MAX6689UP34+ - Maxim Integrated

General Description

The MAX6689 precision multichannel temperature sen-

sor monitors its own temperature and the temperatures

of up to six external diode-connected transistors. All

temperature channels have programmable alert thresh-

olds. Channels 1, 4, 5, and 6 also have programmable

overtemperature thresholds. When the measured tem-

perature of a channel exceeds the respective thresh-

old, a status bit is set in one of the status registers. Two

open-drain outputs, OVERT and ALERT, assert corre-

sponding to these bits in the status register.

The 2-wire serial interface supports the standard system

management bus (SMBus™) protocols: write byte, read

byte, send byte, and receive byte for reading the tem-

perature data and programming the alarm thresholds.

The MAX6689 is specified for an operating temperature

range of -40°C to +125°C and is available in 20-pin

QSOP and TSSOP packages.

Applications

Desktop Computers

Notebook Computers

Workstations

Servers

Features

♦Six Thermal-Diode Inputs

♦Local Temperature Sensor

♦1°C Remote Temperature Accuracy (+60°C to +100°C)

♦Temperature Monitoring Begins at POR for Fail-

Safe System Protection

♦ALERT and OVERT Outputs for Interrupts,

Throttling, and Shutdown

♦STBY Input for Hardware Standby Mode

♦Small, 20-Pin QSOP and TSSOP Packages

♦2-Wire SMBus Interface

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

________________________________________________________________ Maxim Integrated Products 1

For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,

or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.

Ordering Information

GND

SMBCLK

SMBDATA

DXN2

DXP2

DXN1

DXP1

VCC

N.C.

DXN4

DXP4

DXN3

DXP3

DXP6

DXN6DXN5

DXP5

MAX6689

ALERT

OVERT

STBY

2200pF

CPU

2200pF

GPU

0.1μF

TO SYSTEM

SHUTDOWN

INTERRUPT

TO μP

DATA

CLK

4.7kΩ

EACH

+3.3V

Typical Application Circuit

19-0567; Rev 1; 8/07

PART PIN-

PACKAGE

SLAVE

ADDRESS

PKG

CODE

MAX6689EP34+ 20 QSOP 0011 010 E20-1

MAX6689EP38+ 20 QSOP 0011 100 E20-1

MAX6689EP9A+ 20 QSOP 1001 101 E20-1

MAX6689EP9E+ 20 QSOP 1001 111 E20-1

MAX6689UP34+ 20 TSSOP 0011 010 U20-2

MAX6689UP38+ 20 TSSOP 0011 100 U20-2

MAX6689UP9A+ 20 TSSOP 1001 101 U20-2

MAX6689UP9E+ 20 TSSOP 1001 111 U20-2

SMBus is a trademark of Intel Corp.

Note: All devices are specified over the -40°C to +125°C

temperature range.

+Denotes lead-free package.

Pin Configuration appears at end of data sheet.

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

2 _______________________________________________________________________________________

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional

operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to

absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

VCC, SCK, SDA, ALERT, OVERT, STBY to GND .....-0.3V to +6V

DXP_ to GND..............................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.3V)

DXN_ to GND ........................................................-0.3V to +0.8V

SDA, ALERT, OVERT Current .............................-1mA to +50mA

DXN Current .......................................................................±1mA

Continuous Power Dissipation (TA= +70°C)

20-Pin QSOP

(derate 9.1mW/°C above +70°C) ..................................727.3mW

20-Pin TSSOP

(derate 11.0mW/°C above +70°C)..............................879.1mW

ESD Protection (all pins, Human Body Model) ................±2000V

Operating Temperature Range .........................-40°C to +125°C

Junction Temperature......................................................+150°C

Storage Temperature Range .............................-60°C to +150°C

Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

(VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, VSTBY = VCC, TA= -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VCC = +3.3V and TA=

+25°C.) (Note 1)

PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Supply Voltage VCC 3.0 5.5 V

Software Standby Supply Current ISS SMBus static 30 µA

Operating Current ICC During conversion 500 1000 µA

Channel 1 only 11

Temperature Resolution Other diode channels 8 Bits

TA = TRJ = +60°C to +100°C -1.0 +1.0

TA = TRJ = 0°C to +125°C -3.0 +3.0

Remote Temperature Accuracy VCC = 3.3V

DXN_ grounded,

TRJ = TA = 0°C to +85°C ±2.5

TA = +60°C to +100°C -3.3 +0.7

Local Temperature Accuracy VCC = 3.3V TA = 0°C to +125°C -5.0 +1.0

Supply Sensitivity of Temperature

Accuracy ±0.2 oC/V

Resistance cancellation off 95 125 156

Remote Channel 1 Conversion

Time tCONV1 Resistance cancellation on 190 250 312 ms

Remote Channels 2 Through 6

Conversion Time tCONV_ 95 125 156 ms

High level 80 100 120

Remote-Diode Source Current IRJ Low level 8 10 12 µA

Undervoltage-Lockout Threshold UVLO Falling edge of VCC disables ADC 2.30 2.80 2.95 V

Undervoltage-Lockout Hysteresis 90 mV

Power-On Reset (POR) Threshold VCC falling edge 1.2 2.0 2.5 V

POR Threshold Hysteresis 90 mV

ALERT, OVERT

ISINK = 1mA 0.3

Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 6mA 0.5 V

Output Leakage Current 1µA

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

(VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, VSTBY = VCC, TA= -40°C to +125°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values are at VCC = +3.3V and TA=

