MT9P031I12STCD3-GEVK - Aptina

January, 2017 − Rev. 10

1Publication Order Number:

MT9P031/D

MT9P031

1/2.5-Inch 5 Mp CMOS

Digital Image Sensor

General Description

The ON Semiconductor MT9P031 is a 1/2.5−inch CMOS

active−pixel digital image sensor with an active imaging pixel array of

2592 H x 1944 V. It incorporates sophisticated camera functions

on−chip such as windowing, column and row skip mode, and snapshot

mode. It is programmable through a simple two−wire serial interface.

The 5 Mp CMOS image sensor features ON Semiconductor’s

breakthrough low−noise CMOS imaging technology that achieves

CCD image quality (based on signal−to−noise ratio and low−light

sensitivity) while maintaining the inherent size, cost, and integration

advantages of CMOS.

Table 1. KEY PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Parameter Value

Optical Format 1/2.5-inch (4:3)

Active Imager Size 5.70 mm (H) x 4.28 mm (V)

7.13 mm Diagonal

Active Pixels 2592 H x 1944 V

Pixel Size 2.2 x 2.2 μm

Color Filter Array RGB Bayer Pattern

Shutter Type Global Reset Release (GRR),

Snapshot Only

Electronic Rolling Shutter (ERS)

Maximum Data Rate / Pixel Clock 96 Mp/s at 96 MHz (2.8 V I/O)

48 Mp/s at 48 MHz (1.8 V I/O)

Frame Rate Full Resolution Programmable up to 14 fps

HDTV (640 x 480,

with binning)

Programmable up to 53 fps

ADC Resolution 12-bit, On-chip

Responsivity 1.4 V/lux-sec (550 nm)

Pixel Dynamic Range 70.1 dB

SNRMAX 38.1 dB

Supply Voltage I/O 1.7−3.1 V

Digital 1.7−1.9 V (1.8 V Nominal)

Analog 2.6−3.1 V (2.8 V Nominal)

Power Consumption 381 mW at 14 fps Full Resolution

Operating Temperature –30°C to +70°C

Packaging 48-pin iLCC, Die

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See detailed ordering and shipping information on page 2 of

this data sheet.

ORDERING INFORMATION

ILCC48 10x10

CASE 847AA

pplications

•

High Resolution Network Cameras

•

Wide FOV Cameras

•

720 P–60 fps Cameras

•

Dome Cameras with Electronic Pan, Tile,

and Zoom

•

Hybrid Video Cameras with High

Resolution Stills

•

Detailed Feature Extraction for Smart

Cameras

Features

•

High Frame Rate

•

Superior Low-light Performance

•

Low Dark Current

•

Global Reset Release, which Starts the

Exposure of All Rows Simultaneously

•

Bulb Exposure Mode, for Arbitrary

Exposure Times

•

Snapshot Mode to Take Frames on Demand

•

Horizontal and Vertical Mirror Image

•

Column and row skip modes to reduce

image size without reducing field−of−view

(FOV)

•

Column and Row Binning Modes to

Improve Image Quality when Resizing

•

Simple Two-wire Serial Interface

•

Programmable Controls: Gain, Frame Rate,

Frame Size, Exposure

•

Automatic Black Level Calibration

•

On-chip Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)

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ORDERING INFORMATION

Table 2. AVAILABLE PART NUMBERS

Part Number Product Description Orderable Product Attribute Description

MT9P031D00STCC18BC1−200 5 MP 1/3” CIS Die Sales, 200mm Thickness

MT9P031D00STMC18BC1−200 5 MP 1/3” CIS Die Sales, 200mm Thickness

MT9P031I12STC−DP 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack with Protective Film

MT9P031I12STC−DR 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack without Protective Film

MT9P031I12STC−DR1 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack Single Tray without Protective Film

MT9P031I12STC−TP 5 MP 1/3” CIS Tape & Reel with Protective Film

MT9P031I12STM−DP 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack with Protective Film

MT9P031I12STM−DP1 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack Single Tray with Protective Film

MT9P031I12STM−DR 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack without Protective Film

MT9P031I12STM−DR1 5 MP 1/3” CIS Dry Pack Single Tray without Protective Film

DESCRIPTION

The MT9P031 sensor can be operated in its default mode

or programmed by the user for frame size, exposure, gain

setting, and other parameters. The default mode outputs a

full resolution image at 14 frames per second (fps).

An on−chip analog−to−digital converter (ADC) provides

12 bits per pixel. FRAME_VALID (FV) and LINE_VALID

(LV) signals are output on dedicated pins, along with a pixel

clock that is synchronous with valid data.

The MT9P031produces extraordinarily clear, sharp

digital pictures, and its ability to capture both continuous

video and single frames makes it the perfect choice for a

wide range of consumer and industrial applications,

including cell phones, digital still cameras, digital video

cameras, and PC cameras..

FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW

The MT9P031 is a progressive−scan sensor that generates

a stream of pixel data at a constant frame rate. It uses an

on−chip, phase−locked loop (PLL) to generate all internal

clocks from a single master input clock running between

6 and 27 MHz. The maximum pixel rate is 96 Mp/s,

corresponding to a clock rate of 96 MHz. Figure 1 illustrates

a block diagram of the sensor.

Figure 1. Block Diagram

Pixel Array

2752H x 2004V

SCLK

SDATA

SADDR

PIXCLK

DOUT[11:0]

STROBE

Analog Signal Chain Data Path

TRIGGER

EXTCLK

RESET_BAR

STANDBY_BAR

Array Control

Output

Serial

Interface

User interaction with the sensor is through the two−wire

serial bus, which communicates with the array control,

analog signal chain, and digital signal chain. The core of the

sensor is a 5 Mp active−pixel array. The timing and control

circuitry sequences through the rows of the array, resetting

and then reading each row in turn. In the time interval

between resetting a row and reading that row, the pixels in

the row integrate incident light. The exposure is controlled

by varying the time interval between reset and readout. Once

a row has been read, the data from the columns is sequenced

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through an analog signal chain (providing offset correction

and gain), and then through an ADC. The output from the

ADC is a 12−bit value for each pixel in the array. The ADC

output passes through a digital processing signal chain

(which provides further data path corrections and applies

digital gain). The pixel data are output at a rate of up to

96 Mp/s, in addition to frame and line synchronization

signals.

Figure 2. Typical Configuration (Connection)

DOUT [11:0]

PIXCLK

STROBE

ADDR

RESET_BAR

STANDBY_BAR

SCLK

SDATA

TRIGGER

VDD_IO

AGND3

TEST

1.5kΩ

VDD_IO2,3

VDD

VDD2,3

1μF

RSVD

DGND3

VDD_PLL

VAA_PIX

VAA

VAA2,3

controller

From

controller

Master

clock

EXTCLK

1.0kΩ

Notes:

1. A resistor value of 1.5 kΩ is recommended, but may be greater for slower two-wire speed.

2. All power supplies should be adequately decoupled.

3. All DGND pins must be tied together, as must all AGND pins, all VDD_IO pins, and all VDD pins.

Figure 3. 48-Pin iLCC 10 x 10 Package Pinout Diagram (Top View)

123456 44 43

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

FRAME_VALID

LINE_VALID

STROBE

DGND

VDD_ IO

VDD

SADDR

STANDBY_BAR

TRIGGER

RESET_BAR

DOUT8

DOUT7

DOUT6

VDD_IO

DOUT5

DOUT4

DOUT3

DOUT2

DOUT1

DOUT0

PIXCLK

EXTCLK

TEST

AGND

VAA

VDD_PLL

DGND

RSVD

SDATA

SCLK

TEST

AGND

VAA_PIX

VDD

DGND

DOUT11

DOUT10

DOUT9

48 47 46 45

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Table 3. PIN DESCRIPTION

Name Type Description

RESET_BAR Input When LOW, the MT9P031 asynchronously resets. When driven HIGH,

it resumes normal operation with all configuration registers set to factory

defaults.

EXTCLK Input External input clock.

SCLK Input Serial clock. Pull to VDD_IO with a 1.5 kΩ resistor.

OE Input When HIGH, the PIXCLK, DOUT, FV, LV, and STROBE outputs enter a High-Z.

When driven LOW, normal operation resumes.

STANDBY_BAR Input Standby. When LOW, the chip enters a low-power standby mode. It resumes

normal operation when the pin is driven HIGH.

TRIGGER Input Snapshot trigger. Used to trigger one frame of output in snapshot modes,

and to indicate the end of exposure in bulb exposure modes.

SADDR Input Serial address. When HIGH, the MT9P031 responds to device ID (BA)H.

When LOW, it responds to serial device ID (90)H.

SDATA I/O Serial data. Pull to VDD_IO with a 1.5 kΩ resistor.

PIXCLK Output Pixel clock. The DOUT, FV, LV, and STROBE outputs should be captured on the

falling edge of this signal.

