pin (fO) may degrade the converter performance. Undershoot and overshoot occur due to impedance mismatch of the circuit board trace at the converter pin when the transition time of an external control signal is less than twice the propagation delay from the driver to the input pin. For reference, on a regular FR-4 board, the propagation delay is approximately 183ps/inch. In order to prevent overshoot, a driver with a 1ns transition time must be connected to the converter through a trace shorter than 2.5 inches. This becomes difficult when shared control lines are used and multiple reflections occur. Parallel termination near the input pin of the LTC2494 will eliminate this problem, but will increase the driver power dissipation. A series resistor from 27 to 54 (depending on the trace impedance and connection) placed near the driver will also eliminate over/under shoot without additional driver power dissipation. For many applications, the serial interface pins (SCK, SDI, CS, fO) remain static during the conversion cycle and no degradation occurs. On the other hand, if an external oscillator is used (fO driven externally) it is active during the conversion cycle. Moreover, the digital filter rejection is minimal at the clock rate applied to fO. Care must be taken to ensure external inputs and reference lines do not cross this signal or run near it. These issues are avoided when using the internal oscillator. Driving the Input and Reference The input and reference pins of the LTC2494 are connected directly to a switched capacitor network. Depending on the relationship between the differential input voltage and the differential reference voltage, these capacitors are switched between these four pins. Each time a capacitor is switched between two of these pins, a small amount of charge is transferred. A simplified equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 12. When using the LTC2494's internal oscillator, the input capacitor array is switched at 123kHz. The effect of the charge transfer depends on the circuitry driving the input/ reference pins. If the total external RC time constant is less then 580ns the errors introduced by the sampling process are negligible since complete settling occurs. Typically, the reference inputs are driven from a low impedance source. In this case, complete settling occurs even with large external bypass capacitors. The inputs (CH0 to CH15, COM), on the other hand, are typically driven from larger source resistances. Source resistances up to 10k 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 27 LTC2494 Applications Information IIN+ IN+ IIN INPUT MULTIPLEXER 100 INTERNAL SWITCH NETWORK EXTERNAL CONNECTION MUXOUTP ADCINP ( ) I IN+ 10k ( ) I REF + IREF+ = I IN- AVG ( ) AVG VIN(CM) - VREF(CM) = 0.5*REQ ( 1.5VREF + VREF(CM) - VIN(CM) 0.5 * REQ )- 2 VIN VREF * REQ where: - IN- AVG 100 MUXOUTN ADCINN VREF =REF + -REF - REF + - REF - VREF(CM) = 2 10k EXTERNAL CONNECTION REF+ CEQ 12pF 10k VIN =IN+ -IN- , WHERE IN+ AND IN- ARE THE SELECTED INPUT CHANNELS IN+ - IN- VIN(CM) = 2 REQ = 2.71M INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 60Hz MODE REQ = 2.98M INTERNAL OSCILLATOR 50Hz/60Hz MODE REQ = 0.833*1012 /fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR ( IREF- REF- ) 10k 2494 F12 SWITCHING FREQUENCY fSW = 123kHz INTERNAL OSCILLATOR fSW = 0.4 * fEOSC EXTERNAL OSCILLATOR Figure 12. LTC2494 Equivalent Analog Input Circuit may interface directly to the LTC2494 and settle completely; however, the addition of external capacitors at the input terminals in order to filter unwanted noise (anti-aliasing) results in incomplete settling. The LTC2494 offers two methods of removing these errors. The first is automatic differential input current cancellation (Easy Drive) and the second is the insertion of buffer between the MUXOUT and ADCIN pins, thus isolating the input switching from the source resistance. Automatic Differential Input Current Cancellation In applications where the sensor output impedance is low (up to 10k with no external bypass capacitor or up to 500 with 0.001F bypass), complete settling of the input occurs. In this case, no errors are introduced and direct digitization is possible. For many applications, the sensor output impedance combined with external input bypass capacitors produces RC time constants much greater than the 580ns required for 1ppm accuracy. For example, a 10k bridge driving a 0.1F capacitor has a time constant an order of magnitude greater than the required maximum. 