+25°C.) (Note 1)

PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

SMBus INTERFACE (SCL, SDA), STBY

Logic-Input Low Voltage VIL 0.8 V

VCC = 3.0V 2.2

Logic-Input High Voltage VIH VCC = 5.0V 2.4 V

Input Leakage Current -1 +1 µA

Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 6mA 0.3 V

Input Capacitance CIN 5pF

SMBus-COMPATIBLE TIMING (Figures 3 and 4) (Note 2)

Serial-Clock Frequency fSCL (Note 3) 400 kHz

fSCL = 100kHz 4.7

Bus Free Time Between STOP

and START Condition tBUF fSCL = 400kHz 1.6 µs

fSCL = 100kHz 4.7

START Condition Setup Time fSCL = 400kHz 0.6 µs

90% of SCL to 90% of SDA,

fSCL = 100kHz 0.6

Repeat START Condition Setup

Time tSU:STA 90% of SCL to 90% of SDA,

fSCL = 400kHz 0.6

µs

START Condition Hold Time tHD:STA 10% of SDA to 90% of SCL 0.6 µs

90% of SCL to 90% of SDA,

fSCL = 100kHz 4

STOP Condition Setup Time tSU:STO 90% of SCL to 90% of SDA,

fSCL = 400kHz 0.6

µs

10% to 10%, fSCL = 100kHz 1.3

Clock-Low Period tLOW 10% to 10%, fSCL = 400kHz 1.3 µs

Clock-High Period tHIGH 90% to 90% 0.6 µs

fSCL = 100kHz 300

Data Hold Time tHD:DAT fSCL = 400kHz (Note 4) 900 ns

fSCL = 100kHz 250

Data Setup Time tSU:DAT fSCL = 400kHz 100 ns

fSCL = 100kHz 1

Receive SCL/SDA Rise Time tRfSCL = 400kHz 0.3 µs

Receive SCL/SDA Fall Time tF300 ns

Pulse Width of Spike Suppressed tSP 050ns

SMBus Timeout tTIMEOUT SDA low period for interface reset 25 37 45 ms

Note 1: All parameters are tested at TA= +85°C. Specifications over temperature are guaranteed by design.

Note 2: Timing specifications are guaranteed by design.

Note 3: The serial interface resets when SCL is low for more than tTIMEOUT.

Note 4: A transition must internally provide at least a hold time to bridge the undefined region (300ns max) of SCL’s falling edge.

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

4 _______________________________________________________________________________________

Typical Operating Characteristics

(VCC = 3.3V, VSTBY = VCC, TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

SOFTWARE STANDBY SUPPLY CURRENT

vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE

MAX6689 toc01

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

STANDBY SUPPLY CURRENT (μA)

5.34.84.3

3.8

3.3

SUPPLY CURRENT

vs. SUPPLY VOLTAGE

MAX6689 toc02

SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

SUPPLY CURRENT (μA)

5.34.8

3.8 4.3

325

330

335

340

350

345

355

360

320

3.3

-4

-2

-3

-1

05025 75 100 125

REMOTE TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. REMOTE-DIODE TEMPERATURE

MAX6689 toc03

REMOTE-DIODE TEMPERATURE (°C)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

-4

-3

-2

-1

0 25 50 75 100 125

LOCAL TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. DIE TEMPERATURE

MAX6689 toc04

DIE TEMPERATURE (°C)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

REMOTE-DIODE TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. POWER-SUPPLY NOISE FREQUENCY

MAX6689 toc05

FREQUENCY (MHz)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

0.1 1

100mVP-P

LOCAL TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. POWER-SUPPLY NOISE FREQUENCY

MAX6689 toc06

FREQUENCY (MHz)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

0.10.01

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

0.001 1

100mVP-P

REMOTE TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. COMMON-MODE NOISE FREQUENCY

MAX6689 toc07

FREQUENCY (MHz)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

10.10.01

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

0.001 10

100mVP-P

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 5

REMOTE TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. COMMON-MODE NOISE FREQUENCY

MAX6689 toc08

FREQUENCY (MHz)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

10.10.01

-4

-3

-2

-1

-5

0.001 10

100mVP-P

Typical Operating Characteristics (continued)

(VCC = 3.3V, VSTBY = VCC, TA= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

TEMPERATURE ERROR

vs. DXP-DXN CAPACITANCE

MAX6689 toc09

DXP-DXN CAPACITANCE (nF)

TEMPERATURE ERROR (°C)

-4.5

-4.0

-3.5

-3.0

-2.5

-2.0

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

-5.0

1100

Pin Description

PIN NAME FUNCTION

1 DXP1

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 1 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP1 and DXN1 for noise filtering.

2 DXN1 Cathode Input for Channel 1 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 1 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN1.

3 DXP2

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 2 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP2 and DXN2 for noise filtering.

4 DXN2 Cathode Input for Channel 2 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 2 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN2.

5 DXP3

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 3 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP3 and DXN3 for noise filtering.

6 DXN3 Cathode Input for Channel 3 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 1 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN3.

7 DXP4

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 4 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP4 and DXN4 for noise filtering.

8 DXN4 Cathode Input for Channel 4 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 1 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN4.

MAX6689

Detailed Description

The MAX6689 is a precision multichannel temperature

monitor that features one local and six remote tempera-

ture-sensing channels with a programmable alert

threshold for each temperature channel and a program-

mable overtemperature threshold for channels 1, 4, 5,

and 6 (see Figure 1). Communication with the MAX6689

is achieved through the SMBus serial interface and a

dedicated alert pin. The alarm outputs, OVERT and

ALERT, assert if the software-programmed temperature

thresholds are exceeded. ALERT typically serves as an

interrupt, while OVERT can be connected to a fan, sys-

tem shutdown, or other thermal-management circuitry.

