LTC7801 150V Low IQ, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller Features Description Wide VIN Range: 4V to 140V (150V Abs Max) nn Wide Output Voltage Range: 0.8V to 60V nn Adjustable Gate Drive Level: 5V to 10V (OPTI-DRIVE) nn Low Operating I : 40A (Shutdown = 10A) Q nn 100% Duty Cycle Operation nn No External Bootstrap Diode Required nn Selectable Gate Drive UVLO Thresholds nn Onboard LDO or External NMOS LDO for DRV CC nn EXTV LDO Powers Drivers from V CC OUT nn Phase-Lockable Frequency (75kHz to 850kHz) nn Programmable Fixed Frequency (50kHz to 900kHz) nn Selectable Continuous, Pulse-Skipping or Low Ripple Burst Mode(R) Operation at Light Loads nn Adjustable Burst Clamp nn Power Good Output Voltage Monitor nn Programmable Input Overvoltage Lockout nn Small 24-Lead 4mm x 5mm QFN or TSSOP Packages The LTC(R)7801 is a high performance step-down switching regulator DC/DC controller that drives an all N-channel synchronous power MOSFET stage that can operate from input voltages up to 140V. A constant frequency current mode architecture allows a phase-lockable frequency of up to 850kHz. nn The gate drive voltage can be programmed from 5V to 10V to allow the use of logic or standard-level FETs to maximize efficiency. An integrated switch in the top gate driver eliminates the need for an external bootstrap diode. An internal charge pump allows for 100% duty cycle operation. The low 40A no-load quiescent current extends operating run time in battery-powered systems. OPTI-LOOP(R) compensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The LTC7801 features a precision 0.8V reference and power good output indicator. The output voltage can be programmed between 0.8V to 60V using external resistors. Applications L, LT, LTC, LTM, Burst Mode, OPTI-LOOP, PolyPhase, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Analog Devices, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Protected by U.S. Patents including 5481178, 5705919, 5929620, 6144194, 6177787, 6580258. Automotive and Industrial Power Systems nn High Voltage Battery Operated Systems nn Telecommunications Power Systems nn Typical Application High Efficiency High Voltage 12V Output Step-Down Regulator 100F NDRV LTC7801 CPUMP_EN ITH 10k 100pF 0.1F SS FREQ 4.7nF 30.1k 90 0.1F *VOUT FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN < 12V BOOST INTVCC 0.1F TG DRVCC 10k 100 RUN 33H SW BG SENSE+ SENSE- 6m VOUT 12V* 5A 150F x3 1nF EXTVCC 36.5k GND 1k 70 60 50 40 30 VIN = 24V 100 POWER LOSS VIN = 48V 10 20 511k VFB EFFICIENCY 80 POWER LOSS (mW) 4.7F VIN Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current EFFICIENCY (%) VIN 7V to 140V 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 10 1 7801 TA01b 7801 TA01a 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 1 LTC7801 Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1) Input Supply Voltage (VIN)........................ -0.3V to 150V Top Side Driver Voltage BOOST................ -0.3V to 150V Switch Voltage (SW).................................... -5V to 150V DRVCC, (BOOST-SW) Voltages.....................-0.3V to 11V BG, TG................................................................ (Note 8) RUN Voltage............................................. -0.3V to 150V SENSE+, SENSE- Voltages.......................... -0.3V to 65V PLLIN, PGOOD Voltages............................... -0.3V to 6V MODE, DRVUV Voltages............................... -0.3V to 6V FREQ Voltage................................................ -0.3V to 6V DRVSET, CPUMP_EN Voltages...................... -0.3V to 6V NDRV.................................................................. (Note 9) EXTVCC Voltage.......................................... -0.3V to 14V ITH, VFB Voltages.......................................... -0.3V to 6V SS, OVLO Voltages....................................... -0.3V to 6V Operating Junction Temperature Range (Notes 2, 3) LTC7801E, LTC7801I........................... -40C to 125C LTC7801H........................................... -40C to 150C Storage Temperature Range................... -65C to 150C Pin Configuration TOP VIEW 21 RUN MODE 5 GND 6 CRUMP_EN 7 PLLIN 8 17 DRVCC PGOOD 9 16 BG 24 23 22 21 20 20 EXTVCC 13 TG 15 DRVCC 14 BG PLLIN 6 PGOOD 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 BOOST UFD PACKAGE 24-LEAD (4mm x 5mm) PLASTIC QFN FE PACKAGE 24-LEAD PLASTIC TSSOP TJMAX = 150C, JA = 33C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 25) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB FOR RATED ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS Order Information 16 NDRV CPUMP_EN 5 15 BOOST 14 SW 17 VIN 25 GND 4 18 NDRV DRVUV 12 18 EXTVCC MODE 3 19 VIN DRVSET 11 19 RUN ITH 2 FREQ FREQ 10 VFB 1 DRVSET 25 INTVCC 4 OVLO 22 INTVCC ITH SW 23 OVLO 3 SENSE+ 2 SS SS VFB TG 24 SENSE+ DRVUV 1 SENSE- TOP VIEW SENSE- TJMAX = 150C, JA = 43C/W EXPOSED PAD (PIN 25) IS GND, MUST BE SOLDERED TO PCB FOR RATED ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS http://www.linear.com/product/LTC7801#orderinfo LEAD FREE FINISH TAPE AND REEL PART MARKING PACKAGE DESCRIPTION TEMPERATURE RANGE LTC7801EFE#PBF LTC7801EFE#TRPBF LTC7801FE 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP -40C to 125C LTC7801IFE#PBF LTC7801IFE#TRPBF LTC7801FE 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP -40C to 125C LTC7801HFE#PBF LTC7801HFE#TRPBF LTC7801FE 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP -40C to 150C LTC7801EUFD#PBF LTC7801EUFD#TRPBF 7801 24-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN -40C to 125C LTC7801IUFD#PBF LTC7801IUFD#TRPBF 7801 24-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN -40C to 125C LTC7801HUFD#PBF LTC7801HUFD#TRPBF 7801 24-Lead (4mm x 5mm) Plastic QFN -40C to 150C Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. *The temperature grade is identified by a label on the shipping container. For more information on lead free part marking, go to: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ For more information on tape and reel specifications, go to: http://www.linear.com/tapeandreel/. Some packages are available in 500 unit reels through designated sales channels with #TRMPBF suffix. 7801f 2 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C (Note 2), VIN = 12V, VRUN = 5V, VEXTVCC = 0V, VDRVSET = 0V unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS VIN Input Supply Operating Voltage Range (Note 10) DRVUV = 0V VOUT Regulated Output Voltage Set Point VFB Regulated Feedback Voltage MIN l (Note 4); ITH Voltage = 1.2V 0C to 85C l IFB 4 140 V 0.8 60 V 0.800 0.800 0.808 0.812 V V 0.792 0.788 -0.006 0.050 A Reference Voltage Line Regulation (Note 4) VIN = 4.5V to 150V 0.002 0.02 %/V Output Voltage Load Regulation (Note 4) Measured in Servo Loop, ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 0.7V l 0.01 0.1 % (Note 4) Measured in Servo Loop, ITH Voltage = 1.2V to 1.6V l -0.01 -0.1 % Transconductance Amplifier gm (Note 4) ITH = 1.2V, Sink/Source 5A Input DC Supply Current (Note 5) VDRVSET = 0V 2 mmho Pulse Skip or Forced Continuous Mode VFB = 0.83V (No Load) Sleep Mode VFB = 0.83V (No Load) 2.5 40 55 A Shutdown RUN = 0V 10 20 A Undervoltage Lockout DRVCC Ramping Up DRVUV = 0V DRVUV = INTVCC, DRVSET = INTVCC l l 4.0 7.5 4.2 7.8 V V DRVCC Ramping Down DRVUV = 0V DRVUV = INTVCC, DRVSET = INTVCC l l 3.6 6.4 3.8 6.7 4.0 7.0 V V VRUN Rising l 1.1 1.2 1.3 V VOVLO Rising l 1.1 1.2 RUN Pin ON Threshold VRUN Hyst RUN Pin Hysteresis OVLO Overvoltage Lockout Threshold OVLO Hyst OVLO Hysteresis Feedback Overvoltage Protection mV 1.3 100 ISENSE+ ISENSE- SENSE- Pin Current SENSE- < VINTVCC - 0.5V SENSE- > VINTVCC + 0.5V Maximum Duty Factor In Dropout CPUMP_EN = 0V, FREQ = 0V CPUMP_EN = INTVCC Soft-Start Charge Current VSS = 0V VFB = 0.7V, VSENSE- = 3.3V 7 10 850 l V mV 1 Measured at VFB, Relative to Regulated VFB SENSE+ Pin Current VSENSE(MAX) Maximum Current Sense Threshold mA 80 OVLO Delay ISS UNITS (Note 4) gm VRUN ON MAX Feedback Current IQ UVLO TYP s 13 % 1 A 1 A A 98 100 99 % 8 10 12 A 66 75 84 mV 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 3 LTC7801 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C (Note 2), VIN = 12V, VRUN = 5V, VEXTVCC = 0V, VDRVSET = 0V unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS TG Pull-up On-Resistance TG Pull-down On-Resistance VDRVSET = INTVCC 2.2 1.0 BG Pull-up On-Resistance BG Pull-down On-Resistance VDRVSET = INTVCC 2.0 1.0 11 Gate Driver BOOST to DRVCC Switch On-Resistance VSW = 0V, VDRVSET = INTVCC tON(MIN) TG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time (Note 6) VDRVSET = INTVCC CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 15 ns ns BG Transition Time: Rise Time Fall Time (Note 6) VDRVSET = INTVCC CLOAD = 3300pF CLOAD = 3300pF 25 15 ns ns Top Gate Off to Bottom Gate On Delay Synchronous Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF each driver, VDRVSET = INTVCC 55 ns Bottom Gate Off to Top Gate On Delay Top Switch-On Delay Time CLOAD = 3300pF each driver, VDRVSET = INTVCC 50 ns TG Minimum On-Time (Note 7) VDRVSET = INTVCC 80 ns VBOOST =16V, VSW = 12V, VFREQ = 0V VBOOST =19V, VSW = 12V, VFREQ = 0V 65 55 A A Charge Pump for High Side Driver Supply ICPUMP Charge Pump Output Current DRVCC LDO Regulator DRVCC Voltage from NDRV LDO Regulator NDRV Driving External NFET, VEXTVCC = 0V 7V < VIN < 150V, DRVSET = 0V 11V < VIN < 150V, DRVSET = INTVCC DRVCC Load Regulation from NDRV LDO Regulator NDRV Driving External NFET ICC = 0mA to 50mA, VEXTVCC = 0V DRVCC Voltage from Internal VIN LDO NDRV = DRVCC, VEXTVCC = 0V 7V < VIN < 150V, DRVSET = 0V 11V < VIN < 150V, DRVSET = INTVCC DRVCC Load Regulation from VIN LDO ICC = 0mA to 50mA, VEXTVCC = 0V DRVSET = 0V DRVSET = INTVCC DRVCC Voltage from Internal EXTVCC LDO 7V < VEXTVCC < 13V, DRVSET = 0V 11V < VEXTVCC < 13V, DRVSET = INTVCC DRVCC Load Regulation from Internal EXTVCC LDO ICC = 0mA to 50mA DRVSET = 0V, VEXTVCC = 8.5V DRVSET = INTVCC, VEXTVCC = 13V EXTVCC LDO Switchover Voltage EXTVCC Ramping Positive DRVUV = 0V DRVUV = INTVCC, DRVSET = INTVCC 5.8 9.6 5.6 9.5 5.8 9.6 4.5 7.4 EXTVCC Hysteresis Programmable DRVCC RDRVSET = 50k NDRV Driving External NFET, VEXTVCC = 0V Programmable DRVCC RDRVSET = 70k NDRV Driving External NFET, VEXTVCC = 0V Programmable DRVCC RDRVSET = 90k NDRV Driving External NFET, VEXTVCC = 0V 6.4 6.0 10.0 6.2 10.4 V V 0 1.0 % 5.85 9.85 6.1 10.3 V V 1.4 0.9 2.5 2.0 % % 6.0 10.0 6.2 10.4 V V 0.7 0.5 2.0 2.0 % % 4.7 7.7 4.9 8.0 V V 250 mV 5.0 V 7.0 9.0 7.6 V V 7801f 4 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Electrical Characteristics The l denotes the specifications which apply over the specified operating junction temperature range, otherwise specifications are at TA = 25C (Note 2), VIN = 12V, VRUN = 5V, VEXTVCC = 0V, VDRVSET = 0V unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX ICC = 0mA to 2mA 4.7 5.0 5.2 UNITS INTVCC LDO Regulator VINTVCC INTVCC Voltage V Oscillator and Phase-Locked Loop fSYNC Programmable Frequency RFREQ = 25k, PLLIN = DC Voltage Programmable Frequency RFREQ = 65k, PLLIN = DC Voltage Programmable Frequency RFREQ =105k, PLLIN = DC Voltage Low Fixed Frequency VFREQ = 0V, PLLIN = DC Voltage High Fixed Frequency VFREQ = INTVCC, PLLIN = DC Voltage Synchronizable Frequency PLLIN Input High Level PLLIN Input Low Level 105 375 440 kHz 505 835 kHz kHz 320 350 380 kHz 485 535 585 kHz 850 kHz 0.5 V V 0.04 V 10 A PLLIN = External Clock l 75 PLLIN = External Clock PLLIN = External Clock l l 2.8 PGOOD Output VPGL PGOOD Voltage Low IPGOOD = 2mA 0.02 IPGOOD PGOOD Leakage Current VPGOOD = 3.3V PGOOD Trip Level VFB with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage VFB Ramping Negative Hysteresis -13 -10 2.5 -7 % % VFB with Respect to Set Regulated Voltage VFB Ramping Positive Hysteresis 7 10 2.5 13 % % Delay for Reporting a Fault 40 Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Ratings for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: The LTC7801 is tested under pulsed load conditions such that TJ TA. The LTC7801E is guaranteed to meet performance specifications from 0C to 85C. Specifications over the -40C to 125C operating junction temperature range are assured by design, characterization and correlation with statistical process controls. The LTC7801I is guaranteed over the -40C to 125C operating junction temperature range and the LTC7801H is guaranteed over the -40C to 150C operating junction temperature range. Note that the maximum ambient temperature consistent with these specifications is determined by specific operating conditions in conjunction with board layout, the rated package thermal impedance and other environmental factors. High temperatures degrade operating lifetimes; operating lifetime is derated for junction temperatures greater than 125C. The junction temperature (TJ, in C) is calculated from the ambient temperature (TA, in C) and power dissipation (PD, in Watts) according to the formula: TJ = TA + (PD * JA) where JA = 33C/W for the TSSOP package and JA = 43C/W for the QFN package. Note 3: This IC includes overtemperature protection that is intended to protect the device during momentary overload conditions. The maximum rated junction temperature will be exceeded when this protection is active. Continuous operation above the specified absolute maximum operating s junction temperature may impair device reliability or permanently damage the device. Note 4: The LTC7801 is tested in a feedback loop that servos VITH to a specified voltage and measures the resultant VFB. The specification at 85C is not tested in production and is assured by design, characterization and correlation to production testing at other temperatures (125C for the LTC7801E and LTC7801I, 150C for the LTC7801H). For the LTC7801I and LTC7801H, the specification at 0C is not tested in production and is assured by design, characterization and correlation to production testing at -40C. Note 5: Dynamic supply current is higher due to the gate charge being delivered at the switching frequency. See the Applications information section. Note 6: Rise and fall times are measured using 10% and 90% levels. Delay times are measured using 50% levels. Note 7: The minimum on-time condition is specified for an inductor peak-to-peak ripple current >40% of IMAX (See Minimum On-Time Considerations in the Applications Information section). Note 8: Do not apply a voltage or current source to these pins. They must be connected to capacitive loads only, otherwise permanent damage may occur. Note 9: Do not apply a voltage or current source to the NDRV pin, other than tying NDRV to DRVCC when not used. If used it must be connected to capacitive loads only (see DRVCC Regulators in the Applications Information section), otherwise permanent damage may occur. Note 10: The minimum input supply operating range is dependent on the DRVCC UVLO thresholds as determined by the DRVUV pin setting. