INTEGRATED CIRCUITS DATA SHEET TDA7056AT 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control Product specification 1998 Feb 23 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION * DC volume control The TDA7056AT is a mono Bridge-Tied Load (BTL) output amplifier with DC volume control. It is designed for use in TVs and monitors, but is also suitable for battery-fed portable recorders and radios. The device is contained in a 20-lead small outline package. * Few external components * Mute mode * Thermal protection * Short-circuit proof A Missing Current Limiter (MCL) is built in. The MCL circuit is activated when the difference in current between the output terminal of each amplifier exceeds 100 mA (300 mA typ.). This level of 100 mA allows for Single-Ended (SE) headphone applications. * No switch-on or switch-off clicks * Good overall stability * Low power consumption * Low HF radiation * ESD protected on all pins. QUICK REFERENCE DATA SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT VP supply voltage 4.5 - 18 V Po output power VP = 12 V; RL = 16 3 3.5 - W Gv(max) maximum total voltage gain VP = 12 V; RL = 16 34.5 35.5 36.5 dB Gv voltage gain control range 75 80 - dB Iq(tot) total quiescent current VP = 12 V; RL = - 8 16 mA THD total harmonic distortion Po = 0.5 W - 0.3 1 % ORDERING INFORMATION PACKAGE TYPE NUMBER NAME DESCRIPTION VERSION TDA7056AT SO20 plastic small outline package with 20 leads; body width 7.5 mm SOT163-1 1998 Feb 23 2 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT BLOCK DIAGRAM handbook, full pagewidth positive input DC volume control VP n.c. 1 to 3, 8 to 13, 16, 18 to 20 4 TDA7056AT I + i 14 + I - i 17 - + 7 - + Vref STABILIZER TEMPERATURE PROTECTION 6 15 MGM576 signal ground Fig.1 Block diagram. 1998 Feb 23 positive output 5 3 power ground negative output NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT PINNING SYMBOL PIN DESCRIPTION n.c. 1 not connected n.c. 2 not connected n.c. 3 not connected VP 4 positive supply voltage VI 5 positive input GND1 6 VC n.c. n.c. 1 20 n.c. n.c. 2 19 n.c. signal ground n.c. 3 18 n.c. 7 DC volume control VP 4 17 OUT- 8 not connected n.c. 9 not connected n.c. 10 not connected n.c. 11 not connected n.c. 12 not connected n.c. 13 not connected OUT+ 14 positive output GND2 15 power ground n.c. 16 not connected OUT- 17 negative output n.c. 18 not connected n.c. 19 not connected n.c. 20 not connected 1998 Feb 23 handbook, halfpage VI 5 16 n.c. TDA7056AT GND1 6 15 GND2 VC 7 14 OUT+ n.c. 8 13 n.c. n.c. 9 12 n.c. n.c. 10 11 n.c. MGM577 Fig.2 Pin configuration. 4 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION TDA7056AT The maximum gain of the amplifier is fixed at 35.5 dB. The DC volume control stage has a logarithmic control characteristic. The TDA7056AT is a mono BTL output amplifier with DC volume control. It is designed for use in TVs and monitors but is also suitable for battery-fed portable recorders and radios. The total gain can be controlled from +35.5 to -44 dB. If the DC volume control voltage is below 0.3 V, the device switches to the mute mode. In conventional DC volume circuits the control or input stage is AC-coupled to the output stage via external capacitors to keep the offset voltage low. In the TDA7056AT the DC volume control stage is integrated into the input stage so that no coupling capacitors are required. With this configuration, a low offset voltage is still maintained and the minimum supply voltage remains low. The amplifier is short-circuit proof to ground, VP and across the load. A thermal protection circuit is also implemented. If the crystal temperature rises above +150 C the gain will be reduced, thereby reducing the output power. Special attention is given to switch-on and switch-off clicks, low HF radiation and a good overall stability. The BTL principle offers the following advantages: * Lower peak value of the supply current Power dissipation * The frequency of the ripple on the supply voltage is twice the signal frequency. Assume VP = 12 V; RL = 16 . The maximum sine wave dissipation is 1.8 W. Consequently, a reduced power supply with smaller capacitors can be used which also results in cost reductions. For portable applications there is a trend to decrease the supply voltage, resulting in a reduction of output power at