ADC Conversion Sequence

In the default conversion mode, the MAX6689 starts the

conversion sequence by measuring the temperature on

channel 1, followed by 2, 3, local channel, 4, 5, and 6.

The conversion result for each active channel is stored

in the corresponding temperature data register.

In some systems, one of the remote thermal diodes may

be monitoring a location that experiences temperature

changes that occur much more rapidly than in the other

channels. If faster temperature changes must be moni-

tored in one of the temperature channels, the MAX6689

allows channel 1 to be monitored at a faster rate than

the other channels. In this mode (set by writing a 1 to bit

4 of the configuration 1 register), measurements of

channel 1 alternate with measurements of the other

channels. The sequence becomes channel 1, channel

2, channel 1, channel 3, channel 1, etc. Note that the

time required to measure all seven channels is consid-

erably greater in this mode than in the default mode.

Low-Power Standby Mode

Enter software standby mode by setting the STOP bit to

1 in the configuration 1 register. Enter hardware standby

by pulling STBY low. Software standby mode disables

the ADC and reduces the supply current to approxi-

mately 30µA. Hardware standby mode halts the ADC

clock, but the supply current is approximately 350µA.

During either software or hardware standby, data is

retained in memory. During hardware standby, the

SMBus interface is inactive. During software standby, the

SMBus interface is active and listening for commands.

The timeout is enabled if a start condition is recognized

on SMBus. Activity on the SMBus causes the supply cur-

rent to increase. If a standby command is received while

a conversion is in progress, the conversion cycle is inter-

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

6 _______________________________________________________________________________________

PIN NAME FUNCTION

9 DXP5

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 5 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP5 and DXN5 for noise filtering.

10 DXN5 Cathode Input for Channel 5 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 1 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN5.

11 DXN6 Cathode Input for Channel 6 Remote Diode. Connect the cathode of the channel 1 remote-diode-

connected transistor to DXN6.

12 DXP6

Combined Current Source and A/D Positive Input for Channel 6 Remote Diode. Connect to the anode

of a remote-diode-connected temperature-sensing transistor. Leave floating or connect to VCC if no

remote diode is used. Place a 2200pF capacitor between DXP6 and DXN6 for noise filtering.

13 STBY Active-Low Standby Input. Drive STBY logic-low to place the MAX6689 in standby mode, or logic-high

for operate mode. Temperature and threshold data are retained in standby mode.

14 N.C. No Connection. Must be connected to ground.

15 OVERT Overtemperature Active-Low, Open-Drain Output. OVERT asserts low when the temperature of

channels 1, 4, 5, and 6 exceeds the programmed threshold limit.

16 VCC Supply Voltage Input. Bypass to GND with a 0.1µF capacitor.

17 ALERT SMBus Alert (Interrupt), Active-Low, Open-Drain Output. ALERT asserts low when the temperature of

any channel exceeds the programmed ALERT threshold.

18 SMBDATA SMBus Serial-Data Input/Output. Connect to a pullup resistor.

19 SMBCLK SMBus Serial-Clock Input. Connect to a pullup resistor.

20 GND Ground

Pin Description (continued)

rupted, and the temperature registers are not updated.

The previous data is not changed and remains available.

SMBus Digital Interface

From a software perspective, the MAX6689 appears as

a series of 8-bit registers that contain temperature mea-

surement data, alarm threshold values, and control bits.

A standard SMBus-compatible, 2-wire serial interface is

used to read temperature data and write control bits

and alarm threshold data. The same SMBus slave

address also provides access to all functions.

The MAX6689 employs four standard SMBus protocols:

write byte, read byte, send byte, and receive byte

(Figure 2). The shorter receive byte protocol allows

quicker transfers, provided that the correct data regis-

ter was previously selected by a read byte instruction.

Use caution with the shorter protocols in multimaster

systems, since a second master could overwrite the

command byte without informing the first master. Figure

3 is the SMBus write-timing diagram and Figure 4 is the

SMBus read-timing diagram.

The remote diode 1 measurement channel provides 11

bits of data (1 LSB = 0.125°C). All other temperature-

measurement channels provide 8 bits of temperature

data (1 LSB = 1°C). The 8 most significant bits (MSBs)

can be read from the local temperature and remote

temperature registers. The remaining 3 bits for remote

diode 1 can be read from the extended temperature

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 7

Figure 1. Internal Block Diagram

DXP1

DXN1

DXP2

DXN2

DXP3

DXN3

DXP4

DXN4

DXP5

DXN5

DXP6

DXN6

INPUT

BUFFER

10/100μA

VCC

REF

COUNT

COUNTER

COMMAND BYTE

REMOTE TEMPERATURES

LOCAL TEMPERATURES

ALERT THRESHOLD

OVERT THRESHOLD

ALERT RESPONSE ADDRESS

ALARM

ALU

ADC

SMBus

INTERFACE

MAX6689

SCL SDA

OVERT

AVERT

STBY

MAX6689

resolution register should be read first. This prevents

the most significant bits from being overwritten by new

conversion results until they have been read. If the

most significant bits have not been read within an

SMBus timeout period (nominally 37ms), normal updat-

ing continues. Table 1 shows the main temperature

extended resolution register (low-byte) data format.