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 5 LTC7801 Typical Performance Characteristics Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current Efficiency vs Load Current 10k BURST EFFICIENCY 90 60 PULSE-SKIPPING LOSS 50 100 10 FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT VIN = 24V VOUT = 12V FCM EFFICIENCY 10 0 0.0001 1k BURST LOSS 40 PULSE-SKIPPING EFFICIENCY 30 20 FCM LOSS 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 10 1 EFFICIENCY (%) 70 POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 Efficiency vs Input Voltage 100 100 90 98 80 96 70 94 EFFICIENCY (%) 100 60 50 40 30 20 10 FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT VOUT = 12V 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) VIN = 24V VIN = 48V VIN = 100V VIN = 140V 1 92 90 88 86 84 FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT VOUT = 12V ILOAD = 4A 82 80 10 20 7801 G01 Load Step Burst Mode Operation Load Step Pulse-Skipping Mode VOUT 100mV/DIV AC COUPLED IL 1A/DIV IL 1A/DIV IL 1A/DIV VIN = 24V FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT 7801 G04 200s/DIV BURST MODE OPERATION 2A/DIV RUN 2V/DIV PULSE SKIPPING MODE 2ms/DIV VIN = 24V FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT 7801 G06 7801 G08 808 REGULATED FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (V) FORCED CONTINUOUS MODE 7801 G07 140 Regulated Feedback Voltage vs Temperature Soft Start-Up VOUT 2V/DIV 200s/DIV VIN = 24V FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT 200s/DIV VIN = 24V FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT VIN = 24V FIGURE 13 CIRCUIT Inductor Current at Light Load 120 Load Step Forced Continuous Mode VOUT 100mV/DIV AC COUPLED 7801 G04 60 80 100 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 7801 G03 VOUT 100mV/DIV AC COUPLED 200s/DIV 40 7801 G02 806 804 802 800 798 796 794 792 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 7801 G09 7801f 6 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Typical Performance Characteristics DRVCC and EXTVCC vs Load Current 6.5 EXTVCC Switchover and DRVCC Voltages vs Temperature 6.5 NDRV LDO (NDRV FET), EXTVCC = 0V VIN LDO (No NDRV FET), EXTVCC = 0V EXTVCC = 8.5V 5.0 EXTVCC = 5V 4.5 20 40 60 80 LOAD CURRENT (mA) NDRV LDO (NDRV FET), 5.5 EXTVCC = 0V VIN LDO (No NDRV FET), EXTVCC = 0V, 5.0 EXTVCC RISING DRVUV = DRVSET = 0V 8.5 8.0 4.0 -75 -50 -25 100 7801 G12 Undervoltage Lockout Threshold vs Temperature 8.0 900 7.5 800 800 SENSE- CURRENT (A) 1000 400 300 600 500 400 300 200 100 100 100 5.0 4.5 CURRENT SENSE VOLTAGE (mV) 90 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 FEEDBACK VOLTAGE (mV) 7801 G16 RISING 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 7801 G15 RUN/OVLO Threshold vs Temperature 1.40 5% DUTY CYCLE 1.35 80 PULSE-SKIPPING 60 BURST MODE OPERATION 40 20 0 -20 -40 DRVUV = 0V FALLING 3.0 -75 -50 -25 RUN/OVLO PIN VOLTAGE (V) 100 0 5.5 Maximum Current Sense Threshold vs ITH Voltage 70 FALLING 6.0 7801 G14 Foldback Current Limit 0 6.5 3.5 VOUT INTVCC - 0.5V 7801 G13 80 DRVUV = INTVCC 4.0 0 -75 -50 -25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 VSENSE COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) RISING 7.0 700 200 0 VOUT INTVCC + 0.5V DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) 500 EXTVCC FALLING DRVUV = DRVSET = INTVCC 7.0 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) SENSE- Pin Input Bias Current vs Temperature 600 EXTVCC RISING 7801 G11 SENSE - Pin Input Current vs VSENSE Voltage 700 NDRV LDO (NDRV NFET), EXTVCC = 0V VIN LDO (No NDRV NFET), EXTVCC = 0V 7.5 900 1000 SENSE - CURRENT (A) 9.0 EXTVCC FALLING 7801 G10 MAXIMUM CURRENT SENSE VOLTAGE (mV) 9.5 4.5 DRVUV = DRVSET = 0V 0 EXTVCC = 8.5V 10.0 DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) 5.5 4.0 10.5 EXTVCC = 8.5V 6.0 DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) 6.0 EXTVCC Switchover and DRVCC Voltages vs Temperature 1.30 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 VITH (V) 1.0 1.2 1.4 7801 G17 RUN RISING 1.25 1.20 RUN FALLING 1.15 1.10 1.05 FORCED CONTINUOUS OVLO RISING OVLO FALLING 1.00 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 7801 G18 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 7 LTC7801 Typical Performance Characteristics DRVCC Line Regulation 20 DRVSET = INTVCC 10 DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) 18 9 NDRV FET 8 No NDRV FET 7 DRVSET = 0V 6 30 VIN = 12V 25 16 SHUTDOWN CURRENT (A) EXTVCC = 0V SHUTDOWN CURRENT (A) 11 Shutdown Current vs Input Voltage Shutdown Current vs Temperature 14 12 10 8 6 4 20 15 10 VIN = 6.3V 5 2 0 0 -75 -50 -25 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 7801 G19 11.5 FREQ = INTVCC DRVSET = INTVCC 50 40 DRVSET = 0V 30 500 450 400 350 0 -75 -50 -25 300 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 9.5 100 8 7 6 5 4 150C 25C -55C 10M BETWEEN BOOST AND SW 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 SW VOLTAGE (V) 7801 G25 CHARGE PUMP CHARGING CURRENT (A) 10 FREQ = 350kHz 7801 G24 BOOST Charge Pump Charging Current vs Frequency 9 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 7801 G23 Boost Charge Pump Voltage vs SW Voltage 3 8.0 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 7801 G22 (BOOST - SW) VOLTAGE (V) 10.0 8.5 FREQ = 0V 10 0 10.5 9.0 20 1 11.0 SS CURRENT (A) FREQUENCY (kHz) QUIESCENT CURRENT (A) 12.0 550 80 2 SS Pull-Up Current vs Temperature 600 VIN = 12V 90 BURST MODE OPERATION 60 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 7801 G21 Oscillator Frequency vs Temperature 100 DRVSET = 70k 0 7801 G20 Quiescent Current vs Temperature 70 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 TEMPERATURE (C) 90 100 VBOOST = 16V VSW = 12V 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BOOST Charge Pump Charging Current vs SW Voltage 150C 25C -55C 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 OPERATING FREQUENCY (kHz) 7801 G26 CHARGE PUMP CHARGING CURRENT (A) 5 90 FREQ = 350kHz 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 VBOOST - VSW = 4V VBOOST - VSW = 7V 150C 25C -55C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 SW VOLTAGE (V) 7801 G27 7801f 8 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Pin Functions (QFN/TSSOP) VFB (Pin 1/Pin 3): Feedback Input. This pin receives the remotely sensed feedback voltage from an external resistor divider across the output. ITH (Pin 2/Pin 4): Error Amplifier Output and Switching Regulator Compensation Point. The current comparator trip point increases with this control voltage. MODE (Pin 3/Pin 5): Mode Select and Burst Clamp Adjust Input. This input determines how the LTC7801 operates at light loads. Pulling this pin to ground selects Burst Mode operation with the burst clamp level defaulting to 25% of VSENSE(MAX). Tying this pin to a voltage between 0.5V and 1.0V selects Burst Mode operation and adjusts the burst clamp between 10% and 60%. Tying this pin to INTVCC forces continuous inductor current operation. Tying this pin to a voltage greater than 1.4V and less than INTVCC - 1.3V selects pulse-skipping operation. GND (Pin 4, Exposed Pin 25/Pin 6, Exposed Pad Pin 25): Ground. All GND pins must be tied together for operation. The exposed pad must be soldered to PCB ground for rated electrical and thermal performance. CPUMP_EN (Pin 5/Pin 7): Charge Pump Enable Pin for the Top Gate Driver Boost Supply. Tying this pin to INTVCC enables the boost supply charge pump and allows for 100% duty cycle operation in dropout. Tying this pin to GND disables the charge pump and enables boost refresh, allowing for 99% duty cycle operation in dropout. Do not float this pin. PLLIN (Pin 6/ Pin 8): External Synchronization Input to Phase Detector. When an external clock is applied to this pin, the phase-locked loop will force the rising TG signal to be synchronized with the rising edge of the external clock. If the MODE pin is set to Forced Continuous Mode or Burst Mode operation, then the regulator operates in Forced Continuous Mode when synchronized. If the MODE pin is set to pulse-skipping mode, then the regulator operates in pulse-skipping mode when synchronized. PGOOD (Pin 7/Pin 9): Open-Drain Logic Output. PGOOD is pulled to ground when the voltage on the VFB pin is not within 10% of its set point. FREQ (Pin 8/Pin 10): Frequency Control Pin for the Internal VCO. Connecting the pin to GND forces the VCO to a fixed low frequency of 350kHz. Connecting the pin to INTVCC forces the VCO to a fixed high frequency of 535kHz. Other frequencies between 50kHz and 900kHz can be programmed by using a resistor between FREQ and GND. An internal 20A pull-up current develops the voltage to be used by the VCO to control the frequency. DRVSET (Pin 9/Pin 11): DRVCC Regulation Program Pin. This pin sets the regulated output voltage of the DRVCC linear regulator. Tying this pin to GND sets DRVCC to 6.0V. Tying this pin to INTVCC sets DRVCC to 10V. Other voltages between 5V and 10V can be programmed by placing a resistor (50k to 100k) between the DRVSET pin and GND. An internal 20A pull-up current develops the voltage to be used as the reference to the DRVCC LDO. DRVUV (Pin 10/Pin 12): DRVCC UVLO Program Pin. This pin determines the higher or lower DRVCC UVLO and EXTVCC switchover thresholds, as listed on the Electrical Characteristics table. Connecting DRVUV to GND chooses the lower thresholds whereas tying DRVUV to INTVCC chooses the higher thresholds. Do not float this pin. TG (Pin 11/Pin 13): High Current Gate Drives for Top NChannel MOSFET. This is the output of floating high side driver with a voltage swing equal to DRVCC superimposed on the switch node voltage SW. SW (Pin 12/Pin 14): Switch Node Connection to Inductor. BOOST (Pin 13/Pin 15): Bootstrapped Supply to the Topside Floating Driver. A capacitor is connected between the BOOST and SW pins. Voltage swing at the BOOST pin is from approximately DRVCC to (VIN + DRVCC). BG (Pin 14/Pin 16): High Current Gate Drive for Bottom (Synchronous) N-Channel MOSFET. Voltage swing at this pin is from ground to DRVCC. DRVCC (Pin 15/Pin 17): Output of the Internal or External Low Dropout Regulators. The gate drivers are powered from this voltage source. The DRVCC voltage is set by the DRVSET pin. Must be decoupled to ground with a minimum of 4.7F ceramic or other low ESR capacitor, as close as possible to the IC. Do not use the DRVCC pin for any other purpose. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 9 LTC7801 Pin Functions (QFN/TSSOP) NDRV (Pin 16/Pin 18): Drive Output for External Pass Device of the NDRV LDO Linear Regulator for DRVCC. Connect this pin to the gate of an external NMOS pass device. An internal charge pump allows NDRV to regulate above VIN for low dropout performance. To disable this external NDRV LDO, tie NDRV to DRVCC. VIN (Pin 17/Pin 19): Main Supply Pin. A bypass capacitor should be tied between this pin and the GND pins. EXTVCC (Pin 18/Pin 20): External Power Input to an Internal LDO linear regulator Connected to DRVCC. This LDO supplies DRVCC power from EXTVCC, bypassing the internal LDO powered from VIN or the external NDRV LDO whenever EXTVCC is higher than its switchover threshold (4.7V or 7.7V depending on the DRVUV pin). See DRVCC Regulators in the Applications Information section. Do not exceed 14V on this pin. Do not connect EXTVCC to a voltage greater than VIN. If not used, connect to GND and place a 330k or smaller resistor between INTVCC and SS. RUN (Pin 19/Pin 21): Run Control Input. Forcing this pin below 1.12V shuts down the controller. Forcing this pin below 0.7V shuts down the entire LTC7801, reducing quiescent current to approximately 10A. This pin can be tied to VIN for always-on operation. Do not float this pin. INTVCC (Pin 20/Pin 22): Output of the Internal 5V Low Dropout Regulator. Many of the low voltage analog and digital circuits are powered from this voltage source. A low ESR 0.1F ceramic bypass capacitor should be con- nected between INTVCC and GND, as close as possible to the LTC7801. OVLO (Pin 21/Pin 23): Overvoltage Lockout Input. A voltage on this pin above 1.2V disables switching of the controller. The DRVCC and INTVCC supplies maintain regulation during an OVLO event. Exceeding the OVLO threshold triggers a soft-start reset. If the OVLO function is not used, connect this pin to GND. SENSE+ (Pin 22/Pin 24): The (+) Input to the Differential Current Comparator. The ITH pin voltage and controlled offsets between the SENSE- and SENSE+ pins in conjunction with RSENSE set the current trip threshold. SENSE- (Pin 23/Pin 1): The (-) Input to the Differential Current Comparator. When SENSE- is greater than INTVCC, the SENSE- pin supplies power to the current comparator. SS (Pin 24/Pin 2): Soft-Start Input. The LTC7801 regulates the VFB voltage to the smaller of 0.8V or the voltage on the SS pin. An internal 10A pull-up current source is connected to this pin. A capacitor to ground at this pin sets the ramp time to final regulated output voltage. The SS pin is also used for the Regulator Shutdown (REGSD) feature. A 5A/1A pull-down current can be connected on SS depending on the state of the EXTVCC LDO and the voltage on SS. See Regulator Shutdown in the Operation section for more information. To defeat the REGSD feature, place a 330k or smaller resistor between INTVCC and SS. See Soft-Start Pin in the Applications Information section for more information on defeating REGSD. 7801f 10 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Functional Diagram PGOOD CPUMP_EN 0.88V EN EA- OVLO DRVCC CHARGE PUMP 0.72V VIN BOOST 1.2V RUN 15M S 3V DROPOUT DETECT Q R MODE TG TOP BOT DRVCC BG BOT VCO FREQ 0.425V CLK CIN SW SWITCH LOGIC TOPON CB GND SLEEP L 20A RSENSE IR ICMP PFD SENSE+ 2mV 1.8V BCLAMP PLLIN DRVSET SENSE- SYNC DET 20A VFB EA- SLOPE COMP 100k VOUT COUT EA 0.80V SS RB RA 0.88V 2.0V 1.2V DRVUV VIN EXTVCC ITH DRVCC LDO/UVLO CONTROL 3.5V VIN NDRV CHARGE PUMP NDRV LDO VIN LDO DRVCC EN EN 4.7V/ 7.7V 4R RC SS EXTVCC LDO REGSD R CC2 10A SHDN EN CC1 INTVCC LDO CSS 5A/1uA INTVCC 7801 BD01 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 11 LTC7801 Operation Main Control Loop The LTC7801 uses a constant frequency, current mode step-down architecture. During normal operation, the external top MOSFET is turned on when the clock sets the RS latch, and is turned off when the main current comparator, ICMP, resets the RS latch. The peak inductor current at which ICMP trips and resets the latch is controlled by the voltage on the ITH pin, which is the output of the error amplifier, EA. The error amplifier compares the output voltage feedback signal at the VFB pin (which is generated with an external resistor divider connected across the output voltage, VOUT, to ground) to the internal 0.800V reference voltage. When the load current increases, it causes a slight decrease in VFB relative to the reference, which causes the EA to increase the ITH voltage until the average inductor current matches the new load current. After the top MOSFET is turned off each cycle, the bottom MOSFET is turned on until either the inductor current starts to reverse, as indicated by the current comparator IR, or the beginning of the next clock cycle. DRVCC/EXTVCC/INTVCC Power Power for the top and bottom MOSFET drivers is derived from the DRVCC pin. The DRVCC supply voltage can be programmed from 5V to 10V by setting the DRVSET pin. Two separate LDOs (low dropout linear regulators) can provide power from VIN to DRVCC. The internal VIN LDO uses an internal P-channel pass device between the VIN and DRVCC pins. To prevent high on-chip power dissipation in high input voltage applications, the LTC7801 also includes an NDRV LDO that utilizes the NDRV pin to supply power to DRVCC by driving the gate of an external N-channel MOSFET acting as a linear regulator with its source connected to DRVCC and drain connected to VIN. The NDRV LDO includes an internal charge pump that allows NDRV to be driven above VIN for low dropout performance. When the EXTVCC pin is tied to a voltage below its switchover voltage (4.7V or 7.7V depending on the DRVUV pin), the VIN and NDRV LDOs are enabled and one of them supplies power from VIN to DRVCC. The VIN LDO has a slightly lower regulation point than the NDRV LDO. If the NDRV LDO is being used with an external N-channel MOSFET, the gate of the MOSFET tied to the NDRV pin is driven such that DRVCC regulates above the VIN LDO regulation point, causing all DRVCC current to flow through the external N-channel MOSFET, bypassing the internal VIN LDO pass device. If the NDRV LDO is not being used, all DRVCC current flows through the internal P-channel pass device between the VIN and DRVCC pins. If EXTVCC is taken above its switchover voltage, the VIN and NDRV LDOs are turned off and an EXTVCC LDO is turned on. Once enabled, the EXTVCC LDO supplies power from EXTVCC to DRVCC. Using the EXTVCC pin allows the DRVCC power to be derived from a high efficiency external source such as the LTC7801 switching regulator output. The INTVCC supply powers most of the other internal circuits in the LTC7801. The INTVCC LDO regulates to a fixed value of 5V and its power is derived from the DRVCC supply. Top MOSFET Driver and Charge Pump (CPUMP_EN Pin) The top MOSFET driver is biased from the floating bootstrap capacitor, CB, which normally recharges during each cycle through an internal switch whenever SW goes low. If the input voltage decreases to a voltage close to its output, the loop may enter dropout and attempt to turn on the top MOSFET continuously. The LTC7801 includes an internal charge pump that allows the top MOSFET to be turned on continuously at 100% duty cycle. This charge pump delivers current to CB and is enabled when the CPUMP_EN pin is tied to INTVCC. Tying CPUMP_EN to GND disables the charge pump and causes the dropout detector to force the top MOSFET off for about one twelfth of the clock period every tenth cycle to allow CB to recharge, resulting in an effective 99% max duty cycle. Shutdown and Start-Up (RUN, SS Pins) The LTC7801 can be shut down using the RUN pin. Connecting the RUN pin below 1.12V shuts down the main control loop. Connecting the RUN pin below 0.7V disables the controller and most internal circuits, including the DRVCC and INTVCC LDOs. In this state, the LTC7801 draws only 10A of quiescent current. 7801f 12 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Operation The RUN pin has no internal pull-up current, so the pin must be externally pulled up or driven directly by logic. The RUN pin can tolerate up to 150V (absolute maximum), so it can be conveniently tied to VIN in always-on applications where the controller is enabled continuously and never shut down. The start-up of the controller's output voltage VOUT is controlled by the voltage on the SS pin. When the voltage on the SS pin is less than the 0.8V internal reference, the LTC7801 regulates the VFB voltage to the SS pin voltage instead of the 0.8V reference. This allows the SS pin to be used to program a soft-start by connecting an external capacitor from the SS pin to GND. An internal 10A pull-up current charges this capacitor creating a voltage ramp on the SS pin. As the SS voltage rises linearly from 0V to 0.8V (and beyond), the output voltage VOUT rises smoothly from zero to its final value. Light Load Current Operation (Burst Mode Operation, Pulse-Skipping or Forced Continuous Mode) (MODE Pin) The LTC7801 can be enabled to enter high efficiency Burst Mode operation, constant frequency pulse-skipping mode, or forced continuous conduction mode at light load currents. To select Burst Mode operation, tie the MODE pin to GND or a voltage between 0.5V and 1.0V. To select forced continuous operation, tie the MODE pin to INTVCC. To select pulse-skipping mode, tie the MODE pin to a DC voltage greater than 1.4V and less than INTVCC - 1.3V. This can be done with a simple resistor divider off INTVCC, with both resistors being 100k. When the controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the minimum peak current in the inductor (burst clamp) is adjustable and can be programmed by the voltage on the MODE pin. Tying the MODE pin to GND sets the default burst clamp to approximately 25% of the maximum sense voltage even when the voltage on the ITH pin indicates a lower value. A voltage between 0.5V and 1.0V on the MODE pin programs the burst clamp linearly between 10% and 60% of the maximum sense voltage. In Burst Mode operation, if the average inductor current is higher than the load current, the error amplifier, EA, will decrease the voltage on the ITH pin. When the ITH voltage drops below 0.425V, the internal sleep signal goes high (enabling sleep mode) and both external MOSFETs are turned off. The ITH pin is then disconnected from the output of the EA and parked at 0.450V. In sleep mode, much of the internal circuitry is turned off, reducing the quiescent current that the LTC7801 draws to only 40A. In sleep mode, the load current is supplied by the output capacitor. As the output voltage decreases, the EA's output begins to rise. When the output voltage drops enough, the ITH pin is reconnected to the output of the EA, the sleep signal goes low, and the controller resumes normal operation by turning on the top external MOSFET on the next cycle of the internal oscillator. When the controller is enabled for Burst Mode operation, the inductor current is not allowed to reverse. The reverse current comparator (IR) turns off the bottom external MOSFET just before the inductor current reaches zero, preventing it from reversing and going negative. Thus, the controller operates discontinuously. In forced continuous operation, the inductor current is allowed to reverse at light loads or under large transient conditions. The peak inductor current is determined by the voltage on the ITH pin, just as in normal operation. In this mode, the efficiency at light loads is lower than in Burst Mode operation. However, continuous operation has the advantage of lower output voltage ripple and less interference to audio circuitry. In forced continuous mode, the output ripple is independent of load current. When the MODE pin is connected for pulse-skipping mode, the LTC7801 operates in PWM pulse-skipping mode at light loads. In this mode, constant frequency operation is maintained down to approximately 1% of designed maximum output current. At very light loads, the current comparator, ICMP, may remain tripped for several cycles and force the external top MOSFET to stay off for the same number of cycles (i.e., skipping pulses). The inductor current is not allowed to reverse (discontinuous operation). 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 13 LTC7801 Operation This mode, like forced continuous operation, exhibits low output ripple as well as low audio noise and reduced RF interference as compared to Burst Mode operation. It provides higher low current efficiency than forced continuous mode, but not nearly as high as Burst Mode operation. At high output voltages, the efficiency in pulse-skipping mode is comparable to force continuous mode. If the PLLIN pin is clocked by an external clock source to use the phase-locked loop (see Frequency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop section), then the LTC7801 operates in forced continuous operation when the MODE pin is set to forced continuous or Burst Mode operation. The controller operates in pulse-skipping mode when clocked by an external clock source with the MODE pin set to pulse-skipping mode. Frequency Selection and Phase-Locked Loop (FREQ and PLLIN Pins) The selection of switching frequency is a trade-off between efficiency and component size. Low frequency operation increases efficiency by reducing MOSFET switching losses, but requires larger inductance and/or capacitance to maintain low output ripple voltage. The switching frequency of the LTC7801 can be selected using the FREQ pin. If the PLLIN pin is not being driven by an external clock source, the FREQ pin can be tied to GND, tied to INTVCC or programmed through an external resistor. Tying FREQ to GND selects 350kHz while tying FREQ to INTVCC selects 535kHz. Placing a resistor between FREQ and GND allows the frequency to be programmed between 50kHz and 900kHz, as shown in Figure 12. A phase-locked loop (PLL) is available on the LTC7801 to synchronize the internal oscillator to an external clock source that is connected to the PLLIN pin. The LTC7801's phase detector adjusts the voltage (through an internal lowpass filter) of the VCO input to align the turn-on of the external top MOSFET to the rising edge of the synchronizing signal. The VCO input voltage is prebiased to the operating frequency set by the FREQ pin before the external clock is applied. If prebiased near the external clock frequency, the PLL loop only needs to make slight changes to the VCO input in order to synchronize the rising edge of the external clock's to the rising edge of TG. The ability to prebias the loop filter allows the PLL to lock-in rapidly without deviating far from the desired frequency. The typical capture range of the LTC7801's phase-locked loop is from approximately 55kHz to 1MHz, with a guarantee to be between 75kHz and 850kHz. In other words, the LTC7801's PLL is guaranteed to lock to an external clock source whose frequency is between 75kHz and 850kHz. It is recommended that the external clock source swing from ground (0V) to at least 2.8V. Input Supply Overvoltage Lockout (OVLO Pin) The LTC7801 implements a protection feature that inhibits switching when the input voltage rises above a programmable operating range. By using a resistor divider from the input supply to ground, the OVLO pin serves as a precise input supply voltage monitor. Switching is disabled when the OVLO pin rises above 1.2V, which can be configured to limit switching to a specific range of input supply voltage. When switching is disabled, the LTC7801 can safely sustain input voltages up to the absolute maximum rating of 150V. Input supply overvoltage events trigger a soft-start reset, which results in a graceful recovery from an input supply transient. Output Overvoltage Protection An overvoltage comparator guards against transient overshoots as well as other more serious conditions that may overvoltage the output. When the VFB pin rises by more than 10% above its regulation point of 0.800V, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. 