conventional output stages. Using the BTL principle increases the output power. The Rth vj-a of the package is 60 K/W. Therefore Tamb(max) = 150 - 60 x 1.8 = 42 C. LIMITING VALUES In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 134). SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT VP supply voltage - 18 V V5, 7 input voltage pins 5 and 7 - 5 V IORM repetitive peak output current - 1.25 A IOSM non-repetitive peak output current - 1.5 A Ptot total power dissipation - 1.5 W Tamb operating ambient temperature -40 +85 C Tstg storage temperature -55 +150 C Tvj virtual junction temperature - 150 C tsc short-circuit time - 1 h Tcase < 60 C THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL Rth(j-a) 1998 Feb 23 PARAMETER CONDITIONS thermal resistance from junction to ambient 5 in free air VALUE UNIT 60 K/W NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT CHARACTERISTICS VP = 12 V; VDC = 1.4 V; f = 1 kHz; RL = 16 ; Tamb = 25 C; unless otherwise specified (see Fig.14). SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. TYP. MAX. UNIT Supply VP supply voltage Iq(tot) total quiescent current 4.5 - 18 V RL = ; note 1 - 8 16 mA Maximum gain (V7 = 1.4 V) Po output power THD = 10%; RL = 16 3 3.5 - W THD total harmonic distortion Po = 0.5 W - 0.3 1 % Gv(max) maximum total voltage gain 34.5 35.5 36.5 dB Vi(rms) input signal handling (RMS value) VVC = 0.8 V; THD < 1% 0.5 0.65 - V Vn(o)(rms) noise output voltage (RMS value) f = 500 kHz; note 2 - 210 - V B bandwidth at -1 dB - 0.02 to 300 - kHz SVRR supply voltage ripple rejection note 3 38 46 - dB VOS DC output offset voltage V17 - v14 - 0 150 mV Zi input impedance (pin 3) 15 20 25 k - -44 - dB note 4 - 20 30 V VVC 0.3 V; VI = 600 mV; note 4 - 35 45 V 75 80 - dB 60 70 80 A Minimum gain (V7 = 0.5 V) Gv voltage gain Vo(n)(rms) noise output voltage (RMS value) Mute position Vo(mute) output voltage in mute position DC volume control Gv voltage gain control range IVC control current VVC = 0 V Notes 1. With a load connected to the outputs the quiescent current will increase, the maximum value of this increase being equal to the DC output offset voltage divided by RL. 2. The noise output voltage (Vn(o)(rms)) at f = 500 kHz, is measured with Rs = 0 and B = 5 kHz. 3. The ripple rejection is measured with Rs = 0 and f = 100 Hz to 10 kHz. The ripple voltage (Vripple = 200 mV RMS) is applied to the positive supply rail. 4. The noise output voltage (Vn(o)(rms)) is measured with Rs = 5 k unweighted. 1998 Feb 23 6 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT MGM578 20 MGM579 12 THD (%) 10 handbook, halfpage handbook, halfpage Iq (mA) 16 8 12 6 8 4 4 2 (1) 0 0 4 8 12 16 0 10-1 20 VP (V) V5 = 1.4 V; no load. Fig.3 1 10 Po (W) VDC = 1.4 V. (1) VP = 12 V; RL = 16 . Quiescent current as a function of the supply voltage. Fig.4 THD as a function of output power. MGM580 8 MGM581 100 handbook, halfpage handbook, halfpage RR (dB) THD (%) 80 6 (1) 60 (2) 4 40 (3) 2 20 (1) 0 10 102 103 104 f (Hz) 0 10 105 103 104 f (Hz) 105 VP = 12 V; RL = 16 ; Vr = 200 mV. (1) V7 = 0.3 V; Rs = 5 k. (2) V7 = 1.4 V; Rs = 0 . (3) V7 = 1.4 V; Rs = 5 k. VP = 12 V, Po = 0.5 W, VDC = 1.4 V. (1) RL = 16 . Fig.5 THD as a function of frequency. 1998 Feb 23 102 Fig.6 Ripple rejection as a function of frequency. 7 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT MGM583 MGM582 1000 Vn (V) handbook,40 halfpage handbook, halfpage gain (dB) 20 800 0 600 -20 400 -40 200 -60 -80 0 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 0 0.4 1.2 0.8 2.0 1.6 V7 (V) V7 (V) Measured with Rs = 5 k unweighted; f = 22 Hz to 22 kHz. Fig.7 Gain control as a function of DC volume control. Fig.8 Noise output voltage as a function of DC volume control. MGM585 MGM584 5 1000 Vi handbook, halfpage handbook, halfpage Po (W) (mV) 800 4 600 3 400 2 200 1 (1) 0 0 4 8 12 16 (2) (3) 0 20 0 VP (V) 4 8 12 16 20 VP (V) Measured at THD = 10%. The maximum output power is limited by the maximum power dissipation and the maximum available output current. (1) RL = 8 . (2) RL = 16 . (3) RL = 25 . Tamb = 25 C; THD = 1%; RL = 16 ; VDC = 0.8 V. Fig.9 Input signal handling as a function of the supply voltage. 1998 Feb 23 Fig.10 Output power as a function of the supply voltage. 