Diode Fault Detection

If a channel’s input DXP_ and DXN_ are left open, the

MAX6689 detects a diode fault. An open diode fault does

not cause either ALERT or OVERT to assert. A bit in the

status register for the corresponding channel is set to 1

and the temperature data for the channel is stored as all

1s (FFh). It takes approximately 4ms for the MAX6689 to

detect a diode fault. Once a diode fault is detected, the

MAX6689 goes to the next channel in the conversion

sequence. Depending on operating conditions, a shorted

diode may or may not cause ALERT or OVERT to assert,

so if a channel will not be used, disconnect its DXP and

DXN inputs.

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

8 _______________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2. SMBus Protocols

TEMP (°C) DIGITAL OUTPUT

> +127 0111 1111

+127 0111 1111

+126 0111 1110

+25 0001 1001

0 0000 0000

< 0 0000 0000

Diode fault (open) 1111 1111

Diode fault (short) 1111 1111 or 1110 1110

Table 1. Main Temperature Register

(High-Byte) Data Format

TEMP (°C) DIGITAL OUTPUT

0 000X XXXX

+0.125 001X XXXX

+0.250 010X XXXX

+0.375 011X XXXX

+0.500 100X XXXX

+0.625 101X XXXX

+0.725 110X XXXX

Table 2. Extended Resolution Temperature

S ADDRESS WR ACK ACK PDATA ACKCOMMAND

7 BITS 18 BITS8 BITS

SLAVE ADDRESS: EQUIVA-

LENT TO CHIP-SELECT LINE OF

A 3-WIRE INTERFACE

DATA BYTE: DATA GOES INTO THE REGISTER

SET BY THE COMMAND BYTE (TO SET

THRESHOLDS, CONFIGURATION MASKS, AND

SAMPLING RATE)

WRITE BYTE FORMAT

S ADDRESSADDRESS WR ACK ACK PS RD ACK ///DATACOMMAND

7 BITS 7 BITS 8 BITS8 BITS

READ BYTE FORMAT

SLAVE ADDRESS: EQUIVA-

LENT TO CHIP SELECT LINE

COMMAND BYTE: SELECTS

WHICH REGISTER YOU ARE

REDING FROM

SPADDRESS WR ACK ACKCOMMAND

7 BITS 8 BITS

SEND BYTE FORMAT

COMMAND BYTE: SENDS COM-

MAND WITH NO DATA, USUALLY

USED FOR ONE-SHOT COMMAND

SPADDRESS RD ACK ///DATA

7 BITS 8 BITS

RECEIVE BYTE FORMAT

DATA BYTE: READS DATA FROM

THE REGISTER COMMANDED

BY THE LAST READ BYTE OR

WRITE BYTE TRANSMISSION;

ALSO USED FOR SMBUS ALERT

RESPONSE RETURN ADDRESS

SLAVE ADDRESS: REPEATED

DUE TO CHANGE IN DATA-

FLOW DIRECTION

DATA BYTE: READS FROM

THE REGISTER SET BY THE

COMMAND BYTE

S = START CONDITION.

P = STOP CONDITION.

SHADED = SLAVE TRANSMISSION.

/// = NOT ACKNOWLEDGED.

Alarm Threshold Registers

There are 11 alarm threshold registers that store over-

temperature ALERT and OVERT threshold values.

Seven of these registers are dedicated to store one

local alert temperature threshold limit and six remote

alert temperature threshold limits (see the

ALERT

Interrupt Mode section). The remaining four registers

are dedicated to remote channels 1, 4, 5, and 6 to store

overtemperature threshold limits (see the

OVERT

Overtemperature Alarms section). Access to these reg-

isters is provided through the SMBus interface.

ALERT

Interrupt Mode

An ALERT interrupt occurs when the internal or external

temperature reading exceeds a high-temperature limit

(user programmable). The ALERT interrupt output sig-

nal can be cleared by reading the status register(s)

associated with the fault(s) or by successfully respond-

ing to an alert response address transmission by the

master. In both cases, the alert is cleared but is

reasserted at the end of the next conversion if the fault

condition still exists. The interrupt does not halt automat-

ic conversions. The ALERT output is open drain so that

multiple devices can share a common interrupt line. All

ALERT interrupts can be masked using the configuration

3 register. The POR state of these registers is shown in

Table 1.

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 9

SMBCLK

A = START CONDITION.

B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

AB CD

EFG HIJ

SMBDATA

tSU:STA tHD:STA

tLOW tHIGH

tSU:DAT tSU:STO tBUF

LMK

E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW.

F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER.

G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

I = MASTER PULLS DATA LINE LOW.

J = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

K = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE.

L = STOP CONDITION.

M = NEW START CONDITION.

Figure 3. SMBus Write-Timing Diagram

SMBCLK

AB CD

EFG H

IJK

SMBDATA

tSU:STA tHD:STA

tLOW tHIGH

tSU:DAT tHD:DAT tSU:STO tBUF

A = START CONDITION.

B = MSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

C = LSB OF ADDRESS CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

D = R/W BIT CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

E = SLAVE PULLS SMBDATA LINE LOW.

F = ACKNOWLEDGE BIT CLOCKED INTO MASTER.

G = MSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER.

H = LSB OF DATA CLOCKED INTO MASTER.

I = MASTER PULLS DATA LINE LOW.

J = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCKED INTO SLAVE.

K = ACKNOWLEDGE CLOCK PULSE.

L = STOP CONDITION.