7801f 14 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Operation Power Good Pin where the EXTVCC LDO becomes disabled (EXTVCC below the switchover threshold) for an extended period of time could result in overheating of the IC (or overheating the external N-channel MOSFET if the NDRV LDO is used). In the cases where EXTVCC is tied to the regulator output, this event could happen during overload conditions such as an output short to ground. The LTC7801 includes a regulator shutdown (REGSD) feature that shuts down the regulator to substantially reduce power dissipation and the risk of overheating during such events. The PGOOD pin is connected to an open drain of an internal N-channel MOSFET. The MOSFET turns on and pulls the PGOOD pin low when the VFB pin voltage is not within 10% of the 0.8V reference voltage. The PGOOD pin is also pulled low when the RUN pin is low (shut down). When the VFB pin voltage is within the 10% requirement, the MOSFET is turned off and the pin is allowed to be pulled up by an external resistor to a source no greater than 6V. Foldback Current The REGSD circuit monitors the EXTVCC LDO and the SS pin to determine when to shut down the regulator. Refer to the timing diagram in Figure 1. Whenever SS is above 2.2V and the EXTVCC LDO is not switched over (the EXTVCC pin is below the switchover threshold), the internal 10A pull-up current on SS turns off and a 5A pull-down current turns on, discharging SS. Once SS discharges to 2.0V and the EXTVCC pin remains below the EXTVCC switchover threshold, the pull-down current reduces to 1A and the regulator shuts down, eliminating all DRVCC switching current. Switching stays off until the SS pin discharges to approximately 200mV, at which point the 10A pull-up current turns back on and the regulator re-enables switching. If the short-circuit persists, the regulator cycles on and off at a low duty cycle interval of about 12%. When the output voltage falls to less than 70% of its nominal level, foldback current limiting is activated, progressively lowering the peak current limit in proportion to the severity of the overcurrent or short-circuit condition. Foldback current limiting is disabled during the soft-start interval (as long as the VFB voltage is keeping up with the SS voltage). Foldback current limiting is intended to limit power dissipation during overcurrent and short-circuit fault conditions. Note that the LTC7801 continuously monitors the inductor current and prevents current runaway under all conditions. Regulator Shutdown (REGSD) High input voltage applications typically require using the EXTVCC LDO to keep power dissipation low. Fault conditions SHORT-CIRCUIT EVENT EXTVCC SWITCHOVER THRESHOLD (FALLING) VOUT/EXTVCC 0V 2.2V 2.0V SS 0.8V 0.2V 0V SHORT REMOVED FROM VOUT ISS = 5A (SINK) ISS = 10A (SOURCE) ISS = 1A (SINK) ISS = 10A (SOURCE) START-UP INTO SHORT-CIRCUIT TG/BG 7801 F01 Figure 1. Regulator Shutdown Operation 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 15 LTC7801 Applications Information The Typical Application on the first page is a basic LTC7801 application circuit. LTC7801 can be configured to use either DCR (inductor resistance) sensing or low value resistor sensing. The choice between the two current sensing schemes is largely a design trade-off between cost, power consumption and accuracy. DCR sensing is becoming popular because it saves expensive current sensing resistors and is more power efficient, especially in high current applications. However, current sensing resistors provide the most accurate current limits for the controller. Other external component selection is driven by the load requirement, and begins with the selection of RSENSE (if RSENSE is used) and inductor value. Next, the power MOSFETs are selected. Finally, input and output capacitors are selected. programmed current limit unpredictable. If DCR sensing is used (Figure 3b), resistor R1 should be placed close to the switching node, to prevent noise from coupling into sensitive small-signal nodes. TO SENSE FILTER NEXT TO THE CONTROLLER COUT CURRENT FLOW INDUCTOR OR RSENSE 7801 F02 Figure 2. Sense Lines Placement with Inductor or Sense Resistor Low Value Resistor Current Sensing SENSE+ and SENSE- Pins The SENSE+ and SENSE- pins are the inputs to the current comparator. The common mode voltage range on these pins is 0V to 65V (absolute maximum), enabling the LTC7801 to regulate output voltages up to a nominal set point of 60V (allowing margin for tolerances and transients). The SENSE+ pin is high impedance over the full common mode range, drawing at most 1A. This high impedance allows the current comparators to be used in inductor DCR sensing. The impedance of the SENSE- pin changes depending on the common mode voltage. When SENSE- is less than INTVCC - 0.5V, a small current of less than 1A flows out of the pin. When SENSE- is above INTVCC + 0.5V, a higher current (850A) flows into the pin. Between INTVCC - 0.5V and INTVCC + 0.5V, the current transitions from the smaller current to the higher current. Filter components mutual to the sense lines should be placed close to the LTC7801, and the sense lines should run close together to a Kelvin connection underneath the current sense element (shown in Figure 2). Sensing current elsewhere can effectively add parasitic inductance and capacitance to the current sense element, degrading the information at the sense terminals and making the A typical sensing circuit using a discrete resistor is shown in Figure 3a. RSENSE is chosen based on the required output current. The current comparator has a maximum threshold VSENSE(MAX) determined by the ILIM setting. The current comparator threshold voltage sets the peak of the inductor current, yielding a maximum average output current, IMAX, equal to the peak value less half the peak-to-peak ripple current, IL. To calculate the sense resistor value, use the equation: RSENSE = VSENSE(MAX) I IMAX + L 2 Normally in high duty cycle conditions, the maximum output current level will be reduced due to the internal compensation required to meet stability criterion operating at greater than 50% duty factor. The LTC7801, however, uses a proprietary circuit to nullify the effect of slope compensation on the current limit performance. 7801f 16 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information VIN BOOST LTC7801 TG RSENSE SW VOUT BG SENSE+ SENSE CAP PLACED NEAR SENSE PINS - GND 7801 F03a If the external (R1||R2) * C1 time constant is chosen to be exactly equal to the L/DCR time constant, the voltage drop across the external capacitor is equal to the drop across the inductor DCR multiplied by R2/(R1 + R2). R2 scales the voltage across the sense terminals for applications where the DCR is greater than the target sense resistor value. To properly dimension the external filter components, the DCR of the inductor must be known. It can be measured using a good RLC meter, but the DCR tolerance is not always the same and varies with temperature; consult the manufacturers' data sheets for detailed information. Using the inductor ripple current value from the Inductor Value Calculation section, the target sense resistor value is: (3a) Using a Resistor to Sense Current VIN RSENSE(EQUIV) = BOOST LTC7801 INDUCTOR TG L SW BG DCR VOUT R1 SENSE+ C1* R2 SENSE- GND *PLACE C1 NEAR SENSE PINS (R1||R2) * C1 = L/DCR RSENSE(EQ) = DCR(R2/(R1+R2)) 7801 F03b (3b) Using the Inductor DCR to Sense Current Figure 3. Current Sensing Methods To ensure that the application will deliver full load current over the full operating temperature range, choose the minimum value for VSENSE(MAX) in the Electrical Characteristics table. Next, determine the DCR of the inductor. When provided, use the manufacturer's maximum value, usually given at 20C. Increase this value to account for the temperature coefficient of copper resistance, which is approximately 0.4%/C. A conservative value for TL(MAX) is 100C. To scale the maximum inductor DCR to the desired sense resistor value (RD), use the divider ratio: RD = Inductor DCR Sensing For applications requiring the highest possible efficiency at high load currents, the LTC7801 is capable of sensing the voltage drop across the inductor DCR, as shown in Figure 3b. The DCR of the inductor represents the small amount of DC winding resistance of the copper, which can be less than 1m for today's low value, high current inductors. In a high current application requiring such an inductor, power loss through a sense resistor would cost several points of efficiency compared to inductor DCR sensing. VSENSE(MAX) I IMAX + L 2 RSENSE(EQUIV) DCR MAX at TL(MAX) C1 is usually selected to be in the range of 0.1F to 0.47F. This forces R1|| R2 to around 2k, reducing error that might have been caused by the SENSE+ pin's 1A current. The equivalent resistance R1||R2 is scaled to the temperature inductance and maximum DCR: R1|| R2 = L (DCR at 20C) * C1 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 17 LTC7801 Applications Information The values for R1 and R2 are: R1= R1|| R2 R1* RD ; R2 = RD 1-RD The maximum power loss in R1 is related to duty cycle, and will occur in continuous mode at the maximum input voltage: PLOSS R1= ( VIN(MAX) - VOUT ) * VOUT R1 Ensure that R1 has a power rating higher than this value. If high efficiency is necessary at light loads, consider this power loss when deciding whether to use DCR sensing or sense resistors. Light load power loss can be modestly higher with a DCR network than with a sense resistor, due to the extra switching losses incurred through R1. However, DCR sensing eliminates a sense resistor, reduces conduction losses and provides higher efficiency at heavy loads. Peak efficiency is about the same with either method. Inductor Value Calculation The operating frequency and inductor selection are interrelated in that higher operating frequencies allow the use of smaller inductor and capacitor values. So why would anyone ever choose to operate at lower frequencies with larger components? The answer is efficiency. A higher frequency generally results in lower efficiency because of MOSFET switching and gate charge losses. In addition to this basic trade-off, the effect of inductor value on ripple current and low current operation must also be considered. The inductor value has a direct effect on ripple current. The inductor ripple current, IL, decreases with higher inductance or higher frequency and increases with higher VIN: IL = V 1 VOUT 1- OUT (f)(L) VIN Accepting larger values of IL allows the use of low inductances, but results in higher output voltage ripple and greater core losses. A reasonable starting point for setting ripple current is IL = 0.3(IMAX). The maximum IL occurs at the maximum input voltage. The inductor value also has secondary effects. The transition to Burst Mode operation begins when the average inductor current required results in a peak current below the burst clamp, which can be programmed between 10% and 60% of the current limit determined by RSENSE. (For more information see the Burst Clamp Programming section.) Lower inductor values (higher IL) will cause this to occur at lower load currents, which can cause a dip in efficiency in the upper range of low current operation. In Burst Mode operation, lower inductance values will cause the burst frequency to decrease. Inductor Core Selection Once the value for L is known, the type of inductor must be selected. High efficiency converters generally cannot afford the core loss found in low cost powdered iron cores, forcing the use of more expensive ferrite or molypermalloy cores. Actual core loss is independent of core size for a fixed inductor value, but it is very dependent on inductance value selected. As inductance increases, core losses go down. Unfortunately, increased inductance requires more turns of wire and therefore copper losses will increase. Ferrite designs have very low core loss and are preferred for high switching frequencies, so design goals can concentrate on copper loss and preventing saturation. Ferrite core material saturates hard, which means that inductance collapses abruptly when the peak design current is exceeded. This results in an abrupt increase in inductor ripple current and consequent output voltage ripple. Do not allow the core to saturate! Power MOSFET Selection Two external power MOSFETs must be selected for the LTC7801 controller: one N-channel MOSFET for the top (main) switch, and one N-channel MOSFET for the bottom (synchronous) switch. 