DOUT[11:0] Output Pixel data. Pixel data is 12-bit. MSB (DOUT11) through LSB (DOUT0) of each

pixel, to be captured on the falling edge of PIXCLK.

FRAME_VALID Output Frame valid. Driven HIGH during active pixels and horizontal blanking of each

frame and LOW during vertical blanking.

LINE_VALID Output Line valid. Driven HIGH with active pixels of each line and LOW during

blanking periods.

STROBE Output Snapshot strobe. Driven HIGH when all pixels are exposing in snapshot

modes.

VDD Supply Digital supply voltage. Nominally 1.8 V.

VDD_IO Supply IO supply voltage. Nominally 1.8 or 2.8 V.

DGND Supply Digital ground.

VAA Supply Analog supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V.

VAA_PIX Supply Pixel supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V, connected externally to VAA.

AGND Supply Analog ground.

VDD_PLL Supply PLL supply voltage. Nominally 2.8 V, connected externally to VAA.

TEST −Tie to AGND for normal device operation (factory use only).

RSVD −Tie to DGND for normal device operation (factory use only).

NC −No connect.

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PIXEL DATA FORMAT

Pixel Array Structure

The MT9P031 pixel array consists of a 2752−column by

2004−row matrix of pixels addressed by column and row.

The address (column 0, row 0) represents the upper−right

corner of the entire array, looking at the sensor, as shown in

Figure 4.

The array consists of a 2592−column by 1944−row active

region in the center representing the default output image,

surrounded by a boundary region (also active), surrounded

by a border of dark pixels (see Table 4 and Table 5). The

boundary region can be used to avoid edge effects when

doing color processing to achieve a 2592 x 1944 result

image, while the optically black column and rows can be

used to monitor the black level.

Pixels are output in a Bayer pattern format consisting of

four “colors”−GreenR, GreenB, Red, and Blue (Gr, Gb, R,

B)−representing three filter colors. When no mirror modes

are enabled, the first row output alternates between Gr and

R pixels, and the second row output alternates between B

and Gb pixels. The Gr and Gb pixels have the same color

filter, but they are treated as separate colors by the data path

and analog signal chain.

Table 4. PIXEL TYPE BY COLUMN

Column Pixel Type

0–9 Dark (10)

10–15 Active boundary (6)

16–2607 Active image (2592)

2608–2617 Active boundary (10)

2618–2751 Dark (134)

Table 5. PIXEL TYPE BY ROW

Column Pixel Type

0–49 Dark (50)

50–53 Active boundary (4)

54–1997 Active image (1944)

1998–2001 Active boundary (3)

2002–2003 Dark (2)

Figure 4. Pixel Array Description

(2751, 2003)

10 black columns

2 black rows

50 black rows (0,0)

134 black columns

Active Image

2592 x 1944

active pixels

4 (16,54)

Figure 5. Pixel Color Pattern Detail (Top Right Corner)

First clear

pixel (10,50)

black pixels

column readout direction

...

row

readout

direction

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Default Readout Order

By convention, the sensor core pixel array is shown with

pixel (0,0) in the top right corner (see Figure 4). This reflects

the actual layout of the array on the die. Also, the first pixel

data read out of the sensor in default condition is that of pixel

(16, 54).

When the sensor is imaging, the active surface of the

sensor faces the scene as shown in Figure 5. When the image

is read out of the sensor, it is read one row at a time, with the

rows and columns sequenced as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Imaging a Scene

Lens

Pixel (0,0)

Row

Readout

Order

Column Readout Order

Scene

Sensor (rear view)

Output Data Format (Default Mode)

The MT9P031 image data is read out in a progressive

scan. Valid image data is surrounded by horizontal blanking

and vertical blanking, as shown in Figure 7. LV is HIGH

during the shaded region of the figure. FV timing is

described in “Output Data Timing”.

Figure 7. Spatial Illustration of Image Readout

0,0

0,1

0,2 .....................................P

0,n−1P

0,n

1,0

1,1

1,2 .....................................P

1,n−1P

1,n

00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00

m−1,0

m−1,1 .....................................P

m−1,n−1Pm−1,n

m,0 P

m,1 .....................................P

m,n−1P

m,n

00 00 00 .................. 00 00 00

00 00 00 ..................................... 00 00 00

VALID IMAGE HORIZONTAL

BLANKING

VERTICAL BLANKING VERTICAL/HORIZONTAL

BLANKING

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Readout Sequence

Typically, the readout window is set to a region including

only active pixels. The user has the option of reading out

dark regions of the array, but if this is done, consideration

must be given to how the sensor reads the dark regions for

its own purposes.

Rows are read from the array in the following order:

1. Dark rows:

If Show_Dark_Rows is set, or if Manual_BLC is

clear, dark rows on the top of the array are read

out. The set of rows sampled are adjusted based on

the Row_Bin setting such that there are 8 rows

after binning, as shown in the Table 6. The

Row_Skip setting is ignored for the dark row

region.

If Show_Dark_Rows is clear and Manual_BLC is

set, no dark rows are read from the array as part of

this step, allowing all rows to be part of the active

image. This does not change the frame time, as

HDR is included in the vertical blank period.

2. Active image:

The rows defined by the row start, row size, bin,

skip, and row mirror settings are read out. If this

set of rows includes rows read out above, those

rows are resampled, meaning that the data is

invalid.

Table 6. DARK ROWS SAMPLED AS A FUNCTION

OF ROW_BIN

Row_Bin HDR (Dark Rows After Binning)

0 8

1 8

3 8

Columns are read out in the following order:

1. Dark columns:

If either Show_Dark_Columns or Row_BLC is

set, dark columns on the left side of the image are

read out followed by those on the right side. The

set of columns read is shown in Table 7. The

Column_Skip setting is ignored for the dark

columns.

If neither Show_Dark_Columns nor Row_BLC is

set, no dark columns are read, allowing all

columns to be part of the active image. This does

not change the row time, as WDC is included in the

vertical blank period.

2. Active image:

The columns defined by column start, column size,

bin, skip, and column mirror settings are read out.

If this set of columns includes the columns read

out above, these columns are resampled, meaning

the data is invalid.

Table 7. DARK COLUMNS SAMPLED AS

A FUNCTION OF COLUMN_BIN

Column_Bin WDC (Dark Columns After Binning)

0 80

1 40

3 20

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OUTPUT DATA TIMING

The output images are divided into frames, which are

further divided into lines. By default, the sensor produces

1944 rows of 2592 columns each. The FV and LV signals

indicate the boundaries between frames and lines,

respectively. PIXCLK can be used as a clock to latch the

data. For each PIXCLK cycle, one 12−bit pixel datum

outputs on the DOUT pins. When both FV and LV are

asserted, the pixel is valid. PIXCLK cycles that occur when

FV is negated are called vertical blanking. PIXCLK cycles

that occur when only LV is negated are called horizontal

blanking.

Figure 8. Default Pixel Output Timing

PIXCLK

DOUT [11:0] P0 P1 P2 P3 P4

Vertical Blanking Horiz Blanking Valid Image Data Horiz Blanking Vertical Blanking

LV and FV

The timing of the FV and LV outputs is closely related to

the row time and the frame time.

FV will be asserted for an integral number of row times,

which will normally be equal to the height of the output

image. If Show_Dark_Rows is set, the dark sample rows

will be output before the active image, and FV will be

extended to include them. In this case, FV’s leading edge

happens at time 0.

LV will be asserted during the valid pixels of each row.

The leading edge of LV will be offset from the leading edge

of FV by 609 PIXCLKs. If Show_Dark_Columns is set, the

dark columns will be output before the image pixels, and LV

will be extended back to include them; in this case, the first

pixel of the active image still occurs at the same position

relative to the leading edge of FV. Normally, LV will only be

asserted if FV is asserted; this is configurable as described

below.

LV Format Options

The default situation is for LV to be negated when FV is

negated. The other option available is shown in Figure 9. If

Continuous_LV is set, LV is asserted even when FV is not,

with the same period and duty cycle. If XOR_Line_Valid is

set, but not Continuous_Line_Valid, the resulting LV will be

the XOR of FV and the continuous LV.

Figure 9. LV Format Options

Default

Continuous LV

XOR LV

The timing of an entire frame is shown in Figure 10.

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Figure 10. Frame Timing

Column Readout

t ROW

Row Readout

tFRAME

Blanking Region

Active Image

Dark Rows

Dark Columns

HDR

WDC

Frame Time

The pixel clock (PIXCLK) represents the time needed to

sample 1 pixel from the array, and is typically equal to 1

EXTCLK period. The sensor outputs data at the maximum

rate of 1 pixel per PIXCLK. One row time (tROW) is the

period from the first pixel output in a row to the first pixel

output in the next row. The row time and frame time are

defined by equations in Table 8.