M = NEW START CONDITION.

Figure 4. SMBus Read-Timing Diagram

MAX6689

ALERT

Response Address

The SMBus alert response interrupt pointer provides

quick fault identification for simple slave devices that

lack the complex logic needed to be a bus master.

Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the host master can

broadcast a receive byte transmission to the alert

response slave address (see the Slave Addresses sec-

tion). Then, any slave device that generated an inter-

rupt attempts to identify itself by putting its own

address on the bus.

The alert response can activate several different slave

devices simultaneously, similar to the I2C General Call.

If more than one slave attempts to respond, bus arbitra-

tion rules apply, and the device with the lower address

code wins. The losing device does not generate an

acknowledgment and continues to hold the ALERT line

low until cleared. (The conditions for clearing an alert

vary depending on the type of slave device.)

Successful completion of the alert response protocol

clears the output latch. If the condition that caused the

alert still exists, the MAX6689 reasserts the ALERT

interrupt at the end of the next conversion.

OVERT

Overtemperature Alarms

The MAX6689 has four overtemperature registers that

store remote alarm threshold data for the OVERT output.

OVERT is asserted when a channel’s measured temper-

ature is greater than the value stored in the correspond-

ing threshold register. OVERT remains asserted until the

temperature drops below the programmed threshold

minus 4°C hysteresis. An overtemperature output can

be used to activate a cooling fan, send a warning, initi-

ate clock throttling, or trigger a system shutdown to pre-

vent component damage. See Table 3 for the POR state

of the overtemperature threshold registers.

Command Byte Functions

The 8-bit command byte register (Table 3) is the master

index that points to the various other registers within the

MAX6689. This register’s POR state is 0000 0000.

Configuration Byte Functions

There are three read-write configuration registers

(Tables 4, 5, and 6) that can be used to control the

MAX6689’s operation.

Configuration 1 Register

The configuration 1 register (Table 4) has several func-

tions. Bit 7 (MSB) is used to put the MAX6689 either in

software standby mode (STOP) or continuous conver-

sion mode. Bit 6 resets all registers to their power-on

reset conditions and then clears itself. Bit 5 disables

the SMBus timeout. Bit 4 enables more frequent con-

versions on channel 1, as described in the ADC

Conversion Sequence section. Bit 3 enables resistance

cancellation on channel 1. See the Series Resistance

Cancellation section for more details. The remaining

bits of the configuration 1 register are not used. The

POR state of this register is 0000 0000 (00h).

Configuration 2 Register

The configuration 2 register functions are described in

Table 5. Bits [6:0] are used to mask the ALERT interrupt

output. Bit 6 masks the local alert interrupt and bits 5

through bit 0 mask the remote alert interrupts. The

power-up state of this register is 0000 0000 (00h).

Configuration 3 Register

Table 6 describes the configuration 3 register. Bits 5, 4,

3, and 0 mask the OVERT interrupt output for channels

6, 5, 4, and 1. The remaining bits, 7, 6, 2, and 1, are

reserved. The power-up state of this register is 0000

0000 (00h).

Status Register Functions

Status registers 1, 2, and 3 (Tables 7, 8, and 9) indicate

which (if any) temperature thresholds have been

exceeded and if there is an open-circuit or short-circuit

fault detected with the external sense junctions. Status

exceeded the threshold limit set in the ALERT registers

for the local or remote-sensing diodes. Status register 2

indicates if the measured temperature has exceeded

the threshold limit set in the OVERT registers. Status

short) in any of the remote-sensing channels.

Bits in the alert status register clear by a successful

read, but set again after the next conversion unless the

fault is corrected, either by a drop in the measured tem-

perature or an increase in the threshold temperature.

The ALERT interrupt output follows the status flag bit.

Once the ALERT output is asserted, it can be

deasserted by either reading status register 1 or by

successfully responding to an alert response address.

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

10 ______________________________________________________________________________________

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

______________________________________________________________________________________ 11

(HEX)

POR STATE

(HEX)

READ/

WRITE DESCRIPTION

Local 07 00 R Read local temperature register

Remote 1 01 00 R Read channel 1 remote temperature register

Remote 2 02 00 R Read channel 2 remote temperature register

Remote 3 03 00 R Read channel 3 remote temperature register

Remote 4 04 00 R Read channel 4 remote temperature register

Remote 5 05 00 R Read channel 5 remote temperature register

Remote 6 06 00 R Read channel 6 remote temperature register

Configuration 1 41 00 R/W Read/write configuration register 1

Configuration 2 42 00 R/W Read/write configuration register 2

Configuration 3 43 00 R/W Read/write configuration register 3

Status1 44 00 R Read status register 1

Status2 45 00 R Read status register 2

Status3 46 00 R Read status register 3

Local ALERT High Limit 17 5A R/W Read/write local alert high-temperature threshold limit register