28 The LTC2494 uses a proprietary switching algorithm that forces the average differential input current to zero independent of external settling errors. This allows direct digitization of high impedance sensors without the need of buffers. The switching algorithm forces the average input current on the positive input (IIN+) to be equal to the average input current in the negative input (IIN-). Over the complete conversion cycle, the average input current (IIN+ - IIN-) is zero. While the differential input current is zero, the common mode input current (IIN+ + IIN-)/2 is proportional to the difference between the common mode input voltage (VIN(CM)) and the common mode reference voltage (VREF(CM)). In applications where the input common mode voltage is equal to the reference common mode voltage, as in the case of a balanced bridge, both the differential and common mode input current are zero. The accuracy of the converter is not compromised by settling errors. In applications where the input common mode voltage is constant but different from the reference common mode voltage, the differential input current remains zero while the common mode input current is proportional to the 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information difference between VIN(CM) and VREF(CM). For a reference common mode voltage of 2.5V and an input common mode of 1.5V, the common mode input current is approximately 0.74A (in simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz rejection mode). This common mode input current does not degrade the accuracy if the source impedances tied to IN+ and IN- are matched. Mismatches in source impedance lead to a fixed offset error but do not effect the linearity or full-scale reading. A 1% mismatch in a 1k source resistance leads to a 74V shift in offset voltage. In applications where the common mode input voltage varies as a function of the input signal level (single-ended type sensors), the common mode input current varies proportionally with input voltage. For the case of balanced input impedances, the common mode input current effects are rejected by the large CMRR of the LTC2494, leading to little degradation in accuracy. Mismatches in source impedances lead to gain errors proportional to the difference between the common mode input and common mode reference. 1% mismatches in 1k source resistances lead to gain errors on the order of 15ppm. Based on the stability of the internal sampling capacitors and the accuracy of the internal oscillator, a one-time calibration will remove this error. LTC2494 ANALOG INPUTS MUXOUTN INPUT MUX MUXOUTP 17 SDI ADC SCK WITH EASY DRIVE SDO INPUTS 2 CS - 1/2 LTC6078 3 + 6 - 5 1/2 LTC6078 + In addition to the input sampling current, the input ESD protection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This current, nominally 1nA (10nA max) results in a small offset shift. A 1k source resistance will create a 1V typical and a 10V maximum offset voltage. Automatic Offset Calibration of External Buffers/ Amplifiers In addition to the Easy Drive input current cancellation, the LTC2494 enables an external amplifier to be inserted between the multiplexer output and the ADC input (see Figure 13). This is useful in applications where balanced source impedances are not possible. One pair of external buffers/amplifiers can be shared between all 17 analog inputs. The LTC2494 performs an internal offset calibration every conversion cycle in order to remove the offset and drift of the ADC. This calibration is performed through a combination of front end switching and digital processing. Since the external amplifier is placed between the multiplexer and the ADC, it is inside this correction loop. This results in automatic offset correction and offset drift removal of the external amplifier. The LTC6078 is an excellent amplifier for this function. It operates with supply voltages as low as 2.7V and its noise level is 18nV/Hz. The Easy Drive input technology of the LTC2494 enables an RC network to be added directly to the output of the LTC6078. The capacitor reduces the magnitude of the current spikes seen at the input to the ADC and the resistor isolates the capacitor load from the op-amp output enabling stable operation. Reference Current 1 1k 0.1F 7 1k 0.1F 2494 F13 Figure 13. External Buffers Provide High Impedance Inputs and Amplifier Offsets are Automatically Cancelled. Similar to the analog inputs, the LTC2494 samples the differential reference pins (REF+ and REF-) transferring small amounts of charge to and from these pins, thus producing a dynamic reference current. If incomplete settling