Table 8. FRAME TIME

Parameters Name Equation

Default Timing at

EXTCLK = 96 MHz

fps Frame Rate 1/tFRAME 14

tFRAME Frame Time (H + max(VB, VBMIN)) × tROW 71.66 ms

tROW Row Time 2 × tPIXCLK x max(((W/2) + max(HB, HBMIN)),

(41 + 346 x (Row_Bin+1) + 99))

36.38 μs

WOutput Image Width 2 × ceil((Column_Size + 1) / (2 × (Column_Skip + 1))) 2592 PIXCLK

HOutput Image Height 2 × ceil((Row_Size + 1) / (2 × (Row_Skip + 1))) 1944 rows

SW Shutter Width max (1, (2 * 16 × Shutter_Width_Upper)

+ Shutter_Width_Lower)

1943 rows

HB Horizontal Blanking Horizontal_Blank + 1 1 PIXCLK

VB Vertical Blanking Vertical_Blank + 1 26 rows

HBMIN Minimum Horizontal Blanking 346 × (Row_Bin + 1) + 64 + (WDC / 2) 450 PIXCLK

VBMIN Minimum Vertical Blanking max (8, SW − H) + 1 9 rows

tPIXCLK Pixclk Period 1/fPIXCLK 10.42 ns

The minimum horizontal blanking (HBMIN) values for

various Row_Bin and Column_Bin settings are shown in

Table 9.

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Table 9. HBMIN VALUES FOR ROW_BIN VS. COLUMN_BIN SETTINGS

Column_bin (WDC)

Row_bin 0 1 3

0 450 430 420

1 796 776 766

3 1488 1468 1458

Frame Rates at Common Resolutions

Table 10 and Table 11 show examples of register settings

to achieve common resolutions and their frame rates. Frame

rates are shown both with subsampling enabled and

disabled.

Table 10. STANDARD RESOLUTIONS

Resolution

Frame

Rate

Sub−

sampling

Mode

Column_

Size

(R0x04)

Row_

Size

(R0x03)

Shutter_

Width_

Lower

(R0x09)

Row_

Bin

(R0x22

[5:4])

Row_

Skip

(R0x22

[2:0])

Column_

Bin

(R0x23

[5:4])

Column_

Skip

(R0x23

[2:0])

2592 x 1944

(Full Resolution)

14 N/A 2591 1943 <1943 0 0 0 0

2048 x 1536 QXGA 21 N/A 2047 1535 <1535 0 0 0 0

1600 x 1200 UXGA 31 N/A 1599 1199 <1199 0 0 0 0

1280 x 1024 SXGA 42 N/A 1279 1023 <1023 0 0 0 0

1024 x 768 XGA 63 N/A 1023 767 <767 0 0 0 0

63 skipping 2047 1535 0 1 0 1

47 binning 2047 1535 1 1 1 1

800 x 600 SVGA 90 N/A 799 599 <599 0 0 0 0

90 skipping 1599 1199 0 1 0 1

65 binning 1599 1199 1 1 1 1

640 x 480 VGA 123 N/A 639 479 <479 0 0 0 0

123 skipping 2559 1919 0 3 0 3

53 binning 2559 1919 3 3 3 3

Table 11. WIDE SCREEN (16:9) RESOLUTIONS

Resolution

Frame

Rate

Sub−

sampling

Mode

Column_

Size

(R0x04)

Row_

Size

(R0x03)

Shutter_

Width_

Lower

(R0x09)

Row_

Bin

(R0x22

[5:4])

Row_

Skip

(R0x22

[2:0])

Column_

Bin

(R0x23

[5:4])

Column_

Skip

(R0x23

[2:0])

1920 x 1080 HDTV 31 N/A 1919 1079 <1079 0 0 0 0

1280 x 720 HDTV 60 N/A 1279 719 <719 0 0 0 0

60 skipping 2559 1439 <719 0 1 0 1

45 skipping 2559 1439 <719 1 1 1 1

1. It is assumed that the minimum horizontal blanking and the minimum vertical blanking conditions are met, and that all other registers are

set to default values.

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SERIAL BUS DESCRIPTION

Registers are written to and read from the MT9P031

through the two−wire serial interface bus. The MT9P031 is

a serial interface slave and is controlled by the serial clock

(SCLK), which is driven by the serial interface master. Data

is transferred into and out of the MT9P031 through the serial

data (SDATA) line. The SDATA line is pulled up to

VDD_IO offchip by a 1.5 kΩ resistor. Either the slave or

master device can pull the SDATA line LOW−the serial

interface protocol determines which device is allowed to

pull the SDATA line down at any given time.

Protocol

The two-wire serial defines several different transmission

codes, as follows:

1. a start bit

2. the slave device 8-bit address

3. an (a no) acknowledge bit

4. an 8-bit message

5. a stop bit

Sequence

A typical READ or WRITE sequence begins by the

master sending a start bit. After the start bit, the master sends

the slave device’s 8−bit address. The last bit of the address

determines if the request is a READ or a WRITE, where a

“0” indicates a WRITE and a “1”indicates a READ. The

slave device acknowledges its address by sending an

acknowledge bit back to the master.

If the request is a WRITE, the master then transfers the

8−bit register address to which a WRITE should take place.

The slave sends an acknowledge bit to indicate that the

the data 8 bits at a time, with the slave sending an

acknowledge bit after each 8 bits. The MT9P031 uses 16−bit

data for its internal registers, thus requiring two 8−bit

transfers to write to one register. After 16 bits are transferred,

the register address is automatically incremented, so that the

next 16 bits are written to the next register address. The

master stops writing by sending a start or stop bit.

A typical READ sequence is executed as follows. First the

master sends the write−mode slave address and 8−bit

then sends a start bit and the read−mode slave address. The

master then clocks out the register data 8 bits at a time. The

master sends an acknowledge bit after each 8−bit transfer.

The register address is automatically−incremented after

every 16 bits is transferred. The data transfer is stopped

when the master sends a no−acknowledge bit.

Bus Idle State

The bus is idle when both the data and clock lines are

HIGH. Control of the bus is initiated with a start bit, and the

bus is released with a stop bit. Only the master can generate

the start and stop bits.

Start Bit

The start bit is defined as a HIGH−to−LOW transition of

the data line while the clock line is HIGH.

Stop Bit

The stop bit is defined as a LOW−to−HIGH transition of

the data line while the clock line is HIGH.

Slave Address

The 8−bit address of a two−wire serial interface device

consists of 7 bits of address and 1 bit of direction. A “0” in

the LSB (least significant bit) of the address indicates write

mode (0xBA), and a “1” indicates read mode (0xBB).

Data Bit Transfer

One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The

serial interface clock pulse is provided by the master. The

data must be stable during the HIGH period of the two−wire

serial interface clock−it can only change when the serial

clock is LOW. Data is transferred 8 bits at a time, followed

by an acknowledge bit.

Acknowledge Bit

The master generates the acknowledge clock pulse. The

transmitter (which is the master when writing, or the slave

when reading) releases the data line, and the receiver

indicates an acknowledge bit by pulling the data line LOW

during the acknowledge clock pulse.

No-Acknowledge Bit

The no−acknowledge bit is generated when the data line

is not pulled down by the receiver during the acknowledge

clock pulse. A no−acknowledge bit is used to terminate a

read sequence.

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TWO-WIRE SERIAL INTERFACE SAMPLE WRITE AND READ SEQUENCES

16-Bit WRITE Sequence

A typical WRITE sequence for writing 16 bits to a register

is shown in Figure 11. A start bit given by the master,

followed by the write address, starts the sequence. The

image sensor then gives an acknowledge bit and expects the

After each 8−bit transfer, the image sensor gives an

acknowledge bit. All 16 bits must be written before the

address is automatically incremented so that the next 16 bits

are written to the next register. The master stops writing by

sending a start or stop bit.

Figure 11. Timing Diagram Showing a WRITE to Reg0x09 with the Value 0x0284

SCLK

SDATA

START ACK

0xBA ADDR

ACK ACK ACK

STOP

Reg0x09 1000 0100

0000 0010

16-Bit READ Sequence

A typical READ sequence is shown in Figure 12. First the

master has to write the register address, as in a WRITE

sequence. Then a start bit and the read address specify that

a READ is about to happen from the register. The master

then clocks out the register data 8 bits at a time. The master

sends an acknowledge bit after each 8-bit transfer. The

transferred. The data transfer is stopped when the master

sends a no-acknowledge bit.

Figure 12. Timing Diagram Showing a READ to Reg0x09 with the Value 0x0284

SCLK

SDATA

START ACK

0xBA ADDR 0xBB ADDR 0000 0010

Reg0x09

ACK ACK ACK

1000 0100

NACK

START STOP

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FEATURES

Reset

The MT9P031 may be reset by using RESET_BAR

(active LOW) or the reset register.

Hard Reset

Assert (LOW) RESET_BAR, it is not necessary to clock

the device. All registers return to the factory defaults. When

the pin is negated (HIGH), the chip resumes normal

operation.