8 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT MGM587 MGM586 3 100 handbook, halfpage handbook, halfpage I5 (A) P (W) 60 2 (1) (2) 20 (3) -20 1 -60 -100 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 VP (V) 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.0 1.6 V7 (V) (1) RL = 8 . (2) RL = 16 . (3) RL = 25 . Fig.11 Total worst case power dissipation as a function of supply voltage. 1998 Feb 23 Fig.12 Control current as a function of DC volume control. 9 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT handbook, full pagewidth a. Top view of bottom copper. +VP GND 220 F 100 nF -OUT 20 0.47 F IN 1 5 k TDA7056A/BT 100 nF +OUT D&A AUDIO POWER CIC NIJMEGEN volume MGM591 b. Top view of component side. Fig.13 Printed-circuit board layout. 1998 Feb 23 10 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT TEST AND APPLICATION INFORMATION Thermal behaviour: Test conditions The measured thermal resistance of the IC package is highly dependent on the configuration and size of the application board. Data may not be comparable between different semiconductors manufacturers because the application boards and test methods are not (yet) standardized. The thermal performance of packages for a specific application may also be different than presented here, because the configuration of the application boards (copper area) may be different. NXP Semiconductors uses FR-4 type application boards with 1 oz copper traces with solder coating. The measurements have been carried out with vertical placed boards. Tamb = 25 C if not specified: VP = 12 V; VDC = 1.4 V; f = 1 kHz; RL = 16 ; audio bandpass: 22 Hz to 22 kHz. In Figures 5 and 6 a low-pass filter of 80 kHz was applied. It should be noted that capacitive loads (100 pF and 5 nF) connected between the output pins to a common ground can cause oscillations. The BTL application circuit diagram is shown in Fig.14. To avoid instabilities and too high distortion, the input and power ground traces must be separated as far as possible and connected together as close as possible to the IC. The quiescent current has been measured without load impedance. The maximum closed-loop voltage gain has been internally fixed at 35.5 dB. The input sensitivity at maximum gain for Po = 3 W (RL = 16 ) is 115 mV. The gain bandwidth is 20 Hz to 300 kHz within 1 dB. Using a practical PCB layout with wider copper tracks and some copper area to the IC pins and just under the IC, the thermal resistance from junction to ambient can be reduced. In the demonstration application PCB the Rth(j-a) = 56 K/W for the SO20 plastic package. For a maximum ambient temperature of Tamb = 50 C the following calculation can be made for the maximum power Output power ( 150 K/W - 50 K/W ) dissipation: ----------------------------------------------------- = 1.79 W 56 K/W The output power as a function of supply voltage has been measured at THD = 10%. The maximum output power is limited by the maximum allowed power dissipation at Tamb = 25 C approximately 2 W, and the maximum available output current is 1.25 A repetitive peak current. For the application at VP = 12 V and RL = 16 the worst case sine wave dissipation is 1.85 W. Because in practice the `music-power' causes about the half of the sine wave dissipation, this application (VP = 12 V; RL = 16 ) has been allowed. Voltage gain Switch-on/switch-off Short-circuit protection: The switch-on behaviour depends on the following: The output pins (pins 14 and 17) can be short-circuited to ground respectively to +VP. The Missing Current Limiter (MCL) protection circuit will shut-off the amplifier. Removing the short-circuit will reset the amplifier automatically. Short-circuit across the load (pins 14 and 17) will activate the thermal protection circuit; this will result in reducing the short-circuit current. * The rise time of the power supply (if tr > 40 ms for VP = 0 to 12 V then the switch-on behaviour will be good) * The input capacitor and source impedance (a higher source impedance and/or lower input capacitor value will have a positive influence on the switch-on/switch-off behaviour) * The DC volume control pin (a capacitor of >0.1 F avoids disturbances). 