7801f 18 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information The peak-to-peak drive levels are set by the DRVCC voltage. This voltage can range from 5V to 10V depending on configuration of the DRVSET pin. Therefore, both logic-level and standard-level threshold MOSFETs can be used in most applications depending on the programmed DRVCC voltage. Pay close attention to the BVDSS specification for the MOSFETs as well. The LTC7801's ability to adjust the gate drive level between 5V to 10V (OPTI-DRIVE) allows an application circuit to be precisely optimized for efficiency. When adjusting the gate drive level, the final arbiter is the total input current for the regulator. If a change is made and the input current decreases, then the efficiency has improved. If there is no change in input current, then there is no change in efficiency. Selection criteria for the power MOSFETs include the on-resistance RDS(ON), Miller capacitance CMILLER, input voltage and maximum output current. Miller capacitance, CMILLER, can be approximated from the gate charge curve usually provided on the MOSFET manufacturers' data sheet. CMILLER is equal to the increase in gate charge along the horizontal axis while the curve is approximately flat divided by the specified change in VDS. This result is then multiplied by the ratio of the application applied VDS to the gate charge curve specified VDS. When the IC is operating in continuous mode the duty cycles for the top and bottom MOSFETs are given by: MAIN SWITCH DUTY CYCLE = VOUT VIN SYNCHRONOUS SWITCH DUTY CYCLE = VIN - VOUT VIN The MOSFET power dissipations at maximum output current are given by: PMAIN = VOUT IOUT(MAX) VIN ( ) 2 (1+ )RDS(ON) + IOUT(MAX) (VIN )2 (RDR )(CMILLER ) * 2 1 1 + (f) VDRVCC - VTHMIN VTHMIN 2 V -V PSYNC = IN OUT IOUT(MAX) (1+ ) RDS(ON) VIN ( ) where is the temperature dependency of RDS(ON) and RDR (approximately 2) is the effective driver resistance at the MOSFET's Miller threshold voltage. VTHMIN is the typical MOSFET minimum threshold voltage. Both MOSFETs have I2R losses while the main N-channel equations include an additional term for transition losses, which are highest at high input voltages. For VIN < 20V the high current efficiency generally improves with larger MOSFETs, while for VIN > 20V the transition losses rapidly increase to the point that the use of a higher RDS(ON) device with lower CMILLER actually provides higher efficiency. The synchronous MOSFET losses are greatest at high input voltage when the top switch duty factor is low or during a short-circuit when the synchronous switch is on close to 100% of the period. The term (1+ ) is generally given for a MOSFET in the form of a normalized RDS(ON) vs Temperature curve, but = 0.005/C can be used as an approximation for low voltage MOSFETs. CIN and COUT Selection The selection of CIN is usually based off the worst-case RMS input current. The highest (VOUT)(IOUT) product needs to be used in the formula shown in Equation 1 to determine the maximum RMS capacitor current requirement. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 19 LTC7801 Applications Information In continuous mode, the source current of the top MOSFET is a square wave of duty cycle (VOUT)/(VIN). To prevent large voltage transients, a low ESR capacitor sized for the maximum RMS current must be used. The maximum RMS capacitor current is given by: CIN Required IRMS I 1/2 MAX [(VOUT )(VIN - VOUT )] VIN This formula has a maximum at VIN = 2VOUT, where IRMS = IOUT/2. This simple worst-case condition is commonly used for design because even significant deviations do not offer much relief. Note that capacitor manufacturers' ripple current ratings are often based on only 2000 hours of life. This makes it advisable to further derate the capacitor, or to choose a capacitor rated at a higher temperature than required. Several capacitors may be paralleled to meet size or height requirements in the design. Due to the high operating frequency of the LTC7801, ceramic capacitors can also be used for CIN. Always consult the manufacturer if there is any question. A small (0.1F to 1F) bypass capacitor between the chip VIN pin and ground, placed close to the LTC7801, is also suggested. A small (10) resistor placed between CIN (C1) and the VIN pin provides further isolation. The selection of COUT is driven by the effective series resistance (ESR). Typically, once the ESR requirement is satisfied, the capacitance is adequate for filtering. The output ripple (VOUT) is approximated by: 1 VOUT IL ESR + 8 * f * COUT where f is the operating frequency, COUT is the output capacitance and IL is the ripple current in the inductor. The output ripple is highest at maximum input voltage since IL increases with input voltage. Setting Output Voltage The LTC7801 output voltage is set by an external feedback resistor divider carefully placed across the output, as shown in Figure 4. The regulated output voltage is determined by: R VOUT = 0.8V 1+ B RA To improve the frequency response, a feedforward capacitor, CFF, may be used. Great care should be taken to route the VFB line away from noise sources, such as the inductor or the SW line. VOUT LTC7801 RB CFF VFB RA 7801 F04 Figure 4. Setting Output Voltage RUN Pin and Overvoltage/Undervoltage Lockout The LTC7801 is enabled using the RUN pin. It has a rising threshold of 1.2V with 80mV of hysteresis. Pulling the RUN pin below 1.12V shuts down the main control loop. Pulling it below 0.7V disables the controller and most internal circuits, including the DRVCC and INTVCC LDOs. In this state the LTC7801 draws only 10A of quiescent current. The RUN pin is high impedance below 3V and must be externally pulled up/down or driven directly by logic. The RUN pin can tolerate up to 150V (absolute maximum), so it can be conveniently tied to VIN in always-on applications where the controller is enabled continuously and never shut down. Above 3V, the RUN pin has approximately a 15M impedance to an internal 3V clamp. 7801f 20 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information The RUN and OVLO pins can alternatively be configured as undervoltage (UVLO) and overvoltage (OVLO) lockouts on the VIN supply with a resistor divider from VIN to ground. A simple resistor divider can be used as shown in Figure 5 to meet specific VIN voltage requirements. VIN R3 RUN R4 LTC7801 OVLO R5 For applications that do not require a precise OVLO, the OVLO pin can be tied directly to ground. The RUN pin in this type of application can be used as an external UVLO using the previous equations with R5 = 0. Similarly, for applications that do not require a precise UVLO, the RUN pin can be tied to VIN. In this configuration, the UVLO threshold is limited to the internal DRVCC UVLO thresholds as shown in the Electrical Characteristics table. The resistor values for the OVLO can be computed using the previous equations with R3 = 0. Soft-Start (SS) Pin 7801 F05 Figure 5. Adjustable UV and OV Lockout The current that flows through the R3-R4-R5 divider will directly add to the shutdown, sleep, and active current of the LTC7801, and care should be taken to minimize the impact of this current on the overall efficiency of the application circuit. Resistor values in the megaohm range may be required to keep the impact on quiescent shutdown and sleep currents low. To pick resistor values, the sum total of R3 + R3+ R5 (RTOTAL) should be chosen first based on the allowable DC current that can be drawn from VIN. The individual values of R3, R4 and R5 can be calculated from the following equations: R5 = RTOTAL * 1.20V RISING VIN OVLO THRESHOLD R4 = RTOTAL * 1.20V -R5 RISING VIN OVLO THRESHOLD The start-up of VOUT is controlled by the voltage on the SS pin. When the voltage on the SS pin is less than the internal 0.8V reference, the LTC7801 regulates the VFB pin voltage to the voltage on the SS pin instead of the internal reference. The SS pin can be used to program an external soft-start function. Soft-start is enabled by simply connecting a capacitor from the SS pin to ground, as shown in Figure 6. An internal 10A current source charges the capacitor, providing a linear ramping voltage at the SS pin. The LTC7801 will regulate its feedback voltage (and hence VOUT) according to the voltage on the SS pin, allowing VOUT to rise smoothly from 0V to its final regulated value. The total soft-start time will be approximately: tSS = CSS * 0.8V 10A LTC7801 SS R3 = RTOTAL -R5 -R4 CSS GND 7801 F06 Figure 6. Using the SS Pin to Program Soft-Start 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 21 LTC7801 Applications Information The SS pin also controls the timing of the regulator shutdown (REGSD) feature (as discussed in Regulator Shutdown of the Operation section). If the application does not require the use of the EXTVCC LDO (the EXTVCC pin is grounded), the REGSD feature must be defeated with a pull-up resistor between SS and INTVCC, as shown in Figure 7. Any resistor 330k or smaller between SS and INTVCC defeats the 5A pull-down current on SS that turns on once SS reaches 2.2V (with the EXTVCC LDO not enabled), preventing SS from discharging to 2.0V and shutting down the regulator. Note the current through this pull-up resistor adds to the internal 10A SS pull-up current at start-up, causing the total soft-start time to be shorter than what it is calculated without the pull-up resistor. The total soft-start time with the pull-up resistor is approximately: tSS CSS * 0.8V 4.6V 10A + RSS where RSS is the value of the resistor between the SS and INTVCC pins. INTVCC RSS LTC7801 SS The NDRV LDO provides an alternative method to supply power to DRVCC from the input supply without dissipating the power inside the LTC7801 IC. It has an internal charge pump that allows NDRV to be driven above the VIN supply, allowing for low dropout performance. The VIN LDO has a slightly lower regulation point than the NDRV LDO, such that all DRVCC current flows through the external Nchannel MOSFET (and not through the internal P-channel pass device) once DRVCC reaches regulation. When laying out the PC board, care should be taken to route NDRV away from any switching nodes, especially SW, TG, and BOOST. Coupling to the NDRV node could cause its voltage to collapse and the NDRV LDO to lose regulation. If this occurs, the internal VIN LDO would take over and maintain DRVCC voltage at a slightly lower regulation point. However, internal heating of the IC would become a concern. High frequency noise on the drain of the external NFET could also couple into the NDRV node (through the gate-to-drain capacitance of the NDRV NFET) and adversely affect NDRV regulation. The following are methods that could mitigate this potential issue (refer to Figure 8a). 1. Add local decoupling capacitors right next to the drain of the external NDRV NFET in the PCB layout. CSS GND uses an internal P-channel pass device between the EXTVCC and DRVCC pins. The NDRV LDO utilizes the NDRV pin to drive the gate of an external N-channel MOSFET acting as a linear regulator with its drain connected to VIN. EXTVCC 7801 F07 Figure 7. Using the SS Pin to Program Soft-Start with EXTVCC Unused/Grounded to Defeat REGSD DRVCC Regulators (OPTI-DRIVE) The LTC7801 features three separate low dropout linear regulators (LDO) that can supply power at the DRVCC pin. The internal VIN LDO uses an internal P-channel pass device between the VIN and DRVCC pins. The internal EXTVCC LDO 2. Insert a resistor (~100) in series with the gate of the NDRV NFET. 3. Insert a small capacitor (~1nF) between the gate and source of the NDRV NFET. When testing the application circuit, be sure the NDRV voltage does not collapse over the entire input voltage and output current operating range of the buck regulator. 