Soft Reset

Set the Reset register field to “1” (R0x0D[0] = 1). All

registers except the following will be reset:

•Chip_Enable

•Synchronize_Changes

•Reset

•Use_PLL

•Power_PLL

•PLL_m_Factor

•PLL_n_Divider

•PLL_p1_Divider

When the field is returned to “0,” the chip resumes normal

operation.

Power Up and Power Down

When first powering on the MT9P031, follow this

sequence:

1. Ensure RESET_BAR is asserted (LOW).

2. Bring up the supplies. If both the analog and the

digital supplies cannot be brought up

simultaneously, ensure the digital supply comes up

first.

3. Negate RESET_BAR (HIGH) to bring up the

sensor.

When powering down, be sure to follow this sequence to

ensure that I/Os do not load any buses that they are

connected to.

1. Assert RESET_BAR.

2. Remove the supplies.

Clocks

The MT9P031 requires one clock (EXTCLK), which is

nominally 96 MHz. By default, this results in pixels being

output on the DOUT pins at a maximum data rate of 96 Mp/s.

With VDD_IO = 1.8 V, maximum master clock and

maximum data rate become 48 MHz and 48 Mp/s,

respectively. The EXTCLK clock can be divided down

internally by setting Divide_Pixel_Clock to a non−zero

value. This slows down the operation of the chip as though

EXTCLK had been divided externally.

fEXTCLK if Divide_Pixel_Clock = 0

fPIXCLK= {

fEXTCLK / (2 × Divide_Pixel_Clock) otherwise

The DOUT, LV, FV, and STROBE outputs are launched on

the rising edge of PIXCLK, and should be captured on the

falling edge of PIXCLK. The specific relationship of

PIXCLK to these other outputs can be adjusted in two ways.

If Invert_Pixel_Clock is set, the sense of PIXCLK is

inverted from that shown in Figure 8. In addition, if the pixel

clock has been divided by Divide_Pixel_Clock, it can be

shifted relative to the other outputs by setting

Shift_Pixel_Clock.

PLL-Generated Master Clock

The PLL contains a prescaler to divide the input clock

applied on EXTCLK, a VCO to multiply the prescaler

output, and another divider stage to generate the output

clock. The clocking structure is shown in Figure 13. PLL

control registers can be programmed to generate desired

master clock frequency.

NOTE: The PLL control registers must be programmed

while the sensor is in the software Standby state.

The effect of programming the PLL divisors

while the sensor is in the streaming state is

undefined.

Figure 13. PLL-Generated Master Clock

EXTCLK

PLL Output Clock

PLL_n_divider +1

Pre PLL

PLL Input Clock

(VCO) Div 1

PLL_p1_divider +1PLL_m_factor

SYSCLK (PIXCLK)

Div

PLL

Multiplier

PFD

Output

PLL

P1M

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PLL Setup

The MT9P031 has a PLL which can be used to generate

the pixel clock internally.

To use the PLL:

1. Bring the MT9P031 up as normal, make sure that

fEXTCLK is between 6 and 27 MHz and then

power on the PLL by setting Power_PLL

(R0x10[0] = 1).

2. Set PLL_m_Factor, PLL_n_Divider, and

PLL_p1_Divider based on the desired input

(fEXTCLK) and output (fPIXCLK) frequencies.

Determine the M, N, and P1 values to achieve the

desired fPIXCLK using this formula:

fPIXCLK = (fEXTCLK × M) / (N × P1)

where

M = PLL_m_Factor

N = PLL_n_Divider + 1

P1 = PLL_p1_Divider + 1

2 MHz < fEXTCLK / N < 13.5 MHz

180 MHz < (fEXTCLK × M) / N < 360 MHz

NOTE: If P1 is odd (that is, PLL_p1_Divider is even),

the duty cycle of the internal system clock will

not be 50:50. In this case, it is important that

either a slower clock is used or all clock enable

bits are set in R101.

It is desirable to keep (fEXTCLK / n) as large as

possible within the limits. Also, ”m” must be

between 16 and 255, inclusive.

3. Wait 1ms to ensure that the VCO has locked.

4. Set Use_PLL (R0x10[1] = 1) to switch from

EXTCLK to the PLL-generated clock.

Standby and Chip Enable

The MT9P031 can be put in a low-power Standby state by

either method below:

1. Hard Standby: By pulling STANDBY_BAR LOW,

2. Soft Standby: By clearing the Chip_Enable

When the sensor is put in standby, all internal clocks are

gated, and analog circuitry is put in a state that it draws

minimal power. The two wire serial interface is still active.

If the sensor was in continuous mode when put in standby,

it resumes from where it was when standby was deactivated.

Naturally, this frame and the next frame are corrupted,

though the sensor itself does not realize this. As this could

affect automatic black level calibration, it is recommended

that either the chip be paused (by setting Restart_Pause)

before being put in standby mode, or it be restarted (setting

Restart) upon resumption of operation.

Entering Soft Standby

REG= 0x0B, 0x0002

REG= 0x0B, 0x0003

REG= 0x07, 0x1F82

REG= 0x07, 0x1F80

REG= 0x0B, 0x0001

Leaving Soft Standby

REG= 0x0B, 0x0002

REG= 0x0B, 0x0003

REG= 0x07, 0x1F80

REG= 0x07, 0x1F82

REG= 0x0B, 0x0001

For maximum power savings in standby mode, EXTCLK

should not be toggling.

When standby mode is entered, either by clearing

Chip_Enable or by asserting STANDBY_BAR, the PLL is

disabled automatically or powered down. It must be

manually re-enabled when leaving standby as needed.

Full-Array Readout

The entire array, including dark pixels, can be read out

without digital processing or automatic black level

adjustments. This can be accomplished as follows:

1. Set Row_Start and Column_Start to 0.

2. Set Row_Size to 2003.

3. Set Column_Size to 2751.

4. Set Manual_BLC to 1.

5. Set Row_BLC to 0.

6. Set Row_Black_Default_Offset to 0.

7. Set Show_Dark_Rows and Show_Dark_Columns

to 0.

If automatic analog (coarse) BLC is desired, but no digital

processing, modify the above settings as follows:

1. Set Row_Start to 12.

2. Set Row_Size to 1993.

3. Set Manual_BLC to 0.

These settings result in the same array layout as above, but

only 22 dark rows are available at the top of the array; the

first eight are used in the black level algorithm, and there

should be a two-row buffer between the black region and the

active region.

Window Control

The output image window of the pixel (the FOV) is

defined by four register fields. Column_Start and Row_Start

define the X and Y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the

FOV. Column_Size defines the width of the FOV, and

Row_Size defines the height of the FOV in array pixels.

The Column_Start and Row_Start fields must be set to an

even number. The Column_Size and Row_Size fields must

be set to odd numbers (resulting in an even size for the FOV).

The Row_Start register should be set no lower than 12 if

either Manual_BLC is clear or Show_Dark_Rows is set.

If no special resolution modes are set (see below), the

width of the output image, W, is Column_Size + 1 and the

height, H, is Row_Size + 1.

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Readout Modes

Subsampling

By default, the resolution of the output image is the full

width and height of the FOV as defined in “Window

Control”. The output resolution can be reduced by two

methods: Skipping and Binning.

Row and column skip modes use subsampling to reduce

the output resolution without reducing FOV. The MT9P031

also has row and column binning modes, which can reduce

the impact of aliasing introduced by the use of skip modes.

This is achieved by the averaging of 2 or 3 adjacent rows and

columns (adjacent same-color pixels). Both 2X and 4X

binning modes are supported. Rows and columns can be

binned independently.

Skipping

Skipping reduces resolution by using only selected pixels

from the FOV in the output image. In skip mode, entire rows

and columns of pixels are not sampled, resulting in a lower

resolution output image. A skip 2X mode skips one Bayer

pair of pixels for every pair output. Skip 3X skips two pairs

for each one pair output. Rows and columns are always read

out in pairs. If skip 2X mode is enabled with otherwise

default sensor settings, the columns in the output image

correspond to the pixel array columns 16, 17, 20, 21, 24,

25... .

Figure 14. Eight Pixels in Normal and Column Skip 2X Readout Modes

G0 R0

[11:0] [11:0]

G1 R1

[11:0]

[11:0] [11:0]

G3 R3

[11:0]

[11:0] [11:0]

Normal readout

DOUT[11:0]

Column skip 2X readout

DOUT[11:0]

Skipping can be enabled separately for rows and columns.

To enable skip mode, set either or both of Row_Skip and

Column_Skip to the number of pixel pairs that should be

skipped for each pair used in the output image. For example,

to set column skip 2X mode, set Column_Skip to “1”.