Remote 1 ALERT High Limit 11 6E R/W Read/write channel 1 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 2 ALERT High Limit 12 7F R/W Read/write channel 2 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 3 ALERT High Limit 13 64 R/W Read/write channel 3 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 4 ALERT High Limit 14 64 R/W Read/write channel 4 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 5 ALERT High Limit 15 64 R/W Read/write channel 5 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 6 ALERT High Limit 16 64 R/W Read/write channel 6 remote-diode alert high-temperature

threshold limit register

Remote 1 OVERT High Limit 21 6E R/W Read/write channel 1 remote-diode overtemperature threshold

limit register

Remote 4 OVERT High Limit 24 7F R/W Read/write channel 4 remote-diode overtemperature threshold

limit register

Remote 5 OVERT High Limit 25 5A R/W Read/write channel 5 remote-diode overtemperature threshold

limit register

Remote 6 OVERT High Limit 26 5A R/W Read/write channel 6 remote-diode overtemperature threshold

limit register

Remote 1 Extended

Temperature 09 00 R Read channel 1 remote-diode extended temperature register

Manufacturer ID 0A 4D R Read manufacturer ID

Table 3. Command Byte Register Bit Assignment

MAX6689

In both cases, the alert is cleared even if the fault condi-

tion exists, but the ALERT output reasserts at the end of

the next conversion. The bits indicating the fault for the

OVERT interrupt output clear only on reading the status 2

status 2 register does not clear the OVERT interrupt out-

put. To eliminate the fault condition, either the measured

temperature must drop below the temperature threshold

minus the hysteresis value (4°C), or the trip temperature

must be set at least 4°C above the current temperature.

Applications Information

Remote-Diode Selection

The MAX6689 directly measures the die temperature of

CPUs and other ICs that have on-chip temperature-

sensing diodes (see the Typical Application Circuit) or

it can measure the temperature of a discrete diode-

connected transistor.

Effect of Ideality Factor

The accuracy of the remote temperature measure-

ments depends on the ideality factor (n) of the remote

“diode” (actually a transistor). The MAX6689 is opti-

mized for n = 1.012. A thermal diode on the substrate

of an IC is normally a pnp with the base and emitter

brought out the collector (diode connection) grounded.

DXP_ must be connected to the anode (emitter) and

DXN_ must be connected to the cathode (base) of this

pnp. If a sense transistor with an ideality factor other

than 1.012 is used, the output data is different from the

data obtained with the optimum ideality factor.

Fortunately, the difference is predictable. Assume a

remote-diode sensor designed for a nominal ideality

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

12 ______________________________________________________________________________________

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) STOP 0 Standby-Mode Control Bit. If STOP is set to logic 1, the MAX6689 stops

converting and enters standby mode.

6POR0

Reset Bit. Set to logic 1 to put the device into its power-on state. This bit is self-

clearing.

5TIMEOUT 0 Timeout Enable Bit. Set to logic 0 to enable SMBus timeout.

4 Fast remote 1 0 Channel 1 Fast-Conversion Bit. Set to logic 1 to enable fast conversion of

channel 1.

3Resistance

cancellation 0Resistance Cancellation Bit. When set to logic 1, the MAX6689 cancels series

resistance in the channel 1 thermal diode.

2 Reserved 0 —

1 Reserved 0 —

0 Reserved 0 —

Table 4. Configuration 1 Register

Table 5. Configuration 2 Register

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) Reserved 0 —

6 Mask Local ALERT 0 Local Alert Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask local channel ALERT.

5 Mask ALERT 6 0 Channel 6 Alert Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 6 ALERT.

4 Mask ALERT 5 0 Channel 5 Alert Interrupt Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 5 ALERT.

3 Mask ALERT 4 0 Channel 4 Alert Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 4 ALERT.

2 Mask ALERT 3 0 Channel 3 Alert Interrupt Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 3 ALERT.

1 Mask ALERT 2 0 Channel 2 Alert Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 2 ALERT.

0 Mask ALERT 1 0 Channel 1 Alert Mask. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 1 ALERT.

factor nNOMINAL is used to measure the temperature of

a diode with a different ideality factor n1. The measured

temperature TMcan be corrected using:

where temperature is measured in Kelvin and

nNOMIMAL for the MAX6689 is 1.012. As an example,

assume you want to use the MAX6689 with a CPU that

has an ideality factor of 1.002. If the diode has no

series resistance, the measured data is related to the

real temperature as follows:

For a real temperature of +85°C (358.15K), the mea-

sured temperature is +81.46°C (354.61K), an error of

-3.539°C.

Series Resistance Cancellation

Some thermal diodes on high-power ICs can have

excessive series resistance, which can cause tempera-

ture measurement errors with conventional remote tem-

perature sensors. Channel 1 of the MAX6689 has a

series resistance cancellation feature (enabled by bit 3

of the configuration 1 register) that eliminates the effect

of diode series resistance. Set bit 3 to 1 if the series

resistance is large enough to affect the accuracy of

channel 1. The series resistance cancellation function

increases the conversion time for channel 1 by 125ms.

This feature cancels the bulk resistance of the sensor

and any other resistance in series (wire, contact resis-

tance, etc.). The cancellation range is from 0 to 100Ω.

Discrete Remote Diodes

When the remote-sensing diode is a discrete transistor,

its collector and base must be connected together.

Table 10 lists examples of discrete transistors that are

appropriate for use with the MAX6689. The transistor

must be a small-signal type with a relatively high for-

ward voltage; otherwise, the A/D input voltage range

can be violated. The forward voltage at the highest

expected temperature must be greater than 0.25V at

10µA, and at the lowest expected temperature, the for-

ward voltage must be less than 0.95V at 100µA. Large

power transistors must not be used. Also, ensure that

the base resistance is less than 100Ω. Tight specifica-

tions for forward current gain (50 < ß <150, for exam-

ple) indicate that the manufacturer has good process

controls and that the devices have consistent VBE char-

acteristics. Manufacturers of discrete transistors do not

normally specify or guarantee ideality factor. This is

normally not a problem since good-quality discrete

transistors tend to have ideality factors that fall within a

relatively narrow range. We have observed variations in

remote temperature readings of less than ±2°C with a

variety of discrete transistors. Still, it is good design

practice to verify good consistency of temperature

readings with several discrete transistors from any

manufacturer under consideration.

nTT

ACTUAL M NOMINAL MM

=×

⎛

⎝

⎜⎞

⎠

⎟=×

⎛

⎝

⎜⎞

⎠

⎟=

1 012

1 002 1 00998

.(. )

TT n

M ACTUAL NOMINAL

=⎛

⎝

⎜⎞

⎠

⎟

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

______________________________________________________________________________________ 13

Table 6. Configuration 3 Register

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) Reserved 0 —

6 Reserved 0 —

5 Mask OVERT 6 0 Channel 6 Remote-Diode OVERT Mask Bit. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 6

OVERT.