1998 Feb 23 11 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT VP handbook, full pagewidth (1) 220 F 100 nF n.c. 0.47 F positive input 1 to 3, 8 to 13, 16, 18 to 20 4 TDA7056AT I + i 14 + 5 + 7 RL = 16 - I - i 17 - + Rs 5 k Vref STABILIZER TEMPERATURE PROTECTION DC volume control 6 15 MGM588 ground To avoid instabilities and too high distortion, the input- and power ground must be separated as long as possible and connected together as close as possible to the IC. (1) This capacitor can be omitted if the 220 F electrolytic capacitor is connected close to pin 2. Fig.14 Test and application diagram. For single-end application the output peak current may not exceed 100 mA; at higher output currents the short circuit protection (MLC) will be activated. 1998 Feb 23 12 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT VP = 12 V handbook, halfpage handbook, halfpage 82 k volume control 7 TDA7056AT 7 1 F 1 F 100 k 22 k GND GND MGM589 volume control Fig.15 Application with potentiometer as volume control; maximum gain = 30 dB. 1998 Feb 23 TDA7056AT MGM590 Fig.16 Application with potentiometer as volume control; maximum gain = 36 dB. 13 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT PACKAGE OUTLINE SO20: plastic small outline package; 20 leads; body width 7.5 mm SOT163-1 D E A X c HE y v M A Z 20 11 Q A2 A (A 3) A1 pin 1 index Lp L 10 1 e bp detail X w M 0 5 10 mm scale DIMENSIONS (inch dimensions are derived from the original mm dimensions) UNIT A max. A1 A2 A3 bp c D (1) E (1) e HE L Lp Q v w y mm 2.65 0.3 0.1 2.45 2.25 0.25 0.49 0.36 0.32 0.23 13.0 12.6 7.6 7.4 1.27 10.65 10.00 1.4 1.1 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.01 0.019 0.013 0.014 0.009 0.51 0.49 0.30 0.29 0.05 0.419 0.043 0.055 0.394 0.016 inches 0.1 0.012 0.096 0.004 0.089 0.043 0.039 0.01 0.01 Z (1) 0.9 0.4 0.035 0.004 0.016 8o o 0 Note 1. Plastic or metal protrusions of 0.15 mm (0.006 inch) maximum per side are not included. REFERENCES OUTLINE VERSION IEC JEDEC SOT163-1 075E04 MS-013 1998 Feb 23 JEITA EUROPEAN PROJECTION ISSUE DATE 99-12-27 03-02-19 14 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT SOLDERING Wave soldering Introduction Wave soldering techniques can be used for all SO packages if the following conditions are observed: There is no soldering method that is ideal for all IC packages. Wave soldering is often preferred when through-hole and surface mounted components are mixed on one printed-circuit board. However, wave soldering is not always suitable for surface mounted ICs, or for printed-circuits with high population densities. In these situations reflow soldering is often used. * A double-wave (a turbulent wave with high upward pressure followed by a smooth laminar wave) soldering technique should be used. * The longitudinal axis of the package footprint must be parallel to the solder flow. * The package footprint must incorporate solder thieves at the downstream end. This text gives a very brief insight to a complex technology. A more in-depth account of soldering ICs can be found in our "IC Package Databook" (order code 9398 652 90011). During placement and before soldering, the package must be fixed with a droplet of adhesive. The adhesive can be applied by screen printing, pin transfer or syringe dispensing. The package can be soldered after the adhesive is cured. Reflow soldering Reflow soldering techniques are suitable for all SO packages. Maximum permissible solder temperature is 260 C, and maximum duration of package immersion in solder is 10 seconds, if cooled to less than 150 C within 6 seconds. Typical dwell time is 4 seconds at 250 C. Reflow soldering requires solder paste (a suspension of fine solder particles, flux and binding agent) to be applied to the printed-circuit board by screen printing, stencilling or pressure-syringe dispensing before package placement. A mildly-activated flux will eliminate the need for removal of corrosive residues in most applications. Several techniques exist for reflowing; for example, thermal conduction by heated belt. Dwell times vary between 50 and 300 seconds depending on heating method. Typical reflow temperatures range from 215 to 250 C. Repairing soldered joints Fix the component by first soldering two diagonallyopposite end leads. Use only a low voltage soldering iron (less than 24 V) applied to the flat part of the lead. Contact time must be limited to 10 seconds at up to 300 C. When using a dedicated tool, all other leads can be soldered in one operation within 2 to 5 