The size of the output image is reduced by the skip mode

as shown in the following two equations:

(eq. 1)

W+2 ceil((Column_Size )1))ń(2 (Column_Skip )1)))

H+2 ceil((Row_Size )1))ń(2 (Row_Skip )1))) (eq. 2)

Figure 15. Pixel Readout (no skipping)

X incrementing

Y incrementing

Figure 16. Pixel Readout (Column Skip 2X)

X incrementing

Y incrementing

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Figure 17. Pixel Readout (Row Skip 2X)

X incrementing

Y incrementing

Figure 18. Pixel Readout

(Column Skip 2X, Row Skip 2X)

Y incrementing

X incrementing

Binning

Binning reduces resolution by combining adjacent

same-color imager pixels to produce one output pixel. All of

the pixels in the FOV contribute to the output image in bin

mode. This can result in a more pleasing output image with

reduced subsampling artifacts. It also improves low-light

performance. For columns, the combination step can be

either an averaging or summing operation. Depending on

lighting conditions, one or the other may be desirable. In

low-light conditions, summing produces a gain roughly

equivalent to the column bin factor. Column summing may

be enabled by setting Column_Sum.

Binning works in conjunction with skipping. Pixels that

would be skipped because of the Column_Skip and

Row_Skip settings can be averaged instead by setting

Column_Bin and Row_Bin to the number of neighbor pixels

to be averaged with each output pixel. For example, to set

bin 2X mode, set Column_Skip and Column_Bin to 1.

Additionally, Column_Start must be a multiple of

(2 * (Column_Bin + 1)) and Row_Start must be a multiple

of (2 * (Row_Bin + 1)).

Only certain combinations of binning and skipping are

allowed.

These are shown in Table 12. If an illegal skip value is

selected for a bin mode, a legal value is selected instead.

Table 12. LEGAL VALUES FOR COLUMN_SKIP BASED ON COLUMN_BIN

Column_Bin Legal Values for Column_Skip

0 (no binning) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

1 (Bin 2x) 1, 3, 5

3 (Bin 4x) 3

1. Ensure that Column_Start (R0x02) is set in the form shown below, where n is an integer:

Mirror Column = 0 Mirror Column = 1

no bin 4n 4n + 2

Bin 2x 8n 8n + 4

Bin 4x 16n 16n + 8

Bin mode is illustrated in Figure 19 and Figure 20.

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Figure 19. Pixel Readout (Column Bin 2X) Figure 20. Pixel Readout

(Column Bin 2X, Row Bin 2X)

Y incrementing

X incrementing

Y incrementing

Mirror

Column Mirror Image

By setting R0x20[14] = 1, the readout order of the

columns is reversed, as shown in Figure 21. The starting

color, thus Bayer pattern, is preserved when mirroring the

columns.

Figure 21. Six Pixels in Normal and Column Mirror Readout Modes

DOUT [11:0]

LINE_VALID

Normal readout

(11:0)

DOUT[11:0]

Reverse readout

(11:0)

Row Mirror Image

By setting R0x20[15] = 1, the readout order of the rows is

reversed as shown in Figure 22. The starting color, thus

Bayer pattern, is preserved when mirroring the rows.

Figure 22. Six Rows in Normal and Row Mirror Readout Modes

DOUT[11:0]

FRAME_VALID

Normal readout

Row0

(11:0)

Row1

(11:0)

Row2

(11:0)

Row3

(11:0)

Row4

(11:0)

Row5

(11:0)

DOUT[11:0]

Reverse readout

Row4

(11:0)

Row5

(11:0)

Row3

(11:0)

Row2

(11:0)

Row1

(11:0)

Row0

(11:0)

By default, active pixels in the resulting image are output

in row-major order (an entire row is output before the next

row is begun), from lowest row/column number to highest.

If desired, the output (and sampling) order of the rows and

columns can be reversed. This affects only pixels in the

active region defined above, not any pixels read out as dark

rows or dark columns. When the readout direction is

reversed, the color order is reversed as well (red, green, red,

and so on, instead of green, red, green, and so on, for

example).

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If row binning is combined with row mirroring, the

binning is still done in the positive direction. Therefore, if

the first output row in bin 2X + row mirror was 1997, pixels

on rows 1997 and 1999 would be averaged together. The

next pixel output would be from rows 1996 and 1998,

followed by the average of 1993 and 1995.

For column mirroring plus binning, the span of pixels used

should be the same as with non-mirror mode.

Maintaining a Constant Frame Rate

Maintaining a constant frame rate while continuing to

have the ability to adjust certain parameters is the desired

scenario. This is not always possible, however, because

shutter pointer for a frame is usually active during the

readout of the previous frame. Therefore, any register

changes that could affect the row time or the set of rows

sampled causes the shutter pointer to start over at the

beginning of the next frame.

By default, the following register fields cause a “bubble”

in the output rate (that is, the vertical blank increases for one

frame) if they are written in continuous mode, even if the

new value would not change the resulting frame rate:

•Row_Start

•Row_Size

•Column_Size

•Horizontal_Blank

•Vertical_Blank

•Shutter_Delay

•Mirror_Row

•Row_Bin

•Row_Skip

•Column_Skip

The size of this bubble is (SW × tROW), calculating the

row time according to the new settings.

The Shutter_Width_Lower and Shutter_Width_Upper

fields may be written without causing a bubble in the output

rate under certain circumstances. Because the shutter

sequence for the next frame often is active during the output

of the current frame, this would not be possible without

special provisions in the hardware. Writes to these registers

take effect two frames after the frame they are written, which

allows the shutter width to increase without interrupting the

output or producing a corrupt frame (as long as the change

in shutter width does not affect the frame time).

Synchronizing Register Writes to Frame Boundaries

Changes to most register fields that affect the size or

brightness of an image take effect on the frame after the one

during which they are written. These fields are noted as

“synchronized to frame boundaries” in Table 12 of the

effect on the next frame, the write operation must be

completed after the leading edge of FV and before the

trailing edge of FV.

As a special case, in Snapshot modes (see “Operating

Modes”), register writes that occur after FV but before the

next trigger will take effect immediately on the next frame,

as if there had been a Restart. However, if the trigger for the

next frame in ERS Snapshot mode occurs during FV, register

writes take effect as with continuous mode.

Additional control over the timing of register updates can

be achieved by using synchronize_changes. If this bit is set,

writes to certain register fields that affect the brightness of

the output image do not take effect immediately. Instead, the

new value is remembered internally. When

synchronize_changes is cleared, all the updates

simultaneously take effect on the next frame (as if they had

all been written the instant synchronize_changes was

cleared). Register fields affected by this bit are identified in

Table 13 of the register reference.

Fields not identified as being frame−synchronized or

affected by synchronize_changes are updated immediately

after the register write is completed. The effect of these

registers on the next frame can be difficult to predict if they

affect the shutter pointer.

Restart

To restart the MT9P031 at any time during the operation

of the sensor, write a “1” to the restart register (R0x0B[0] =

1). This has two effects: first, the current frame is interrupted

immediately. Second, any writes to frame-synchronized

registers and the shutter width registers take effect

immediately, and a new frame starts (in continuous mode).

take effect until that bit is cleared. The current row and one

following row complete before the new frame is started, so

the time between issuing the Restart and the beginning of the

next frame can vary by about tROW.

If Pause_Restart is set, rather than immediately beginning

the next frame after a restart in continuous mode, the sensor

pauses at the beginning of the next frame until Pause_Restart

is cleared. This can be used to achieve a deterministic time

period from clearing the Pause_Restart bit to the beginning

of the first frame, meaning that the controller does not need

to be tightly synchronized to LV or FV.

NOTE: When Pause_Restart is cleared, be sure to leave

Restart set to “1” for proper operation. The

Restart bit will be cleared automatically by the

device.

Image Acquisition Modes

The MT9P031 supports two image acquisition modes

(Shutter Types) (see “Operating Modes”), electronic rolling

shutter and global reset release.

Electronic Rolling Shutter

The ERS modes take pictures by scanning the rows of the

sensor twice in the order described in “Full-Array Readout”.

On the first scan, each row is released from reset, starting the

exposure. On the second scan, the row is sampled,

processed, and returned to the reset state. The exposure for

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any row is therefore the time between the first and second

scans. Each row is exposed for the same duration, but at

slightly different point in time, which can cause a shear in

moving subjects.

Whenever the mode is changed to an ERS mode (even

from another ERS mode), and before the first frame

following reset, there is an anti-blooming sequence where

all rows are placed in reset. This sequence must complete

before continuous readout begins. This delay is:

tALLRESET = 16 × 2004 × tACLK

Global Reset Release

The GRR modes attempt to address the shearing effect by

starting all rows’ exposures at the same time. Instead of the

first scan used in ERS mode, the reset to each row is released

simultaneously. The second scan occurs as normal, so the

exposure time for each row would different. Typically, an

external mechanical shutter would be used to stop the

exposure of all rows simultaneously.