4 Mask OVERT 5 0 Channel 5 Remote-Diode OVERT Mask Bit. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 5

OVERT.

3 Mask OVERT 4 0 Channel 4 Remote-Diode OVERT Mask Bit. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 4

OVERT.

2 Reserved 0 —

1 Reserved 0 —

0 Mask OVERT 1 0 Channel 1 Remote-Diode OVERT Mask Bit. Set to logic 1 to mask channel 1

OVERT.

MAX6689

Unused Diode Channels

If one or more of the remote diode channels is not

needed, the DXP and DXN inputs for that channel

should either be unconnected, or the DXP input should

be connected to VCC. The status register indicates a

diode "fault" for this channel and the channel is ignored

during the temperature-measurement sequence. It is

also good practice to mask any unused channels

immediately upon power-up by setting the appropriate

bits in the Configuration 2 and Configuration 3 regis-

ters. This will prevent unused channels from causing

ALERT or OVERT to assert.

Thermal Mass and Self-Heating

When sensing local temperature, the MAX6689 mea-

sures the temperature of the printed-circuit board

(PCB) to which it is soldered. The leads provide a good

thermal path between the PCB traces and the die. As

with all IC temperature sensors, thermal conductivity

between the die and the ambient air is poor by compar-

ison, making air temperature measurements impracti-

cal. Because the thermal mass of the PCB is far greater

than that of the MAX6689, the device follows tempera-

ture changes on the PCB with little or no perceivable

delay. When measuring the temperature of a CPU or

other IC with an on-chip sense junction, thermal mass

has virtually no effect; the measured temperature of the

junction tracks the actual temperature within a conver-

sion cycle.

When measuring temperature with discrete remote

transistors, the best thermal response times are

obtained with transistors in small packages (i.e., SOT23

or SC70). Take care to account for thermal gradients

between the heat source and the sensor, and ensure

that stray air currents across the sensor package do

not interfere with measurement accuracy. Self-heating

does not significantly affect measurement accuracy.

Remote-sensor self-heating due to the diode current

source is negligible.

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

14 ______________________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. Status 1 Register

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) Reserved 0 —

6 Local ALERT 0

Local Channel High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the local

temperature exceeds the temperature threshold limit in the local ALERT high-

limit register.

5 Remote 6 ALERT 0

Channel 6 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 6 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature threshold limit

in the remote 6 ALERT high-limit register.

4 Remote 5 ALERT 0

Channel 5 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 5 remote-diode temperature exceeds the programmed temperature

threshold limit in the remote 5 ALERT high-limit register.

3 Remote 4 ALERT 0

Channel 4 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 4 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature threshold limit

in the remote 4 ALERT high-limit register.

2 Remote 3 ALERT 0

Channel 3 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 3 remote-diode temperature exceeds the programmed temperature

threshold limit in the remote 3 ALERT high-limit register.

1 Remote 2 ALERT 0

Channel 2 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 2 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature threshold limit

in the remote 2 ALERT high-limit register.

0 Remote 1 ALERT 0

Channel 1 Remote-Diode High-Alert Bit. This bit is set to logic 1 when the

channel 1 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature threshold limit

in the remote 1 ALERT high-limit register.

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

______________________________________________________________________________________ 15

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) Reserved 0 —

6 Reserved 0 —

5 Remote 6 OVERT 0

Channel 6 Remote-Diode Overtemperature Status Bit. This bit is set to logic 1

when the channel 6 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature

threshold limit in the remote 6 OVERT high-limit register.

4 Remote 5 OVERT 0

Channel 5 Remote Diode Overtemperature Status Bit. This bit is set to logic 1

when the channel 5 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature

threshold limit in the remote 5 OVERT high-limit register.

3 Remote 4 OVERT 0

Channel 4 Remote Diode Overtemperature Status Bit. This bit is set to logic 1

when the channel 4 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature

threshold limit in the remote 4 OVERT high-limit register.

2 Reserved 0 —

1 Reserved 0 —

0 Remote 1 OVERT 0

Channel 1 Remote-Diode Overtemperature Status Bit. This bit is set to logic 1

when the channel 1 remote-diode temperature exceeds the temperature

threshold limit in the remote 1 OVERT high-limit register.

Table 8. Status 2 Register

BIT NAME POR

STATE FUNCTION

7 (MSB) Reserved 0 —

6 Diode fault 6 0 Channel 6 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP6 and DXN6

are open circuit or when DXP6 is connected to VCC.

5 Diode fault 5 0 Channel 5 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP5 and DXN5

are open circuit or when DXP5 is connected to VCC.

4 Diode fault 4 0 Channel 4 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP4 and DXN4

are open circuit or when DXP4 is connected to VCC.