seconds between 270 and 320 C. Preheating is necessary to dry the paste and evaporate the binding agent. Preheating duration: 45 minutes at 45 C. 1998 Feb 23 15 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control TDA7056AT DATA SHEET STATUS DOCUMENT STATUS(1) PRODUCT STATUS(2) DEFINITION Objective data sheet Development This document contains data from the objective specification for product development. Preliminary data sheet Qualification This document contains data from the preliminary specification. Product data sheet Production This document contains the product specification. Notes 1. Please consult the most recently issued document before initiating or completing a design. 2. The product status of device(s) described in this document may have changed since this document was published and may differ in case of multiple devices. The latest product status information is available on the Internet at URL http://www.nxp.com. DISCLAIMERS property or environmental damage. NXP Semiconductors accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of NXP Semiconductors products in such equipment or applications and therefore such inclusion and/or use is at the customer's own risk. Limited warranty and liability Information in this document is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, NXP Semiconductors does not give any representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of such information and shall have no liability for the consequences of use of such information. Applications Applications that are described herein for any of these products are for illustrative purposes only. NXP Semiconductors makes no representation or warranty that such applications will be suitable for the specified use without further testing or modification. In no event shall NXP Semiconductors be liable for any indirect, incidental, punitive, special or consequential damages (including - without limitation - lost profits, lost savings, business interruption, costs related to the removal or replacement of any products or rework charges) whether or not such damages are based on tort (including negligence), warranty, breach of contract or any other legal theory. Customers are responsible for the design and operation of their applications and products using NXP Semiconductors products, and NXP Semiconductors accepts no liability for any assistance with applications or customer product design. It is customer's sole responsibility to determine whether the NXP Semiconductors product is suitable and fit for the customer's applications and products planned, as well as for the planned application and use of customer's third party customer(s). Customers should provide appropriate design and operating safeguards to minimize the risks associated with their applications and products. Notwithstanding any damages that customer might incur for any reason whatsoever, NXP Semiconductors' aggregate and cumulative liability towards customer for the products described herein shall be limited in accordance with the Terms and conditions of commercial sale of NXP Semiconductors. NXP Semiconductors does not accept any liability related to any default, damage, costs or problem which is based on any weakness or default in the customer's applications or products, or the application or use by customer's third party customer(s). Customer is responsible for doing all necessary testing for the customer's applications and products using NXP Semiconductors products in order to avoid a default of the applications and the products or of the application or use by customer's third party customer(s). NXP does not accept any liability in this respect. Right to make changes NXP Semiconductors reserves the right to make changes to information published in this document, including without limitation specifications and product descriptions, at any time and without notice. This document supersedes and replaces all information supplied prior to the publication hereof. Suitability for use NXP Semiconductors products are not designed, authorized or warranted to be suitable for use in life support, life-critical or safety-critical systems or equipment, nor in applications where failure or malfunction of an NXP Semiconductors product can reasonably be expected to result in personal injury, death