occurs (as a function the reference source resistance and reference bypass capacitance) linearity and gain errors are introduced. For relatively small values of external reference capacitance (CREF < 1nF), the voltage on the sampling capacitor settles for reference impedances of many k (if CREF = 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 29 LTC2494 Applications Information 90 60 50 CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.001F CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF 40 30 20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 3.75V VIN- = 1.25V fO = GND TA = 25C 400 +FS ERROR (ppm) 70 +FS ERROR (ppm) 500 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 3.75V VIN- = 1.25V fO = GND TA = 25C 80 300 CREF = 1F, 10F CREF = 0.1F 200 CREF = 0.01F 100 10 0 -10 0 10 1k 100 RSOURCE () 10k 0 100k 200 0 2494 F14 Figure 14. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Small CREF) 600 400 RSOURCE () 800 1000 2494 F16 Figure 16. +FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Large CREF) 0 10 0 -20 -30 -100 CREF = 0.01F CREF = 0.001F CREF = 100pF CREF = 0pF -FS ERROR (ppm) -FS ERROR (ppm) -10 -40 -50 VCC = 5V -60 VREF = 5V V + = 1.25V -70 VIN- = 3.75V IN -80 fO = GND TA = 25C -90 10 0 CREF = 0.01F -200 CREF = 1F, 10F -300 -400 1k 100 RSOURCE () 10k 100k -500 0 200 2494 F15 Figure 15. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Small CREF) 600 400 RSOURCE () 800 1000 2494 F17 10 INL (ppm OF VREF) In cases where large bypass capacitors are required on the reference inputs (CREF > 0.01F) full-scale and linearity errors are proportional to the value of the reference resistance. Every ohm of reference resistance produces a full-scale error of approximately 0.5ppm (while operating in simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz mode) (see Figures 16 and 17). If the input common mode voltage is equal to the reference common mode voltage, a linearity error of approximately 0.67ppm per 100 of reference resistance results (see Figure 18). In applications where the input and reference common mode voltages are different, the errors increase. A 1V difference in between common mode input and common mode reference results in a 6.7ppm INL error for every 100 of reference resistance. CREF = 0.1F Figure 17. -FS Error vs RSOURCE at VREF (Large CREF) 100pF up to 10k will not degrade the performance) (see Figures 14, 15). 30 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN+ = 1.25V VIN- = 3.75V fO = GND TA = 25C VCC = 5V 8 VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V 6 T = 25C A 4 CREF = 10F R = 1k 2 R = 500 0 R = 100 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -0.5 -0.3 0.1 -0.1 VIN/VREF (V) 0.3 0.5 2494 F18 Figure 18. INL vs Differential Input Voltage and Reference Source Resistance for CREF > 1F 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information One of the advantages delta-sigma ADCs offer over conventional ADCs is on-chip digital filtering. Combined with a large oversample ratio, the LTC2494 significantly simplifies anti-aliasing filter requirements. Additionally, the input current cancellation feature allows external low pass filtering without degrading the DC performance of the device. The SINC4 digital filter provides excellent normal mode rejection at all frequencies except DC and integer multiples of the modulator sampling frequency (fS) (see Figures 19 and 20). The modulator sampling frequency is fS = 15,360Hz while operating with its internal oscillator and fS = FEOSC/20 when operating with an external oscillator of frequency FEOSC. -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 Figure 20. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 60Hz Rejection Mode 0 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 0 -10 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS11fS12fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 0 fN 2fN 3fN 4fN 5fN 6fN 7fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 8fN 2494 F21 Figure 21. Input Normal Mode Rejection at DC 0 -30 fN = fEOSC/5120 -10 -10 -20 0 fS 2fS 3fS 4fS 5fS 6fS 7fS 8fS 9fS 10fS DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2494 F20 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) When using the internal oscillator, the LTC2494 is designed to reject line frequencies. As shown in Figure 21, rejection nulls occur at multiples of frequency fN, where fN is determined by the input control bits FA and FB (fN = 50Hz or 60Hz or 55Hz for simultaneous rejection). Multiples of the modulator sampling rate (fS = fN * 256) only