In GRR modes, there is a startup overhead before each

frame as all rows are initially placed in the reset state

(tALLRESET). Unlike ERS mode, this delay always occurs

before each frame. However, it occurs as soon as possible

after the preceding frame, so typically the time from trigger

to the start of exposure does not include this delay. To ensure

that this is the case, the first trigger must occur no sooner

than tALLRESET after the previous frame is read out.

Exposure

The nominal exposure time, tEXP, is the effective shutter

time in ERS modes, and is defined by the shutter width, SW,

and the shutter overhead, SO, which includes the effect of

Shutter_Delay. Exposure time for other modes is defined

relative to this time. Increasing Shutter_Delay (SD)

decreases the exposure time. Exposure times are typically

specified in units of row time, although it is possible to

fine-tune exposures in units of tACLKs (where tACLK is 2

* tPIXCLK).

tEXP = SW × tROW – SO × 2 × tPIXCLK

where:

SW = max(1, (2 * 16 × Shutter_Width_Upper) +

Shutter_Width_Lower)

SO = 208 × (Row_Bin + 1) + 98 + min(SD, SDmax) – 94

SD = Shutter_Delay + 1

SDmax = 1232; if SW < 3

1504, otherwise

The exposure time is calculated by determining the reset

time of each pixel row (with time 0 being the start of the first

row time), and subtracting it from the sample time. Under

normal conditions in ERS modes, every pixel should end up

with the same exposure time. In global shutter release

modes, or in row binning modes, the exposure times of

individual pixels can vary.

In global shutter release modes (described later) exposure

time starts simultaneously for all rows, but still ends as

defined above. In a real system, the exposure would be

stopped by a mechanical shutter, which would effectively

stop the exposure to all rows simultaneously. Because this

specification does not consider the effect of an external

shutter, each output row’s exposure time will differ by

tROW from the previous row.

Global shutter modes also introduce a constant added to

the shutter time for each row, because the exposure starts

during the global shutter sequence, and not during any row’s

shutter sequence. For each additional row in a row bin, this

offset will increase by the length of the shutter sequence.

In Bulb_Exposure modes (see details in Table 13), the

exposure time is determined by the width of the TRIGGER

pulse rather than the shutter width registers. In ERS bulb

mode, it is still a multiple of row times, and the shutter

overhead equation still applies. In GRR bulb mode, the

exposure time is granular to ACLKs, and shutter overhead

(and thus shutter_delay) has no effect.

Operating Modes

In the default operating mode, the MT9P031 continuously

samples and outputs frames. It can be put in “snapshot” or

triggered mode by setting snapshot, which means that it

samples and outputs a frame only when triggered. To leave

snapshot mode, it is necessary to first clear Snapshot then

issue a restart.

When in snapshot mode, the sensor can use the ERS or the

GRR. The exposure can be controlled as normal, with the

shutter_width_lower and shutter_width_upper registers, or

it can be controlled using the external TRIGGER signal. The

various operating modes are summarized in Table 13.

Table 13. OPERATING MODE

Mode Settings Description

ERS Continuous Default Frames are output continuously at the frame rate defined by tFRAME. ERS is

used, and the exposure time is electronically controlled to be tEXP.

ERS Snapshot Snapshot = 1 Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. ERS is

used, and the exposure time is electronically controlled to be tEXP.

ERS Bulb Snapshot = 1;

Bulb_Exposure = 1

Frames are output one at a time, with each frame’s exposure initiated by a trigger.

ERS is used. End of exposure and readout are initiated by a second trigger.

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Table 13. OPERATING MODE (continued)

Mode DescriptionSettings

GRR Snapshot Snapshot = 1;

Global_Reset = 1

Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. GRR is

used. Readout is electronically triggered based on SW.

GRR Bulb Snapshot = 1;

Bulb_Exposure = 1;

Global_Reset = 1

Frames are output one at a time, with each frame initiated by a trigger. GRR is

used. Readout is initiated by a second trigger.

1. In ERS bulb mode, SW must be greater than 4 (use trigger wider than tROW * 4).

All operating modes share a common set of operations:

1. Wait for the first trigger, then start the exposure.

2. Wait for the second trigger, then start the readout.

The first trigger is by default automatic, producing

continuous images. If snapshot is set, the first trigger can

either be a low level on the TRIGGER pin or writing a “1”

to the trigger register field. If Invert_Trigger is set, the first

trigger is a high level on TRIGGER pin (or a “1” written to

trigger register field). Because TRIGGER is level-sensitive,

multiple frames can be output (with a frame rate of

tFRAME) by holding TRIGGER pin at the triggering level.

The second trigger is also normally automatic, and

generally occurs SW row times after the exposure is started.

If Bulb_Exposure is set, the second trigger can either be a

high level on TRIGGER or a write to Restart. If

Invert_Trigger is set, the second trigger is a low level on

TRIGGER (or a Restart). In bulb modes, the minimum

possible exposure time depends on the mechanical shutter

used.

After one frame has been output, the chip will reset step

1, above, eventually waiting for the first trigger again. The

next trigger may be issued after ((VB - 8) x tROW) in ERS

modes or tALLREST in GRR modes.

The choice of shutter type is made by Global_Reset. If it

is set, the GRR shutter is used; otherwise, ERS is used. The

two shutters are described in “Electronic Rolling Shutter”

and “Global Reset Release”.

The default ERS continuous mode is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 23 shows default signal timing for ERS snapshot

modes, while Figure 24 shows default signal timing for

GRR snapshot modes.

Figure 23. ERS Snapshot Timing

TRIGGER

STROBE

DOUT

TRIGGER

STROBE

DOUT

(a) ERS Snapshot

(b) ERS Bulb

TT1 TSE TSW TT2

(H + VB) x tROW

(H + VB) xtROW

8 x tROW tROW

tROW

8 x tROW

tROW

8 x tROW

tROW

SW xtROW

8 x tROW

First Row Exposure

Second Row Exposure

First Row Exposure

Second Row Exposure

SW x tROW

TT1

TSW

TT2

TSE

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Figure 24. GRR Snapshot Timing

TRIGGER

STROBE

DOUT

TRIGGER

STROBE

DOUT

(a) GRR Snapshot

(b) GRR Bulb

TSE TSW TT2

TSW

TSE TT2

VB x tROW + 2000 xtACLK

tROW

8 x tROW

tROW

8 x tROW

First Row Exposure

VB xtROW + 2000 xtACLK

Second Row Exposure

SW x tROW + 2000 x tACLK

TT1

Strobe Control

To support synchronization of the exposure with external

events such as a flash or mechanical shutter, the MT9P031

produces a STROBE output. By default, this signal is

asserted for approximately the time that all rows are

simultaneously exposing, minus the vertical blanking time,

as shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24. Also indicated in these

figures are the leading and trailing edges of STROBE, which

an be configured to occur at one of several timepoints. The

leading edge of STROBE occurs at STROBE_Start, and the

trailing edge at STROBE_End, which are set to codes

described in Table 14.

Table 14. STROBE TIMEPOINTS

Symbol Timepoint Code

TT1 Trigger 1 (start of shutter scan) –

TSE Start of exposure (all rows simultaneously exposing) offset by VB 1

TSW End of shutter width (expiration of the internal shutter width counter) 2

TT2 Trigger 2 (start of readout scan) 3

If STROBE_Start and STROBE_End are set to the same

timepoint, the strobe is a tROW wide pulse starting at the

STROBE_Start timepoint. If the settings are such that the

strobe would occur after the trailing edge of FV, the strobe

may be only tACLK wide; however, because there is no

concept of a row at that time. The sense of the STROBE

signal can be inverted by setting Invert_Strobe (R0x1E[5] =

1. To use strobe as a flash in snapshot modes or with

mechanical shutter, set the Strobe_Enable register bit field

R0x1E[4] = 1.

Signal Chain and Datapath

The signal chain and datapath are shown in Figure 25.

Each color is processed independently, including separate

gain and offset settings. Voltages sampled from the pixel

array are first passed through an analog gain stage, which

can produce gain factors between 1 and 8. An analog offset

is then applied, and the signal is sent through a 12-bit

analog-to-digital converter. In the digital space, a digital

gain factor of between 1 and 16 is applied, and then a digital

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offset of between –2048 and 2047 is added. The resulting

12-bit pixel value is then output on the DOUT[11:0] ports.

The analog offset applied is determined automatically by

the black level calibration algorithm, which attempts to shift

the output of the analog signal chain so that black is at a

particular level. The digital offset is a fine-tuning of the

analog offset.

Figure 25. Signal path

Pixel

Voltage

Digital

Gain

Analog

Gain

Digital Datapath

X+

Analog Signal Chain

X+

Digital

Offset

Correction

Black

Level

Calibration

DOUT[11:0]

ADC

Analog

Offset

Gain

There are two types of gain supported: analog gain and

digital gain. Combined, gains of between 1 and 128 are

possible. The recommended gain settings are shown in

Table 15.