7801f 22 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information If the NDRV LDO is not being used, connect the NDRV pin to DRVCC (Figure 8b). Table 1a. DRVSET PIN GND 6V INTVCC 10V Resistor to GND 50k to 100k 5V to 10V VIN VIN LTC7801 NDRV R1* C2* C1* DRVCC Table 1b. DRVCC UVLO RISING/FALLING THRESHOLDS DRVUV GND *R1, C1 AND C2 ARE OPTIONAL 7801 F08a DRVCC VOLTAGE EXTVCC SWITCHOVER RISING/FALLING THRESHOLD GND 4.0V/3.8V 4.7V/4.45V INTVCC 7.5V/6.7V 7.7V/7.45V Figure 8a. Configuring the NDRV LDO 10.5 10.0 VIN 9.5 9.0 DRVCC VOLTAGE (V) VIN NDRV LTC7801 DRVCC 8.5 NDRV LDO or EXTVCC LDO 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 INTERNAL VIN LDO 6.0 GND 5.5 5.0 7801 F08b Figure 8b. Disabling the NDRV LDO 4.5 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 DRVSET PIN RESISTOR (k) 7801 F09 The DRVCC supply is regulated between 5V to 10V, depending on how the DRVSET pin is set. The internal VIN and EXTVCC LDOs can supply a peak current of at least 50mA. The DRVCC pin must be bypassed to ground with a minimum of 4.7F ceramic capacitor. Good bypassing is needed to supply the high transient currents required by the MOSFET gate drivers. The DRVSET pin programs the DRVCC supply voltage and the DRVUV pin selects different DRVCC UVLO and EXTVCC switchover threshold voltages. Table 1a summarizes the different DRVSET pin configurations along with the voltage settings that go with each configuration. Table 1b summarizes the different DRVUV pin settings. Tying the DRVSET pin to INTVCC programs DRVCC to 10V. Tying the DRVSET pin to GND programs DRVCC to 6V. Placing a 50k to 100k resistor between DRVSET and GND the programs DRVCC between 5V to 10V, as shown in Figure 9. Figure 9. Relationship Between DRVCC Voltage and Resistor Value at DRVSET Pin High input voltage applications in which large MOSFETs are being driven at high frequencies may cause the maximum junction temperature rating for the LTC7801 to be exceeded. The DRVCC current, which is dominated by the gate charge current, may be supplied by the VIN LDO, NDRV LDO or the EXTVCC LDO. When the voltage on the EXTVCC pin is less than its switchover threshold (4.7V or 7.7V as determined by the DRVUV pin described above), the VIN and NDRV LDOs are enabled. Power dissipation in this case is highest and is equal to VIN * IDRVCC. If the NDRV LDO is not being used, this power is dissipated inside the IC. The gate charge current is dependent on operating frequency as discussed in the Efficiency Considerations section. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 23 LTC7801 Applications Information The junction temperature can be estimated by using the equations given in Note 2 of the Electrical Characteristics. For example, if DRVCC is set to 6V, the DRVCC current is limited to less than 32mA from a 40V supply when not using the EXTVCC or NDRV LDOs at a 70C ambient temperature in the QFN package: TJ = 70C + (32mA)(40V)(43C/W) = 125C To prevent the maximum junction temperature from being exceeded, the VIN supply current must be checked while operating in forced continuous mode (MODE = INTVCC) at maximum VIN. When the voltage applied to EXTVCC rises above its switchover threshold, the VIN and NDRV LDOs are turned off and the EXTVCC LDO is enabled. The EXTVCC LDO remains on as long as the voltage applied to EXTVCC remains above the switchover threshold minus the comparator hysteresis. The EXTVCC LDO attempts to regulate the DRVCC voltage to the voltage as programmed by the DRVSET pin, so while EXTVCC is less than this voltage, the LDO is in dropout and the DRVCC voltage is approximately equal to EXTVCC. When EXTVCC is greater than the programmed voltage, up to an absolute maximum of 14V, DRVCC is regulated to the programmed voltage. Using the EXTVCC LDO allows the MOSFET driver and control power to be derived from the LTC7801's switching regulator output (4.7V/7.7V VOUT 14V) during normal operation and from the VIN or NDRV LDO when the output is out of regulation (e.g., start-up, short-circuit). If more current is required through the EXTVCC LDO than is specified, an external Schottky diode can be added between the EXTVCC and DRVCC pins. In this case, do not apply more than 10V to the EXTVCC pin and make sure that EXTVCC VIN. Significant efficiency and thermal gains can be realized by powering DRVCC from the output, since the VIN current resulting from the driver and control currents will be scaled by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Switcher Efficiency). For 5V to 14V regulator outputs, this means connecting the EXTVCC pin directly to VOUT. Tying the EXTVCC pin to an 8.5V supply reduces the junction temperature in the previous example from 125C to: TJ = 70C + (32mA)(8.5V)(43C/W) = 82C However, for 3.3V and other low voltage outputs, additional circuitry is required to derive DRVCC power from the output. The following list summarizes the five possible connections for EXTVCC: 1. EXTVCC grounded. This will cause DRVCC to be powered from the internal VIN or NDRV LDO resulting in an efficiency penalty of up to 10% at high input voltages. If EXTVCC is grounded, the REGSD feature must be defeated with a pull-up resistor 330k or smaller between SS and INTVCC. 2. EXTVCC connected directly to the regulator output. This is the normal connection for a 5V to 14V regulator and provides the highest efficiency. 3. EXTVCC connected to an external supply. If an external supply is available in the 5V to 14V range, it may be used to power EXTVCC providing it is compatible with the MOSFET gate drive requirements. Ensure that EXTVCC VIN. 4. EXTVCC connected to the regulator output through an external zener diode. If the output voltage is greater than 14V, a zener diode can be used to drop the necessary voltage between VOUT and EXTVCC such that EXTVCC remains below 14V (Figure 10). In this configuration, a bypass capacitor on EXTVCC of at least 0.1F is recommended. An optional resistor between EXTVCC and GND can be inserted to ensure adequate bias current through the zener diode. VOUT > 14V LTC7801 EXTVCC EXTVCC < 14V 0.1F GND 7801 F10 Figure 10. Using a Zener Diode Between VOUT and EXTVCC 7801f 24 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information 5. EXTVCC connected to an output-derived boost network off the regulator output. For 3.3V and other low voltage regulators, efficiency gains can still be realized by connecting EXTVCC to an output-derived voltage that has been boosted to greater than 4.7V/7.7V. Ensure that EXTVCC VIN. INTVCC Regulator An additional P-channel LDO supplies power at the INTVCC pin from the DRVCC pin. Whereas DRVCC powers the gate drivers, INTVCC powers much of the LTC7801's internal circuitry. The INTVCC supply must be bypassed with a 0.1F ceramic capacitor. INTVCC is also used as a pull-up to bias other pins, such as MODE, PGOOD, etc. Topside MOSFET Driver Supply (CB) An external bootstrap capacitor CB connected to the BOOST pin supplies the gate drive voltage for the topside MOSFET. The LTC7801 features an internal switch between DRVCC and the BOOST pin. This internal switch eliminates the need for an external bootstrap diode between DRVCC and BOOST. Capacitor CB in the Functional Diagram is charged through this internal switch from DRVCC when the SW pin is low. When the topside MOSFET is to be turned on, the driver places the CB voltage across the gate-source of the MOSFET. This enhances the top MOSFET switch and turns it on. The switch node voltage, SW, rises to VIN and the BOOST pin follows. With the topside MOSFET on, the BOOST voltage is above the input supply: VBOOST = VIN + VDRVCC. The value of the boost capacitor, CB, needs to be 100 times that of the total input capacitance of the topside MOSFET(s). BURST CLAMP = VMODE - 0.4V * 100 1V where VMODE is the voltage on the MODE pin and Burst Clamp is the percentage of VSENSE(MAX). The burst clamp level is determined by the desired amount of output voltage ripple at low output loads. As the burst clamp increases, the sleep time between pulses and the output voltage ripple increase. The MODE pin is high impedance and VMODE can be set by a resistor divider from the INTVCC pin (Figure 11a). Alternatively, the MODE pin can be tied directly to the VFB pin to set the burst clamp to 40% (VMODE = 0.8V), or through an additional divider resistor (R3). As shown in Figure 11b, this resistor can be placed below VFB to program the burst clamp between 10% and 40% (VMODE = 0.5V to 0.8V) or above VFB to program the burst clamp between 40% and 60% (VMODE = 0.8V to 1.0V). INTVCC LTC7801 R2 MODE 7801 F11a R1 BURST CLAMP = 10% TO 60% (11a) Using INTVCC to Program the Burst Clamp VOUT VOUT R2 Burst Clamp Programming Burst Mode operation is enabled if the voltage on the MODE pin is 0V or in the range between 0.5V to 1V. The burst clamp, which sets the minimum peak inductor current, can be programmed by the MODE pin voltage. If the MODE pin is grounded, the burst clamp is set to 25% of the maximum sense voltage (VSENSE(MAX)). A MODE pin voltage between 0.5V and 1V varies the burst clamp linearly between 10% and 60% of VSENSE(MAX) through the following equation: MODE VFB LTC7801 R3 R3 MODE LTC7801 R2 VFB R1 7801 F11b R1 BURST CLAMP = 10% TO 40% BURST CLAMP = 40% TO 60% (11b) Using VFB to Program the Burst Clamp Figure 11. Programming the Burst Clamp 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 25 LTC7801 Applications Information Fault Conditions: Current Limit and Current Foldback The LTC7801 includes current foldback to help limit load current when the output is shorted to ground. If the output voltage falls below 70% of its nominal output level, then the maximum sense voltage is progressively lowered from 100% to 40% of its maximum selected value. Under short-circuit conditions with very low duty cycles, the LTC7801 will begin cycle skipping in order to limit the short-circuit current. In this situation the bottom MOSFET will be dissipating most of the power but less than in normal operation. The short-circuit ripple current is determined by the minimum on-time, tON(MIN), of the LTC7801 (80ns), the input voltage and inductor value: V IL(SC) = tON(MIN) IN L The resulting average short-circuit current is: A shorted top MOSFET will result in a high current condition which will open the system fuse. The switching regulator will regulate properly with a leaky top MOSFET by altering the duty cycle to accommodate the leakage. Fault Conditions: Overtemperature Protection At higher temperatures, or in cases where the internal power dissipation causes excessive self heating on chip, the overtemperature shutdown circuitry will shut down the LTC7801. When the junction temperature exceeds approximately 175C, the overtemperature circuitry disables the DRVCC LDO, causing the DRVCC supply to collapse and effectively shutting down the entire LTC7801 chip. Once the junction temperature drops back to the approximately 155C, the DRVCC LDO turns back on. Long term overstress (TJ > 125C) should be avoided as it can degrade the performance or shorten the life of the part. Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synchronization 1 ISC = 45% *ILIM(MAX) - IL(SC) 2 Fault Conditions: Overvoltage Protection (Crowbar) The overvoltage crowbar is designed to blow a system input fuse when the output voltage of the regulator rises much higher than nominal levels. The crowbar causes huge currents to flow, that blow the fuse to protect against a shorted top MOSFET if the short occurs while the controller is operating. A comparator monitors the output for overvoltage conditions. The comparator detects faults greater than 10% above the nominal output voltage. When this condition is sensed, the top MOSFET is turned off and the bottom MOSFET is turned on until the overvoltage condition is cleared. The bottom MOSFET remains on continuously for as long as the overvoltage condition persists; if VOUT returns to a safe level, normal operation automatically resumes. The LTC7801 has an internal phase-locked loop (PLL) comprised of a phase frequency detector, a lowpass filter, and a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). This allows the turn-on of the top MOSFET to be locked to the rising edge of an external clock signal applied to the PLLIN pin. The phase detector is an edge sensitive digital type that provides zero degrees phase shift between the external and internal oscillators. This type of phase detector does not exhibit false lock to harmonics of the external clock. If the external clock frequency is greater than the internal oscillator's frequency, fOSC, then current is sourced continuously from the phase detector output, pulling up the VCO input. When the external clock frequency is less than fOSC, current is sunk continuously, pulling down the VCO input. 7801f 26 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information Note that the LTC7801 can only be synchronized to an external clock whose frequency is within range of the LTC7801's internal VCO, which is nominally 55kHz to 1MHz. This is guaranteed to be between 75kHz and 850kHz. The LTC7801 is guaranteed to synchronize to an external clock that swings up to at least 2.8V and down to 0.5V or less. 1000 900 800 FREQUENCY (kHz) If the external and internal frequencies are the same but exhibit a phase difference, the current sources turn on for an amount of time corresponding to the phase difference. The voltage at the VCO input is adjusted until the phase and frequency of the internal and external oscillators are identical. At the stable operating point, the phase detector output is high impedance and the internal filter capacitor, CLP, holds the voltage at the VCO input. 