reject noise to 15dB (see Figure 22), if noise sources are present at these frequencies anti-aliasing will reduce their effects. INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) Normal Mode Rejection and Anti-Aliasing 0 INPUT NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) In addition to the reference sampling charge, the reference ESD projection diodes have a temperature dependent leakage current. This leakage current, nominally 1nA (10nA max) results in a small gain error. A 100 reference resistance will create a 0.5V full-scale error. -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 250fN 252fN 254fN 256fN 258fN 260fN 262fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2494 F22 2494 F19 Figure 19. Input Normal Mode Rejection, Internal Oscillator and 50Hz Rejection Mode Figure 22. Input Normal Mode Rejection at fS = 256 * fN 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 31 LTC2494 Applications Information Using the 2x speed mode of the LTC2494 alters the rejection characteristics around DC and multiples of fS. The device bypasses the offset calibration in order to increase the output rate. The resulting rejection plots are shown in Figures 28 and 29. 1x type frequency rejection can be achieved using the 2x mode by performing a running average of the conversion results (see Figure 30). NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) Traditional high order delta-sigma modulators suffer from potential instabilities at large input signal levels. The proprietary architecture used for the LTC2494 third order modulator resolves this problem and guarantees stability with input signals 150% of full-scale. In many industrial applications, it is not uncommon to have microvolt level signals superimposed over unwanted volt level error sources with several volts of peak-to-peak noise. Figures 26 and 27 show measurement results for the rejection of a 7.5V peak-to-peak noise source (150% of full-scale) applied to the LTC2494. From these curves, it is shown that the rejection performance is maintained even in extremely noisy environments. 0 MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 -40 -80 -100 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2494 F23 Figure 23. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% (60Hz Notch) 0 MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 -40 -80 -100 -120 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 2494 F24 Figure 24. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% (50Hz Notch) An increase in fEOSC over the nominal 307.2kHz will translate into a proportional increase in the maximum output data rate (up to a maximum of 100sps). The increase in output rate leads to degradation in offset, full-scale error, and effective resolution as well as a shift in frequency rejection. When using the integrated temperature sensor, the internal 32 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) When using its internal oscillator, the LTC2494 produces up to 15 samples per second (sps) with a notch frequency of 60Hz. The actual output data rate depends upon the length of the sleep and data output cycles which are controlled by the user and can be made insignificantly short. When operating with an external conversion clock (fO connected to an external oscillator), the LTC2494 output data rate can be increased. The duration of the conversion cycle is 41036/fEOSC. If fEOSC = 307.2kHz, the converter behaves as if the internal oscillator is used. VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -60 0 Output Data Rate VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -60 -120 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) The user can expect to achieve this level of performance using the internal oscillator, as shown in Figures 23, 24 and 25. Measured values of normal mode rejection are shown superimposed over the theoretical values in all three rejection modes. MEASURED DATA CALCULATED DATA -20 -40 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V VIN(P-P) = 5V TA = 25C -60 -80 -100 -120 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) 160 180 200 220 2494 F25 Figure 25. Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 100% (50Hz/60Hz Notch) oscillator should be used (fO = 0) or an external oscillator applied to fO, fEOSC, should be set to 307.2kHz Max. A change in fEOSC results in a proportional change in the internal notch position. This leads to reduced differential mode rejection of line frequencies. The common mode 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) -20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V TA = 25C -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 0 INPUT NORMAL REJECTION (dB) NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 26. Measure Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency with Input Perturbation of 150% (60Hz Notch) -60 -80 -120 VIN(P-P) = 5V VIN(P-P) = 7.5V (150% OF FULL SCALE) -20 VCC = 5V VREF = 5V VIN(CM) = 2.5V TA = 25C -40 -60 -80 -100 0 12.5 25 37.5 50 62.5 75 87.5 100 112.5 125 137.5 150 162.5 175 187.5 200 INPUT FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 27. Measure Input Normal Mode Rejection vs Input Frequency With input Perturbation of 150% (50Hz Notch) Once the external oscillator frequency is increased above 1MHz (a more than 3x increase in output rate) the effectiveness of internal auto calibration circuits begins to degrade. This results in larger offset errors, full-scale errors and decreased resolution (see Figures 31 to 38). 2fN 3fN 4fN 5fN 6fN 7fN INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (fN) 8fN 2494 F28 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (fN) 2494 F29 Figure 29. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode -70 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) An increase in fEOSC also increases the effective dynamic input and reference current. External RC networks will continue to have zero differential input current, but the time required for complete settling (580ns for fEOSC = 307.2kHz) is reduced, proportionally. fN 0 2494 F27 rejection of line frequencies remains unchanged, thus fully differential input signals with a high degree of symmetry on both the IN+ and IN- pins will continue to reject line frequency noise. 0 Figure 28. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode INPUT NORMAL REJECTION (dB) 0 NORMAL MODE REJECTION (dB) -40 -100 0 2494 F26 -120 -20 -80 NO AVERAGE -90 WITH RUNNING AVERAGE -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 60 62 54 56 58 48 50 52 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT SIGNAL FREQUENCY (Hz) 2494 F30 Figure 30. Input Normal Mode Rejection 2x Speed Mode with and Without Running Averaging 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 33 LTC2494 Applications Information 3500 40 30 3000 20 10 2500 -1500 1500 -2000 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 0 30 -3000 0 2494 F31 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) -3500 30 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 2494 F34 Figure 34. Resolution (NoiseRMS 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 16 14 12 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK RES = LOG 2 (VREF/INLMAX) 10 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V, 5V RESOLUTION (BITS) RESOLUTION (BITS) 5 0 -5 2494 F35 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2494 F36 Figure 36. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 18 14 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) 12 VIN = 0V fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C RES = LOG 2 (VREF/NOISERMS) 10 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2494 F37 Figure 37. Resolution (NoiseRMS 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 34 2494 F33 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VIN = 0V 15 fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V 10 VCC = VREF = 5V -10 30 Figure 35. Resolution (INLMAX 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 18 16 OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) RESOLUTION (BITS) VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = EXT CLOCK RES = LOG 2 (VREF/NOISERMS) 12 30 20 TA = 25C, 85C 14 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) Figure 33.-FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature Figure 32. +FS Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature TA = 25C, 85C 0 2494 F32 18 16 TA = 25C TA = 85C VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK -2500 1000 18 RESOLUTION (BITS) -1000 500 Figure 31. Offset Error vs Output Data Rate and Temperature 10 -500 2000 0 -10 0 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C TA = 85C -FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VCC = VREF = 5V VIN = 0V fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C TA = 85C +FS ERROR (ppm OF VREF) OFFSET ERROR (ppm OF VREF) 50 16 VCC = 5V, VREF = 2.5V, 5V 14 VIN(CM) = VREF(CM) VIN = 0V 12 REF- = GND fO = EXT CLOCK TA = 25C RES = LOG 2 (VREF/INLMAX) 10 0 10 20 OUTPUT DATA RATE (READINGS/SEC) 30 2494 F38 Figure 38. Resolution (INLMAX 