Table 15. GAIN INCREMENT SETTINGS

Gain Range Increments Digital Gain Analog Multipier Analog Gain

1– 4 0.125 0 0 8–32

4.25–8 0.25 0 1 17–32

9–128 1 1–120 1 32

1. Analog gain should be maximized before applying digital gain.

2. The recommended minimum gain is 1.38 (0x000B)

3. For optimal sensor performance, when using gain settings <= 4.0, also set reserved register R0x3E = 0x0080 and for gain settings >4.0,

set register R0x003E=0x00C0.

The combined gain for a color C is given by: GC = AGC x DGC.

Analog Gain

The analog gain is specified independently for each color

channel. There are two components, the gain and the

multiplier. The gain is specified by Green1_Analog_Gain,

Red_Analog_Gain, Blue_Analog_Gain, and

Green2_Analog_Gain in steps of 0.125. The analog

multiplier is specified by Green1_Analog_Multiplier,

Red_Analog_Multiplier, Blue_Analog_Multiplier, and

Green2_Analog_Multiplier. These combine to form the

analog gain for a given color C as shown in this equation:

AGC = (1 + C_Analog_Multiplier) × (C_Analog_Gain /

The gain component can range from 0 to 7.875 in steps of

0.125, and the multiplier component can be either 0 or 1

(resulting in a multiplier of 1 or 2). However, it is best to keep

the “gain” component between 1 and 4 for the best noise

performance, and use the multiplier for gains between 4 and

Digital Gain

The digital gain is specified independently for each color

channel in steps of 0.125. It is controlled by the register

fields Green1_Digital_Gain, Red_Digital_Gain,

Blue_Digital_Gain, and Green2_Digital_Gain. The digital

gain for a color C is given by:

DGC = 1 + (C_Digital_Gain / 8)

Offset

The MT9P031 sensor can apply an offset or shift to the

image data in a number of ways.

An analog offset can be applied on a color-wise basis to

the pixel voltage as it enters the ADC. This makes it possible

to adjust for offset introduced in the pixel sampling and gain

stages to be removed, centering the resulting voltage swing

in the ADC’s range. This offset can be automatically

determined by the sensor using the automatic black level

calibration (BLC) circuit, or it can be set manually by the

user. It is a fairly coarse adjustment, with adjustment step

sizes of 4 to 8 LSBs.

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Digital offset is also added on a color-wise and line-wise

basis to fine tune the black level of the output image. This

offset is based on an average black level taken from each

row’s dark columns, and is automatically determined by the

digital row-wise black level calibration (RBLC) circuit. If

the RBLC circuit is not used, a user-defined offset can be

applied instead. This offset has a resolution of 1 LSBs.

A digital offset is added on a color-wise basis to account

for channel offsets that can be introduced due to “even” and

“odd” pixels of the same color going through a slightly

different ADC chain. This offset is automatically

determined based on dark row data, but it can also be

manually set.

Analog Black Level Calibration

The MT9P031 black level calibration circuitry provides

a feedback control system since adjustments to the analog

offset are imprecise by nature. The goal is that within the

dark row region of any supported output image size, the

offset should have been adjusted such that the average black

level falls within the specified target thresholds.

The analog offsets normally need a major adjustment only

when leaving the Reset state or when there has been a change

to a color’s analog gain. Factors like shutter width and

temperature have lower-order impact, and generally only

require a minor adjustment to the analog offsets. The

MT9P031 has various calibration modes to keep the system

stable while still supporting the need for rapid offset

adjustments when necessary.

The two basic steps of black level calibration are:

1. Take a sample.

2. If necessary, adjust the analog offset.

Black level calibration is normally done separately for

each color channel, and different channels can use different

sample or adjustment methods at the same time. However,

because both Green1 and Green2 pixels go through the same

signal chain, and Red and Blue pixels likewise go through

the same signal chain, it is expected that the chosen offset for

these pairs should be the same as long as the gains are the

same. If Lock_Green_Calibration is set, and

(Green1_Analog_Gain = Green2_Analog_Gain) and

(Green1_Analog_Multiplier = Green2_Analog_

Multiplier), the calculated or user-specified Green1_Offset

is used for both green channels. Similarly, if

Lock_Red/Blue_Calibration is set, and (Red_Analog_Gain

= Blue_Analog_Gain) and (Red_Analog_Multiplier =

Blue_Analog_Multiplier), the calculated or user-specified

Red_Offset is used for both the red and blue channels.

The current values of the offsets can be read from the

Green1_Offset, Red_Offset, Blue_Offset, and

Green2_Offset registers. Writes to these registers when

Manual_BLC is set change the offsets being used. In

automatic BLC mode, writes to these registers are effective

when manual mode is re-entered. In Manual_BLC mode, no

sampling or adjusting takes place for any color.

Digital Black Level Calibration

Digital black level calibration is the final calculation

applied to pixel data before it is output. It provides a precise

black level to complement the coarser-grained analog black

level calibration, and also corrects for black level shift

introduced by digital gain. This correction applies to the

active columns for all rows, including dark rows.

Test Patterns

The MT9P031 has the capability of injecting a number of

test patterns into the top of the datapath to debug the digital

logic. With one of the test patterns activated, any of the

datapath functions can be enabled to exercise it in a

deterministic fashion. Test patterns are enabled when

Enable_Test_Pattern is set. Only one of the test patterns can

be enabled at a given point in time by setting the

Test_Pattern_Mode register according to Table 16. When

test patterns are enabled the active area will receive the value

specified by the selected test pattern and the dark pixels will

receive the value in Test_Pattern_Green for green pixels,

Test_Pattern_Blue for blue pixels, and Test_Pattern_Red for

red pixels’+.

NOTE: ON Semiconductor recommends turning off

black level calibration (BLC) when Test Pattern

is enabled, otherwise some of the test patterns

will not be properly output.

Table 16. TEST PATTERN MODES

Test_Pattern_Mode Test Pattern Output

0Color field (normal operation)

1Horizontal gradient

2Vertical gradient

3Diagonal gradient

4Classic test pattern

5Walking 1s

6Monochrome horizontal bars

7Monochrome vertical bars

8Vertical color bars

Classic Test Pattern

When selected, a value from Test_Data will be sent

through the digital pipeline instead of sampled data from the

sensor. The value will alternate between Test_Data for even

and odd columns.

Color Field

When selected, the value for each pixel is determined by

its color. Green pixels will receive the value in

Test_Pattern_Green, red pixels will receive the value in

Test_Pattern_Red, and blue pixels will receive the value in

Test_Pattern_Blue.

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Vertical Color Bars

When selected, a typical color bar pattern will be sent

through the digital pipeline.

Horizontal Gradient

When selected, a horizontal gradient will be produced

based on a counter which increments on every active pixel.

Vertical Gradient

When selected, a vertical gradient will be produced based

on a counter which increments on every active row.

Diagonal Gradient

When selected, a diagonal gradient will be produced

based on the counter used by the horizontal and vertical

gradients.

Walking 1s

When selected, a walking 1s pattern will be sent through

the digital pipeline. The first value in each row is 1.

Monochrome Vertical Bars

When selected, vertical monochrome bars will be sent

through the digital pipeline. The width of each bar can be set

in Test_Pattern_Bar_Width and the intensity of each bar is

set by Test_Pattern_Green for even bars and

Test_Pattern_Blue for odd bars.

Monochrome Horizontal Bars

When selected, horizontal monochrome bars will be sent

through the digital pipeline. The width of each bar can be set

in Test_Pattern_Bar_Width and the intensity of each bar is

set by Test_Pattern_Green for even bars and

Test_Pattern_Blue for odd bars.

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SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS

Figure 26. Typical Spectral Characteristics

350 450 550 650 750 850 950

1050

Wavelength (nm)

QE (%)

CRA vs. Image Height Plot

Image Height CRA

(deg)

(%) (mm)

CRA Design

0 102030405060708090100110

Image He ight (%)

CRA (deg)

Figure 27. CRA vs. Image Height (7 deg)

0 0 0

5 0.178 0.35

10 0.356 0.70

15 0.535 1.05

20 0.713 1.40

25 0.891 1.75

30 1.069 2.10

35 1.247 2.45

40 1.426 2.80

45 1.604 3.15

50 1.782 3.50

55 1.960 3.85

60 2.138 4.20

65 2.317 4.55

70 2.495 4.90

75 2.673 5.25

80 2.851 5.60

85 3.029 5.95

90 3.208 6.30

95 3.386 6.65

100 3.564 7.00

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ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Two-Wire Serial Register Interface

The electrical characteristics of the two-wire serial

and Table 17.