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 FREQ PIN RESISTOR (k) 7801 F12 Figure 12. Relationship Between Oscillator Frequency and Resistor Value at the FREQ Pin Rapid phase-locking can be achieved by using the FREQ pin to set a free-running frequency near the desired synchronization frequency. The VCO's input voltage is prebiased at a frequency corresponding to the frequency set by the FREQ pin. Once prebiased, the PLL only needs to adjust the frequency slightly to achieve phase lock and synchronization. Although it is not required that the freerunning frequency be near the external clock frequency, doing so will prevent the operating frequency from passing through a large range of frequencies as the PLL locks. Minimum on-time tON(MIN) is the smallest time duration that the LTC7801 is capable of turning on the top MOSFET. It is determined by internal timing delays and the gate charge required to turn on the top MOSFET. Low duty cycle applications may approach this minimum on-time limit and care should be taken to ensure that: Table 2 summarizes the different states in which the FREQ pin can be used. When synchronized to an external clock, the LTC7801 operates in forced continuous mode at light loads if the MODE pin is set to Burst Mode operation or forced continuous operation. If the MODE pin is set to pulse-skipping operation, the LTC7801 maintains pulseskipping operation when synchronized. If the duty cycle falls below what can be accommodated by the minimum on-time, the controller will begin to skip cycles. The output voltage will continue to be regulated, but the ripple voltage and current will increase. Table 2. FREQ PIN PLLIN PIN FREQUENCY 0V DC Voltage 350kHz INTVCC DC Voltage 535kHz Resistor to GND DC Voltage 50kHz to 900kHz Any of the Above External Clock 75kHz to 850kHz Phase Locked to External Clock Minimum On-Time Considerations tON(MIN) < VOUT VIN (f) The minimum on-time for the LTC7801 is approximately 80ns. However, as the peak sense voltage decreases the minimum on-time gradually increases up to about 130ns. This is of particular concern in forced continuous applications with low ripple current at light loads. If the duty cycle drops below the minimum on-time limit in this situation, a significant amount of cycle skipping can occur with correspondingly larger current and voltage ripple. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 27 LTC7801 Applications Information Efficiency Considerations The percent efficiency of a switching regulator is equal to the output power divided by the input power times 100%. It is often useful to analyze individual losses to determine what is limiting the efficiency and which change would produce the most improvement. Percent efficiency can be expressed as: %Efficiency = 100% - (L1 + L2 + L3 + ...) where L1, L2, etc. are the individual losses as a percentage of input power. Although all dissipative elements in the circuit produce losses, four main sources usually account for most of the losses in LTC7801 circuits: 1) IC VIN current, 2) DRVCC regulator current, 3) I2R losses, 4) Topside MOSFET transition losses. 1. The VIN current is the DC supply current given in the Electrical Characteristics table, which excludes MOSFET driver and control currents. VIN current typically results in a small (< 0.1%) loss. 2. DRVCC current is the sum of the MOSFET driver and control currents. The MOSFET driver current results from switching the gate capacitance of the power MOSFETs. Each time a MOSFET gate is switched from low to high to low again, a packet of charge, dQ, moves from DRVCC to ground. The resulting dQ/dt is a current out of DRVCC that is typically much larger than the control circuit current. In continuous mode, IGATECHG = f(QT + QB), where QT and QB are the gate charges of the topside and bottom side MOSFETs. Supplying DRVCC from an output-derived source power through EXTVCC will scale the VIN current required for the driver and control circuits by a factor of (Duty Cycle)/(Efficiency). For example, in a 20V to 5V application, 10mA of DRVCC current results in approximately 2.5mA of VIN current. This reduces the midcurrent loss from 10% or more (if the driver was powered directly from VIN) to only a few percent. 3. I2R losses are predicted from the DC resistances of the fuse (if used), MOSFET, inductor, current sense resistor and input and output capacitor ESR. In continuous mode the average output current flows through L and RSENSE, but is chopped between the topside MOSFET and the synchronous MOSFET. If the two MOSFETs have approximately the same RDS(ON), then the resistance of one MOSFET can simply be summed with the resistances of L, RSENSE and ESR to obtain I2R losses. For example, if each RDS(ON) = 30m, RL = 50m, RSENSE = 10m and RESR = 40m (sum of both input and output capacitance losses), then the total resistance is 130m. This results in losses ranging from 3% to 13% as the output current increases from 1A to 5A for a 5V output, or a 4% to 20% loss for a 3.3V output. Efficiency varies as the inverse square of VOUT for the same external components and output power level. The combined effects of increasingly lower output voltages and higher currents required by high performance digital systems is not doubling but quadrupling the importance of loss terms in the switching regulator system! 4. Transition losses apply only to the top MOSFET(s) and become significant only when operating at high input voltages (typically 20V or greater). Transition losses can be estimated from: Transition Loss = (1.7) * VIN2 * IO(MAX) * CRSS * f Other hidden losses such as copper trace and internal battery resistances can account for an additional 5% to 10% efficiency degradation in portable systems. It is very important to include these system level losses during the design phase. The internal battery and fuse resistance losses can be minimized by making sure that CIN has adequate charge storage and very low ESR at the switching frequency. A 25W supply will typically require a minimum of 20F to 40F of capacitance having a maximum of 20m to 50m of ESR. Other losses including Schottky conduction losses during dead-time and inductor core losses generally account for less than 2% total additional loss. 7801f 28 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information Checking Transient Response The regulator loop response can be checked by looking at the load current transient response. Switching regulators take several cycles to respond to a step in DC (resistive) load current. When a load step occurs, VOUT shifts by an amount equal to ILOAD (ESR), where ESR is the effective series resistance of COUT. ILOAD also begins to charge or discharge COUT generating the feedback error signal that forces the regulator to adapt to the current change and return VOUT to its steady-state value. During this recovery time VOUT can be monitored for excessive overshoot or ringing, which would indicate a stability problem. OPTILOOP compensation allows the transient response to be optimized over a wide range of output capacitance and ESR values. The availability of the ITH pin not only allows optimization of control loop behavior, but it also provides a DC coupled and AC filtered closed-loop response test point. The DC step, rise time and settling at this test point truly reflects the closed-loop response. Assuming a predominantly second order system, phase margin and/ or damping factor can be estimated using the percentage of overshoot seen at this pin. The bandwidth can also be estimated by examining the rise time at the pin. The ITH external components shown in the first page circuit will provide an adequate starting point for most applications. The ITH series RC-CC filter sets the dominant pole-zero loop compensation. The values can be modified slightly to optimize transient response once the final PC layout is done and the particular output capacitor type and value have been determined. The output capacitors need to be selected because the various types and values determine the loop gain and phase. An output current pulse of 20% to 80% of full-load current having a rise time of 1s to 10s will produce output voltage and ITH pin waveforms that will give a sense of the overall loop stability without breaking the feedback loop. Placing a power MOSFET directly across the output capacitor and driving the gate with an appropriate signal generator is a practical way to produce a realistic load step condition. The initial output voltage step resulting from the step change in output current may not be within the bandwidth of the feedback loop, so this signal cannot be used to determine phase margin. This is why it is better to look at the ITH pin signal which is in the feedback loop and is the filtered and compensated control loop response. The gain of the loop will be increased by increasing RC and the bandwidth of the loop will be increased by decreasing CC. If RC is increased by the same factor that CC is decreased, the zero frequency will be kept the same, thereby keeping the phase shift the same in the most critical frequency range of the feedback loop. The output voltage settling behavior is related to the stability of the closed-loop system and will demonstrate the actual overall supply performance. A second, more severe transient is caused by switching in loads with large (>1F) supply bypass capacitors. The discharged bypass capacitors are effectively put in parallel with COUT, causing a rapid drop in VOUT. No regulator can alter its delivery of current quickly enough to prevent this sudden step change in output voltage if the load switch resistance is low and it is driven quickly. If the ratio of CLOAD to COUT is greater than 1:50, the switch rise time should be controlled so that the load rise time is limited to approximately 25 * CLOAD. Thus a 10F capacitor would require a 250s rise time, limiting the charging current to about 200mA. 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 29 LTC7801 Applications Information Design Example As a design example, assume VIN = 12V (nominal), VIN = 22V (max), VOUT = 3.3V, IMAX = 5A, VSENSE(MAX) = 75mV and f = 350kHz. The inductance value is chosen first based on a 30% ripple current assumption. The highest value of ripple current occurs at the maximum input voltage. Tie the FREQ pin to GND, generating 350kHz operation. The inductor ripple current can be calculated from the following equation: VOUT VOUT IL = 1- (f)(L) VIN(NOM) A 4.7H inductor will produce 29% ripple current. The peak inductor current will be the maximum DC value plus one half the ripple current, or 5.73A. Increasing the ripple current will also help ensure that the minimum on-time of 80ns is not violated. The minimum on-time occurs at maximum VIN: tON(MIN) = VOUT VIN(MAX)(f) = 3.3V = 429ns 22V(350kHz) The equivalent RSENSE resistor value can be calculated by using the minimum value for the maximum current sense threshold (66mV): 66mV RSENSE 0.01 5.73A Choosing 1% resistors: RA = 24.9k and RB = 78.7k yields an output voltage of 3.33V. The power dissipation on the topside MOSFET can be easily estimated. Choosing a Fairchild FDS6982S dual MOSFET results in: RDS(ON) = 0.035/0.022, CMILLER = 215pF. With 6V gate drive and maximum input voltage with T(estimated) = 50C: 3.3V (5A)2 [1+(0.005)(50C - 25C] 22V 5A (0.035)+(22V)2 (2.5)(215pF) * 2 1 1 6V - 2.3V + 2.3V (350kHz) = 308mW PMAIN = A short-circuit to ground will result in a folded back current of: ISC = 34mV 1 80ns(22V) - = 3.21A 0.01 2 4.7H with a typical value of RDS(ON) and = (0.005/C)(25C) = 0.125. The resulting power dissipated in the bottom MOSFET is: PSYNC = (3.21A)2 (1.125) (0.022) = 255mW which is less than under full-load conditions. CIN is chosen for an RMS current rating of at least 3A at temperature. COUT is chosen with an ESR of 0.02 for low output ripple. The output ripple in continuous mode will be highest at the maximum input voltage. The output voltage ripple due to ESR is approximately: VORIPPLE = RESR (IL) = 0.02 (1.45A) = 29mVP-P PC Board Layout Checklist When laying out the printed circuit board, the following checklist should be used to ensure proper operation of the IC. 1. Are the signal and power grounds kept separate? The combined IC signal ground pin and the ground return of CDRVCC must return to the combined COUT (-) terminals. The path formed by the top N-channel MOSFET, bottom N-channel MOSFET and the CIN capacitor should have short leads and PC trace lengths. The output capacitor (-) terminals should be connected as close as possible to the (-) terminals of the input capacitor by placing the capacitors next to each other. 2. Does the LTC7801 VFB pin's resistive divider connect to the (+) terminal of COUT? The resistive divider must be connected between the (+) terminal of COUT and signal ground. The feedback resistor connections should not be along the high current input feeds from the input capacitor(s). 3. Are the SENSE- and SENSE+ leads routed together with minimum PC trace spacing? The filter capacitor between SENSE+ and SENSE- should be as close as possible to the IC. Ensure accurate current sensing with Kelvin connections at the SENSE resistor. 7801f 30 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Applications Information 4. Is the DRVCC and decoupling capacitor connected close to the IC, between the DRVCC and the ground pin? This capacitor carries the MOSFET drivers' current peaks. 