3 Diode fault 3 0 Channel 3 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP3 and DXN3

are open circuit or when DXP3 is connected to VCC.

2 Diode fault 2 0 Channel 2 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP2 and DXN2

are open circuit or when DXP2 is connected to VCC.

1 Diode fault 1 0 Channel 1 Remote-Diode Fault Bit. This bit is set to 1 when DXP1 and DXN1

are open circuit or when DXP1 is connected to VCC.

0 Reserved 0 —

Table 9. Status 3 Register

MAX6689

ADC Noise Filtering

The integrating ADC has good noise rejection for low-

frequency signals, such as power-supply hum. In envi-

ronments with significant high-frequency EMI, connect

an external 2200pF capacitor between DXP_ and

DXN_. Larger capacitor values can be used for added

filtering, but do not exceed 3300pF because it can

introduce errors due to the rise time of the switched

current source. High-frequency noise reduction is

needed for high-accuracy remote measurements.

Noise can be reduced with careful PCB layout as dis-

cussed in the PCB Layout section.

Slave Address

Table 11 shows the MAX6689 slave addresses.

PCB Layout

Follow these guidelines to reduce the measurement

error when measuring remote temperature:

1) Place the MAX6689 as close as is practical to the

remote diode. In noisy environments, such as a

computer motherboard, this distance can be 4in to

8in (typ). This length can be increased if the worst

noise sources are avoided. Noise sources include

CRTs, clock generators, memory buses, and PCI

buses.

2) Do not route the DXP-DXN lines next to the deflec-

tion coils of a CRT. Also, do not route the traces

across fast digital signals, which can easily intro-

duce +30°C error, even with good filtering.

3) Route the DXP and DXN traces in parallel and in

close proximity to each other. Each parallel pair of

traces should go to a remote diode. Route these

traces away from any higher voltage traces, such as

+12VDC. Leakage currents from PCB contamination

must be dealt with carefully since a 20MΩleakage

path from DXP to ground causes about +1°C error.

If high-voltage traces are unavoidable, connect

guard traces to GND on either side of the DXP-DXN

traces (Figure 5).

4) Route through as few vias and crossunders as pos-

sible to minimize copper/solder thermocouple

effects.

5) Use wide traces when practical. 5mil to 10mil traces

are typical. Be aware of the effect of trace resis-

tance on temperature readings when using long,

narrow traces.

6) When the power supply is noisy, add a resistor (up

to 47Ω) in series with VCC.

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

16 ______________________________________________________________________________________

5–10 mils

MINIMUM

5–10 mils

GND

DXP

DXN

GND

Figure 5. Recommended DXP-DXN PCB Traces. The two outer

guard traces are recommended if high-voltage traces will be

near the DXN and DXP traces.

MANUFACTURER MODEL NO.

Central Semiconductor (USA) CMPT3904

Rohm Semiconductor (USA) SST3904

Samsung (Korea) KST3904-TF

Siemens (Germany) SMBT3904

Zetex (England) FMMT3904CT-ND

Table 10. Remote-Sensors Transistor

Manufacturer

Note: Discrete transistors must be diode connected (base

shorted to collector).

PART SMBus SLAVE ID PIN-PACKAGE

MAX6689EP34 0011 010 20 QSOP

MAX6689EP38 0011 100 20 QSOP

MAX6689EP9A 1001 101 20 QSOP

MAX6689EP9E 1001 111 20 QSOP

MAX6689UP34 0011 010 20 TSSOP

MAX6689UP38 0011 100 20 TSSOP

MAX6689UP9A 1001 101 20 TSSOP

MAX6689UP9E 1001 111 20 TSSOP

Table 11. Slave Address

Twisted-Pair and Shielded Cables

Use a twisted-pair cable to connect the remote sensor

for remote-sensor distances longer than 8in or in very

noisy environments. Twisted-pair cable lengths can be

between 6ft and 12ft before noise introduces excessive

errors. For longer distances, the best solution is a

shielded twisted pair like that used for audio micro-

phones. For example, Belden #8451 works well for dis-

tances up to 100ft in a noisy environment. At the

device, connect the twisted pair to DXP and DXN and

the shield to GND. Leave the shield unconnected at the

remote sensor. For very long cable runs, the cable’s

parasitic capacitance often provides noise filtering, so

the 2200pF capacitor can often be removed or

reduced in value. Cable resistance also affects remote-

sensor accuracy. For every 1Ωof series resistance the

error is approximately +1/2°C.

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

______________________________________________________________________________________ 17

GND

SMBCLK

SMBDATA

DXN2

DXP2

DXN1

DXP1

TOP VIEW

VCC

N.C.

STBYDXN4

DXP4

DXN3

DXP3

DXP6

DXN6DXN5

DXP5

MAX6689

QSOP/TSSOP

ALERT

OVERT

Pin Configuration

Chip Information

PROCESS: BiCMOS

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

18 ______________________________________________________________________________________

Package Information

(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,

go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)

QSOP.EPS

21-0055

PACKAGE OUTLINE, QSOP .150", .025" LEAD PITCH

MAX6689

7-Channel Precision Temperature Monitor

Maxim cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim product. No circuit patent licenses are

implied. Maxim reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time.

Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 ____________________ 19

MAX6689

Package Information (continued)

(The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information,

go to www.maxim-ic.com/packages.)

TSSOP4.40mm.EPS

PACKAGE OUTLINE, TSSOP 4.40mm BODY

21-0066

Revision History

Pages changed at Rev 1: 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19