or severe 1998 Feb 23 16 NXP Semiconductors Product specification 3 W mono BTL audio amplifier with DC volume control Limiting values Stress above one or more limiting values (as defined in the Absolute Maximum Ratings System of IEC 60134) will cause permanent damage to the device. Limiting values are stress ratings only and (proper) operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those given in the Recommended operating conditions section (if present) or the Characteristics sections of this document is not warranted. Constant or repeated exposure to limiting values will permanently and irreversibly affect the quality and reliability of the device. Quick reference data The Quick reference data is an extract of the product data given in the Limiting values and Characteristics sections of this document, and as such is not complete, exhaustive or legally binding. Non-automotive qualified products Unless this data sheet expressly states that this specific NXP Semiconductors product is automotive qualified, the product is not suitable for automotive use. It is neither qualified nor tested in accordance with automotive testing or application requirements. NXP Semiconductors accepts no liability for inclusion and/or use of non-automotive qualified products in automotive equipment or applications. Terms and conditions of commercial sale NXP Semiconductors products are sold subject to the general terms and conditions of commercial sale, as published at http://www.nxp.com/profile/terms, unless otherwise agreed in a valid written individual agreement. In case an individual agreement is concluded only the terms and conditions of the respective agreement shall apply. NXP Semiconductors hereby expressly objects to applying the customer's general terms and conditions with regard to the purchase of NXP Semiconductors products by customer. In the event that customer uses the product for design-in and use in automotive applications to automotive specifications and standards, customer (a) shall use the product without NXP Semiconductors' warranty of the product for such automotive applications, use and specifications, and (b) whenever customer uses the product for automotive applications beyond NXP Semiconductors' specifications such use shall be solely at customer's own risk, and (c) customer fully indemnifies NXP Semiconductors for any liability, damages or failed product claims resulting from customer design and use of the product for automotive applications beyond NXP Semiconductors' standard warranty and NXP Semiconductors' product specifications. No offer to sell or license Nothing in this document may be interpreted or construed as an offer to sell products that is open for acceptance or the grant, conveyance or implication of any license under any copyrights, patents or other industrial or intellectual property rights. Export control This document as well as the item(s) described herein may be subject to export control regulations. Export might require a prior authorization from national authorities. 1998 Feb 23 TDA7056AT 17 NXP Semiconductors provides High Performance Mixed Signal and Standard Product solutions that leverage its leading RF, Analog, Power Management, Interface, Security and Digital Processing expertise Customer notification This data sheet was changed to reflect the new company name NXP Semiconductors, including new legal definitions and disclaimers. No changes were made to the technical content, except for package outline drawings which were updated to the latest version. Contact information For additional information please visit: http://www.nxp.com For sales offices addresses send e-mail to: salesaddresses@nxp.com (c) NXP B.V. 2010 All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without the prior written consent of the copyright owner. The information presented in this document does not form part of any quotation or contract, is believed to be accurate and reliable and may be changed without notice. No liability will be accepted by the publisher for any consequence of its use. Publication thereof does not convey nor imply any license under patent- or other industrial or intellectual property rights. Printed in The Netherlands 545102/25/01/pp18 Date of release: 1998 Feb 23 Document order number: 9397 750 03253