5. Keep the SW, TG, and BOOST nodes away from sensitive small-signal nodes. All of these nodes have very large and fast moving signals and therefore should be kept on the output side of the LTC7801 and occupy minimum PC trace area. 6. Use a modified star ground technique: a low impedance, large copper area central grounding point on the same side of the PC board as the input and output capacitors with tie-ins for the bottom of the DRVCC decoupling capacitor, the bottom of the voltage feedback resistive divider and the GND pin of the IC. PC Board Layout Debugging It is helpful to use a DC-50MHz current probe to monitor the current in the inductor while testing the circuit. Monitor the output switching node (SW pin) to synchronize the oscilloscope to the internal oscillator and probe the actual output voltage as well. Check for proper performance over the operating voltage and current range expected in the application. The frequency of operation should be maintained over the input voltage range down to dropout and until the output load drops below the low current operation threshold--typically 25% of the maximum designed current level in Burst Mode operation. The duty cycle percentage should be maintained from cycle to cycle in a well-designed, low noise PCB implementation. Variation in the duty cycle at a subharmonic rate can suggest noise pickup at the current or voltage sensing inputs or inadequate loop compensation. Overcompensation of the loop can be used to tame a poor PC layout if regulator bandwidth optimization is not required. Reduce VIN from its nominal level to verify operation of the regulator in dropout. Check the operation of the undervoltage lockout circuit by further lowering VIN while monitoring the output to verify operation. Investigate whether any problems exist only at higher output currents or only at higher input voltages. If problems coincide with high input voltages and low output currents, look for capacitive coupling between the BOOST, SW, TG, and possibly BG connections and the sensitive voltage and current pins. The capacitor placed across the current sensing pins needs to be placed immediately adjacent to the pins of the IC. This capacitor helps to minimize the effects of differential noise injection due to high frequency capacitive coupling. If problems are encountered with high current output loading at lower input voltages, look for inductive coupling between CIN, the top MOSFET and the bottom MOSFET to the sensitive current and voltage sensing traces. In addition, investigate common ground path voltage pickup between these components and the GND pin of the IC. An embarrassing problem, which can be missed in an otherwise properly working switching regulator, results when the current sensing leads are hooked up backwards. The output voltage under this improper hookup will still be maintained but the advantages of current mode control will not be realized. Compensation of the voltage loop will be much more sensitive to component selection. This behavior can be investigated by temporarily shorting out the current sensing resistor--don't worry, the regulator will still maintain control of the output voltage. Pin Clearance/Creepage Considerations The LTC7801 is available in two packages (QFN and TSSOP) with identical functionality. However, the space between adjacent pins on the LTC7801 may not provide sufficient PC board trace clearance between high and low voltage pins in some higher voltage applications. In applications where clearance is required, the LTC3895 should be used. The LTC3895 has removed pins between all the adjacent high voltage and low voltage pins, providing 0.68mm clearance which is sufficient for most applications. For more information, refer to the printed circuit board design standards described in IPC-2221 (www.ipc.org). 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 31 LTC7801 Typical Applications High Efficiency 140V to 3.3V Step-Down Regulator VIN 12V to 140V CINA 100F CINB 0.47F x3 VIN RUN BOOST NDRV L1 3.3H CB 0.1F DRVCC CDRVCC 4.7F MTOP x2 TG RSENSE 3m SW LTC7801 PLLIN OVLO MODE CPUMP_EN SENSE+ SENSE- PGOOD COUTB 100F x2 MBOT BG COUTA 470F VOUT 3.3V 10A CSNS 1nF VFB RPGOOD 100k EXTVCC ITH INTVCC DRVSET DRVUV CINTVCC 0.1F SS CSS 0.1F FREQ RFREQ 34k RITH 4.99k CITHB 100pF CITHA 6.8nF GND L2 470H VIN CINC 0.47F SW RUN RB 267k OVLO LTC3639 MTOP, MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G L1: WURTH 7443310330 COUTA: KEMET T520D477M0O6A1E015 L2: COILCRAFT MSS1048T-474KLB FBO COUT2 4.7F VFB RA 196k VPRG1 ISET SS GND GND GND VPRG2 7801 TA02a Efficiency and Power Loss vs Load Current 90 BURST EFFICIENCY FCM LOSS 90 10k PS LOSS 1k 60 50 40 30 BURST LOSS 100 FCM EFFICIENCY 10 20 VIN = 24V VOUT = 3.3V 10 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 10 7801 TA02b VOUT = 3.3V 80 70 60 50 40 VIN = 12V VIN = 24V VIN = 48V VIN = 100V VIN = 140V 30 20 0 0.0001 VOUT = 3.3V 85 10 1 Efficiency vs Input Voltage 90 80 EFFICIENCY (%) 70 PULSE-SKIPPING EFFICIENCY POWER LOSS (mW) EFFICIENCY (%) 80 Efficiency vs Load Current 100 100k EFFICIENCY (%) 100 0.001 0.01 0.1 LOAD CURRENT (A) 1 75 70 65 60 MBOT: BSC190N15NS3G, ILOAD = 5A MBOT: BSC190N15NS3G, ILOAD = 10A MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G, ILOAD = 5A MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G, ILOAD = 10A 55 10 7801 TA02c 50 0 20 40 60 80 100 INPUT VOLTAGE (V) 120 140 7801 TA02d 7801f 32 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Typical Applications High Efficiency Switching Surge Stopper VIN 12V* CINA 100F CINB 0.47F x4 VIN *SURGES TO 140V, OVLO TIMER LIMITS SWITCHING TIME ABOVE 36V TO 4 SECONDS ROVLOC 1M ROVLOA 34.9k BOOST NDRV ROVLOB 1M CDRVCC 4.7F CB 0.1F DRVCC LTC7801 OVLO COVLO 3.3F MTOP: BSC190N15NS3G MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G L1: WURTH 74435571500 COUTA: OS-CON 35SVPF39M CPUMP_EN INTVCC DRVSET DRVUV MODE RSS 100k RSENSE 8m SENSE+ CSNS 1nF RB 1M COUTA 39F VOUT 12V** 5A **VOUT FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN < 18V, VOUT REGULATES TO 18V WHEN VIN > 18V VFB ITH FREQ EXTVCC CSS 0.1F COUTB 22F MBOT BG SS CINTVCC 0.1F L1 15H SW SENSEPIN NOT USED IN THIS CIRCUIT: PGOOD MTOP TG RUN RFREQ 42.2k CITHB 100pF PLLIN RITH 10k RA 46.4k CITHA 4.7nF GND 7801 TA03a VIN 20V/DIV VIN 20V/DIV VOUT 20V/DIV GND VOUT 20V/DIV GND 100s/DIV 7801 TA03b 20ms/DIV 7801 TA03c 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 33 LTC7801 Typical Applications High Efficiency 140V to 24V Step-Down Regulator VIN 8V to 140V CINA 100F CINB 0.47F x4 VIN BOOST NDRV VOUT 10 DEXT 12V CDRVCC 4.7F DRVCC OVLO INTVCC DRVUV DRVSET CPUMP_EN MODE SS CSS 0.1F RSENSE 6m SW LTC7801 EXTVCC CINTVCC 0.1F L1 33H CB 0.1F CEXT 1F PIN NOT USED IN THIS CIRCUIT: PGOOD MTOP x2 TG RUN SENSE+ SENSE- COUTB 10F MBOT BG CSNS 1nF RB 806k COUTA 68F VOUT 24V* 5A *VOUT follows VIN when VIN < 24V VFB ITH FREQ PLLIN RFREQ 36.5k CITHB 100pF RITH 23.7k RA 28k CITHA 3.3nF GND 7801 TA04 MTOP, MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G DEXT : DIODES INC. SMAZ12-13-F L1: WURTH 7443633300 COUTA: SUNCON 35CE68LX 7801f 34 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Typical Applications High Efficiency 60V to 5V Step-Down Regulator with Surge Protection to 140V VIN 8V to 60V* CINA 100F CINB 0.47F x3 *Surges to 140V, OVLO stops switching when VIN > 65V VIN RUN BOOST NDRV ROVLOB 1M SW LTC7801 OVLO ROVLOA 18.7k PINS NOT USED IN THIS CIRCUIT: PGOOD PLLIN CPUMP_EN MODE RSS 330k CINTVCC 0.1F INTVCC DRVSET DRVUV SS L1 4.7H CB 0.1F DRVCC CDRVCC 4.7F MTOP x2 TG MBOT BG SENSE+ SENSE- COUTB 100F x2 RSNS 2.43k CSNS 470nF 1M VOUT 5V 10A COUTA 470F VFB ITH 191k FREQ EXTVCC CSS 0.1F RFREQ 36.5k CITHB 100pF RITH 4.99k CITHA 3.3nF GND MTOP: BSC520N15NS3G MBOT: BSC042NE7NS3G L1: COILCRAFT XAL1010-472ME COUTA: KEMET T520D477M006ATE015 7801 TA05 7801f For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 35 LTC7801 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC7801#packaging for the most recent package drawings. UFD Package 24-Lead Plastic QFN (4mm x 5mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1696 Rev A) 0.70 0.05 4.50 0.05 3.10 0.05 2.00 REF 2.65 0.05 3.65 0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC 3.00 REF 4.10 0.05 5.50 0.05 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS APPLY SOLDER MASK TO AREAS THAT ARE NOT SOLDERED 4.00 0.10 (2 SIDES) R = 0.05 TYP 2.00 REF R = 0.115 TYP 23 0.75 0.05 PIN 1 NOTCH R = 0.20 OR C = 0.35 24 0.40 0.10 PIN 1 TOP MARK (NOTE 6) 1 2 5.00 0.10 (2 SIDES) 3.00 REF 3.65 0.10 2.65 0.10 (UFD24) QFN 0506 REV A 0.200 REF 0.00 - 0.05 0.25 0.05 0.50 BSC BOTTOM VIEW--EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-220 VARIATION (WXXX-X). 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE 7801f 36 For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 LTC7801 Package Description Please refer to http://www.linear.com/product/LTC7801#packaging for the most recent package drawings. FE Package 24-Lead Plastic TSSOP (4.4mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1771 Rev B) Exposed Pad Variation AA 7.70 - 7.90* (.303 - .311) 3.25 (.128) 3.25 (.128) 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 6.60 0.10 2.74 (.108) 4.50 0.10 6.40 2.74 (.252) (.108) BSC SEE NOTE 4 0.45 0.05 1.05 0.10 0.65 BSC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 4.30 - 4.50* (.169 - .177) 0.09 - 0.20 (.0035 - .0079) 0.25 REF 0.50 - 0.75 (.020 - .030) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETERS MILLIMETERS 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (INCHES) 3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 1.20 (.047) MAX 0 - 8 0.65 (.0256) BSC 0.195 - 0.30 (.0077 - .0118) TYP 0.05 - 0.15 (.002 - .006) FE24 (AA) TSSOP REV B 0910 4. RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PCB METAL SIZE FOR EXPOSED PAD ATTACHMENT *DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.150mm (.006") PER SIDE 7801f Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no representaFor more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 tion that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights. 37 LTC7801 Typical Application VIN 7V to 140V CINA 100F CINB 0.47F x3 VIN TG RUN BOOST NDRV CDRVCC 4.7F CB 0.1F DRVCC RSENSE 8m SW LTC7801 OVLO DRVUV MODE PGOOD RPGOOD 100k SENSE+ SENSE- COUTB 22F MBOT BG COUTA 150F x3 VOUT 12V* 5A *VOUT FOLLOWS VIN WHEN VIN < 12V CSNS 1nF CB 10pF RB 511k EXTVCC VFB INTVCC CINTVCC 0.1F MTOP x2 L1 33H CPUMP_EN ITH SS DRVSET RDRVSET 80.6k FREQ RFREQ 30.1k PLLIN CSS 0.1F CITHB 100pF RITH 10k RA 36.5k CITHA 4.7nF GND MTOP, MBOT: BSC520N15NS3G L1: WURTH 7443633300 COUTA: AVX TPSD157M016R0125 7801 F13 Figure 13. High Efficiency 140V to 12V Step-Down Regulator Related Parts PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS LTC3895 4V VIN 140V, 150VPK, 0.8V VOUT 60V, IQ = 40A PLL Fixed 150V Low IQ, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller 100% Duty Cycle Capability, Adjustable 5V to 10V Gate Drive Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz LTC7800 60V, Low IQ, Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 99% Duty Cycle 4V VIN 60V, 0.8V VOUT 24V, IQ = 50A PLL Fixed Frequency 320kHz to 2.25MHz LTC3871 Bidirectional PolyPhase(R) Synchronous Buck or Boost Controller VHIGH Up to 100V, VLOW Up to 30V, High Power Buck or Boost On Demand LTC3892/ LTC3892-1 60V Low IQ, Dual, 2-Phase Synchronous Step-Down DC/DC Controller with 99% Duty Cycle 4V VIN 60V, 0.8V VOUT 0.99VIN, PLL Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz, Adjustable 5V to 10V Gate Drive, IQ = 29A LTC3639 High Efficiency, 140V 100mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V VIN 150V, 0.8V VOUT VIN, IQ = 12A, MSOP-16 (12) LTC3638 High Efficiency, 150V 250mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V VIN 150V, 0.8V VOUT VIN, IQ = 12A, MSOP-16 (12) LTC7138 High Efficiency, 150V 400mA Synchronous Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 4V VIN 150V, 0.8V VOUT VIN, IQ = 12A, MSOP-16 (12) LTC3899 60V Triple Output, Buck/Buck/Boost Synchronous Controller with 30A Burst Mode IQ 4.5V(Down to 2.2V After Start-Up) VIN 60V, Buck VOUT Range: 0.8V to 60V, Boost VOUT Up to 60V LTC7860 High Efficiency Switching Surge Stopper 3.5V VIN 60V, Expandable to 200V+, Adjustable VOUT Clamp and Current Limit, Power Inductor Improves EMI, MSOP-12 LT8631 100V, 1A Synchronous Micropower Step-Down Regulator Integrated Power MOSFETs, 3V VIN 100V, 0.8V VOUT 60V, IQ = 7A, TSSOP-20(16) LTC3896 150V Low IQ, Synchronous Inverting DC/DC Controller 4V VIN 140V, 150VPK, -60V VOUT -0.8V, Ground-Reference Interface Pins, Adjustable 5V to 10V Gate Drive, IQ = 40A LTC3897 PolyPhase Synchronous Boost Controller with Input/Output Protection and Adjustable Gate Drive Voltage 4.5V VIN 65V, VOUT Up to 60V, IQ = 55A Fixed Frequency 50kHz to 900kHz LTC7103 105V, 2.3A Low EMI Synchronous Step-Down Regulator 4.4V VIN 105V, 1V VOUT VIN, IQ = 2A Fixed Frequency 200kHz to 2MHz, 5mm x 6mm QFN 7801f 38 LT 0517 * PRINTED IN USA For more information www.linear.com/LTC7801 www.linear.com/LTC7801 LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2017