1LSB) vs Output Data Rate and Reference Voltage 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Applications Information VCC + 0.3V VCC VREF 2 GND -0.3V VCC VREF 2 -VREF 2 VREF 2 -VREF 2 GND (a) Arbitrary (b) Fully Differential VCC VCC VREF 2 VREF 2 -VREF 2 GND (c) Pseudo Differential Bipolar IN- or COM Biased Selected IN+ Ch Selected IN- Ch or COM -0.3V GND -0.3V (d) Pseudo-Differential Unipolar IN- or COM Grounded 2494 F39 Figure 39. Input Range 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 35 LTC2494 Package Description UHF Package 38-Lead Plastic QFN (5mm x 7mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1701 Rev C) 0.70 0.05 5.50 0.05 5.15 0.05 4.10 0.05 3.00 REF 3.15 0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 5.5 REF 6.10 0.05 7.50 0.05 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED 0.75 0.05 5.00 0.10 PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.30 TYP OR 0.35 x 45 CHAMFER 3.00 REF 37 0.00 - 0.05 38 0.40 0.10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 1 2 5.15 0.10 5.50 REF 7.00 0.10 3.15 0.10 (UH) QFN REF C 1107 0.200 REF 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC R = 0.125 TYP R = 0.10 TYP BOTTOM VIEW--EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING CONFORMS TO JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-220 VARIATION WHKD 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 36 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.20mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 2494fe For more information www.linear.com/LTC2494 LTC2494 Revision History (Revision history begins at Rev C) REV DATE DESCRIPTION PAGE NUMBER C 11/09 Update Tables 1 and 2 D 07/10 Revised Typical Application drawing Added Note 18 E 11/14 17, 18 1 4, 5 Clarify performance vs f0 frequency, reduced external oscillator max frequency to 1MHz 5, 8, 34 Clarify Input Voltage Range 4, 14, 35 Fixed External Input, Gain = 256, Auto-Calibration in Table 4 19 2494fe Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 37 LTC2494 Typical Application External Buffers Provide High Impedance Inputs and Amplifier Offsets Are Automatically Cancelled LTC2494 ADC WITH EASY DRIVE INPUTS MUXOUTN INPUT MUX MUXOUTP ANALOG 17 INPUTS SDI SCK SDO CS 2 - 1/2 LTC6078 3 + 6 - 5 1/2 LTC6078 1 1k 0.1F 7 1k 0.1F + 2494 TA02 Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LT 1236A-5 Precision Bandgap Reference, 5V 0.05% Max Initial Accuracy, 5ppm/C Drift LT1460 Micropower Series Reference 0.075% Max Initial Accuracy, 10ppm/C Max Drift LT1790 Micropower SOT-23 Low Dropout Reference Family 0.05% Max Initial Accuracy, 10ppm/C Max Drift LTC2400 24-Bit, No Latency ADC in SO-8 0.3ppm Noise, 4ppm INL, 10ppm Total Unadjusted Error, 200A LTC2410 24-Bit, No Latency ADC with Differential Inputs 0.8VRMS Noise, 2ppm INL LTC2413 24-Bit, No Latency ADC with Differential Inputs (R) Simultaneous 50Hz/60Hz Rejection, 800nVRMS Noise LTC2415/LTC2415-1 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs with 15Hz Output Rate Pin Compatible with the LTC2410 LTC2414/LTC2418 8-/16-Channel 24-Bit, No Latency ADCs 0.2ppm Noise, 2ppm INL, 3ppm Total Unadjusted Errors 200A LTC2440 High Speed, Low Noise 24-Bit ADC 3.5kHz Output Rate, 200nVRMS Noise, 24.6 ENOBs LTC2480 Pin Compatible with LTC2482/LTC2484 Pin Compatible with LTC2483/LTC2485 LTC2482 16-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs, 600nVRMS Noise, Programmable Gain, and Temperature Sensor 16-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs, 600nVRMS Noise, I2C Interface, Programmable Gain, and Temperature Sensor 16-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs LTC2483 16-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs, and I2C Interface Pin Compatible with LTC2481/LTC2485 LTC2484 24-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs Pin Compatible with LTC2480/LTC2482 LTC2485 Pin Compatible with LTC2481/LTC2483 24-Bit ADC with Easy Drive Inputs, I2C Interface, and Temperature Sensor 16-Bit 2-/4-Channel ADC with PGA and Temperature Sensor Pin Compatible with LTC2492/LTC2488 LTC2481 LTC2486 LTC2496 LTC2498 16-Bit 8-/16-Channel ADC with Easy Drive Input Current Cancellation 24-Bit ADC with SPI Interface and Temperature Sensor 38 Linear Technology Corporation Pin Compatible with LTC2480/LTC2484 Pin Compatible with LTC2494/LTC2449/LTC2498 Pin Compatible with LTC2494/LTC2496/LTC2449 2494fe LT 1114 REV E * PRINTED IN USA 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 FAX: (408) 434-0507 www.linear.com/LTC2494 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2007