Figure 28. Two-Wire Serial Bus Timing Parameters

DATA

CLK

Write Start Stop

ACK

ATA

CLK

Read Start ACK

tr_clk tf_clk

90%

10%

tr_sdat tf_sdat

90%

10%

tSDH tSDS tSHAW tAHSW tSTPStTPHS

Bit 7

Write Address

Bit 0 Register Value

Bit 0

Bit 7

Read Address

Bit 0

Write Address

Bit 7

Read Address

Bit 7

tSHAR

SDSR

tSDHR

tAHSR

tSRTH tSCLK

Notes: Read sequence: For an 8-bit READ, read waveforms start after WRITE command and register address are issued.

Table 17. TWO-WIRE SERIAL BUS CHARACTERISTICS

Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit

fSCLK Serial interface input clock frequency – – – 400 kHz

tSCLK Serial Input clock period – – – 2.5 msec

SCLK duty cycle – 40 50 60 %

tr_sclk SCLK rise time – 34 – ns

tf_sclk SCLK fall time – 8 – ns

tr_sdat SDATA rise time – 34 – ns

tf_sdat SDATA fall time – 10 – ns

tSRTH Start hold time WRITE/READ 0 10 28 ns

tSDH SDATA hold WRITE 0 0 0 ns

tSDS SDATA setup WRITE 0 19.9 59.9 ns

tSHAW SDATA hold to ACK WRITE 279 281 300 ns

tAHSW ACK hold to SDATA WRITE 279 281 300 ns

tSTPS Stop setup time WRITE/READ 0 0 0 ns

tSTPH Stop hold time WRITE/READ 0 0 0 ns

tSHAR SDATA hold to ACK READ 279 284 300 ns

tAHSR ACK hold to SDATA READ 279 284 300 ns

tSDHR SDATA hold READ 0 0 0 ns

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Table 17. TWO-WIRE SERIAL BUS CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

UnitMaxTypMinConditionDefinitionSymbol

tSDSR SDATA setup READ 0 19.9 59.9 ns

CIN_SI Serial interface input pin capacitance – – 3.5 – pF

CLOAD_SD SDATA max load capacitance – – 15 – pF

RSD SDATA pull-up resistor – – 1.5 – kΩ

I/O Timing

By default, the MT9P031 launches pixel data, FV and LV

with the rising edge of PIXCLK. The expectation is that the

user captures DOUT[11:0], FV and LV using the falling edge

of PIXCLK.

See Figure 29 and Table 18 for I/O timing (AC)

characteristics.

Figure 29. I/O Timing Diagram

Data[7:0]

FRAME_VALID/

LINE_VALID FRAME_VALID leads LINE_VALID by 609 PIXCLKs. FRAME_VALID trails

LINE_VALID by 16 PIXCLKs.

PIXCLK

*PLL disabled for tCP

EXTCLK

tCP

tEXTCLK

tFtRP tFP

tPD

tPFH

tPLH tP

Pxl _ 0 Pxl _ 1 Pxl _ 2 Pxl _ n

90 %

10 %

90 %

10 %

Table 18. I/O TIMING CHARACTERISTICS

Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit

fEXTCLK1 Input clock frequency PLL enabled 6 – 27 MHz

tEXTCLK1 Input clock period PLL enabled 166 – 37 ns

fEXTCLK2 Input clock frequency PLL disabled 6 – 96 MHz

tEXTCLK2 Input clock period PLL disabled 125 – 10.4 ns

tRInput clock rise time 0.03 – 1 V/ns

tFInput clock fall time 0.03 – 1 V/ns

tRP Pixclk rise time 0.03 – 1 V/ns

tFP Pixclk fall time 0.03 – 1 V/ns

Clock duty cycle 40 50 60 %

t(PIX JITTER) Jitter on PIXCLK – – 1.03 ns

tJITTER1 Input clock jitter 48 MHz – 300 – ps

tJITTER2 Input clock jitter 96 MHz – 220 – ps

tCP EXTCLK to PIXCLK propagation delay Nominal voltages 11.5 17.7 19.1 ns

fPIXCLK PIXCLK frequency Default 6 – 96 MHz

tPD PIXCLK to data valid Default 0.8 2.1 3.9 ns

tPFH PIXCLK to FV HIGH Default 2.8 4.3 5.9 ns

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Table 18. I/O TIMING CHARACTERISTICS

UnitMaxTypMinConditionDefinitionSymbol

tPLH PIXCLK to LV HIGH Default 2.2 3.5 5.9 ns

tPFL PIXCLK to FV LOW Default 2.4 4.2 5.9 ns

tPLL PIXCLK to LV LOW Default 2.6 4.1 5.9 ns

CLOAD Output load capacitance – <10 – pF

CIN Input pin capacitance – 2.5 – pF

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DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The DC electrical characteristics are shown in Table 19,

Table 20 and Table 21.

Table 19. DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Symbol Definition Condition Min Typ Max Unit

VDD Core digital voltage 1.7 1.8 1.9 V

VDD_IO I/O digital voltage 1.7 1.8/2.8 3.1 V

VAA Analog voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V

VAA_PIX Pixel supply voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V

VDD_PLL PLL supply voltage 2.6 2.8 3.1 V

VIH

Input HIGH voltage

VDD_IO = 2.8 V 2 – 3.3 V

VDD_IO = 1.8 V 1.3 – 2.3 V

VIL

Input LOW voltage

VDD_IO = 2.8 V –0.3 – 0.8 V

VDD_IO = 1.8 V –0.3 – 0.5 V

IIN Input leakage current No pull-up resistor;

VIN = VDD_IO or DGND

– <10 – μA

VOH

Output HIGH voltage

VDD_IO = 1.8 V 1.3 – 1.82 V

VDD_IO = 2.8 V 2.3 – – V

VOL

Output LOW voltage

VDD_IO = 2.8 V 0.16 – 0.35 V

VDD_IO = 2.8 V – – 0.6 V

IOH Output HIGH current At specified VOH = VDD_IO − 400 mv

at 1.7 V VDD_IO

8.9 – 22.3 mA

IOL Output LOW current At specified VOL = 400mv at 1.7 V VDD_IO 2.6 – 5.1 mA

IOZ Tri-state output leakage

current

VIN = VDD_IO or GND – – 2 μA

IDD1Digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 28 35 mA

IDD_IO1 I/O digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 38.6 50 mA

IAA1Analog operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 72 80 mA

IAA_PIX1 Pixel supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 2.4 6 mA

IDD_PLL1 PLL supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz full frame

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 5 6 mA

IDD2Digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 15 35 mA

IDD_IO2 I/O digital operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 6.4 50 mA

IAA2Analog operating current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 69 80 mA

IAA_PIX2 Pixel supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning

nominal voltage, PLL Enabled

– 3.4 6 mA

IDD_PLL2 PLL supply current Parallel mode 96 MHz 4X binning

nominal voltage, PLL enabled

– 5 6 mA

ISTBY1Hard standby current PLL

enabled

EXTCLK enabled – <500 – μA

ISTBY2Hard standby current PLL

disabled

EXTCLK disabled – <50 – μA

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Table 19. DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)

UnitMaxTypMinConditionDefinitionSymbol

ISTBY3Soft standby current PLL

enabled

EXTCLK enabled (PLL enabled) – <500 – μA

ISTBY4Soft standby current PLL

disabled

EXTCLK enabled (PLL disabled) – <500 – μA

Product parametric performance is indicated in the Electrical Characteristics for the listed test conditions, unless otherwise noted. Product

performance may not be indicated by the Electrical Characteristics if operated under different conditions.

Table 20. POWER CONSUMPTION

Mode Full Resolution (14 fps) 4X Binning Unit

Streaming 381 262 mW

CAUTION: Stresses greater than those listed in Table 21 may

cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress

rating only, and functional operation of the device at

these or any other conditions above those indicated in

the operational sections of this specification is not

implied.

Table 21. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Symbol Definition Condition Min Max Unit

VDD_MAX Core digital voltage –0.3 1.9 V

VDD_IO_MAX I/O digital voltage –0.3 3.1 V

VAA_MAX Analog voltage –0.3 3.1 V

VAA_PIX_MAX Pixel supply voltage –0.3 3.1 V

VDD_PLL_MAX PLL supply voltage –0.3 3.1 V

VIN_MAX Input voltage –0.3 3.4 V

IDD_MAX Digital operating current – 35 mA

IDD_IO_MAX I/O digital operating current – 100 mA

IAA_MAX Analog operating current – 95 mA

IAA_PIX_MAX Pixel supply current – 6 mA

IDD_PLL_MAX PLL supply current – 6 mA

TOP Operating temperature Measure at junction –30 70 °C

TST Storage temperature –40 125 °C

Stresses exceeding those listed in the Maximum Ratings table may damage the device. If any of these limits are exceeded, device functionality

should not be assumed, damage may occur and reliability may be affected.

1. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect reliability.

2. To keep dark current and shot noise artifacts from impacting image quality, care should be taken to keep TOP at a minimum.

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ILCC48 10x10

CASE 847AA

ISSUE O

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